迁移学习支持下的遥感影像对象级分类样本自动选择方法

面向遥感大范围应用的目标,自动化程度仍是遥感影像分类面临的重要问题,样本的人工选择难以适应当前土地覆盖信息自动化提取的实际应用需求。为了构建一套基于先验知识的遥感影像全自动分类流程,本文将空间信息挖掘技术引入到遥感信息提取过程中,提出了一种面向遥感影像对象级分类的样本自动选择方法。该方法通过变化检测将不变地物标示在新的目标影像上,并将过去解译的地物类别知识迁移至新的影像上,建立新的特征与地物关系,从而完成历史专题数据辅助下目标影像的自动化的对象级分类。实验结果表明,在已有历史专题层的图斑知识指导下,该方法能有效地自动选择适用于新影像分类的可靠样本,获得较好的信息提取效果,提高了对象级分类的效率。     

基于对应分析的训练样本的选择

本文提出一种基于对应分析的训练样本的选择方法。它从训练样本中自动地选择有代表性的典型训练样本,使得在自动分类中充分利用所采集的样本信息,以便得到满意的分类结果。通过实验与分析证明,该方法是可行的,它明显优于人工随机选择训练样本的方式。与基于Q型因子分析的训练样本选择方法相比,可以更快地得到较少的典型样本,满意的分类精度。     

基于对应分析的训练样本的选择

本文提出一种基于对应分析的训练样本的选择方法。它从训练样本中自动地选择有代表性的典型训练样本,使得在自动分类中充分利用所采集的样本信息,以便得到满意的分类结果。通过实验与分析证明,该方法是可行的,它明显优于人工随机选择训练样本的方式。与基于Q型因子分析的训练样本选择方法相比,可以更快地得到较少的典型样本,满意的分类精度。     

对抗与蒸馏耦合的高光谱遥感域自适应分类方法

高光谱遥感域自适应分类旨在利用有标注样本的源域知识对无标注的目标域场景进行分类,是高光谱跨场景分类的重要方法之一。目前流行的域自适应分类方法利用对抗训练模式实现目标域与源域的特征对齐,但未考虑源域知识是否充分转移至目标域这一关键问题。为了有效提取并迁移源域知识,本文提出一种基于对抗与蒸馏耦合模式的高光谱遥感自适应分类方法 UDAACD(Unsupervised Domain Adaptation by Adversary Coupled with Distillation)。该方法采用类内样本自蒸馏方式对源域信息进行提炼,提高自适应分类模型对源域监督知识的提取能力;同时,构建知识蒸馏与对抗耦合机制使目标域与源域特征在对抗与蒸馏中实现对齐,利用对抗与蒸馏耦合机制相互补充、相互促进,提升高光谱遥感知识从源域至目标域的迁移能力,进而完成目标域高光谱影像的无监督分类。本文选用Pavia University、Pavia Center、Houston 2013及Houston 2018高光谱遥感场景数据集进行了4组跨场景图像分类实验,结果表明所提出的模型优于其他高光谱域自适应方法,在相同样本条件...     

高精度建设用地变化自动提取技术在土地督察中的应用

为提高土地督察线索获取的快捷性和准确性,提出了一种基于稳定地物样本库的建设用地变化监测方法。首先,利用先验知识结合本底影像选取土地利用类型未发生变化的对象,形成稳定的地物样本库;然后,关联最新影像,动态筛选训练样本,实现建设用地变化自动监督分类;最后,基于先验知识对分类结果自动甄别,进行双重辅助变化信息提取,并利用相隔4个月的资源3号卫星数据开展对比试验。结果表明,该方法提取的建设用地变化位置准确率达72.82%(常规矢量监测法仅为33%),大大提高了违法用地位置信息发现的准确率,具有较高的可靠性和精度。     

面向灾害应急土地覆被分类的样本自动选择方法研究

通过对自动化样本选择方法进行研究,实现了局部区域内面向对象的土地覆被自动分类。首先通过模糊聚类获得影像中的候选对象样本,分别提取影像特征和先验知识中的地类特征,通过预设阈值完成样本初步筛选,然后根据先验知识进行半监督距离度量学习,完成样本的自动选择,并为最终的监督分类提供度量依据。应用舟曲泥石流灾区影像进行了实验,结果表明,本文方法与基于人工选择样本的分类结果精度非常接近,同时在多次实验中表现出较高的稳定性,相对人工方法更加客观,适合批量自动化处理。     

利用OpenStreetMap数据进行高空间分辨率遥感影像分类

针对高分辨率遥感影像分类样本标注困难的问题,提出了一种利用OpenStreetMap （OSM）数据自动获取标注样本的方法。与现有的利用OSM数据进行分类的方法不同,该方法加入了空间特征以弥补单独使用光谱特征分类的不足。首先,基于OSM数据提供的地物类别和位置信息进行样本标注,为了降低OSM数据中少量错误信息对分类结果的影响,采用聚类分析的方法对样本进行提纯;其次,使用形态学轮廓来提取影像的结构特征,挖掘高分辨率遥感影像丰富的空间信息,与光谱特征相叠加并输入分类器进行分类。试验证明,本文提出的方法能够有效避免人工样本标注所需要的人力物力;同时,联合影像的光谱空间特征能够更好地描述地物特性,得到较高的分类精度。     

基于分类规则挖掘的遥感影像分类研究

分析了目前遥感影像的统计分类、神经网络分类及基于符号知识的逻辑推理分类方法的优缺点.以GIS为平台,构建了多源空间数据库,将数据挖掘的思想和方法引入遥感影像分类中,提出了面向分类规则挖掘的遥感影像分类框架.针对遥感光谱数据及其他空间数据的特点,定义了连续属性样本分类概念和分割点评价指标,提出了一种新的连续属性样本分类规则挖掘算法.选择一个试验区,采用该算法分别对遥感光谱数据、遥感光谱和DEM数据相结合的数据进行分类规则挖掘、遥感影像分类和分类精度比较.结果表明：（1）该算法具有较高的分类精度;（2）加入DEM等与分类相关的其他空间数据可以提高遥感影像的分类精度.通过挖掘分类规则进行遥感影像分类,扩展了基于知识的逻辑推理分类方法中知识获取渠道,提高了分类规则获取的智能化程度.新的连续属性样本分类规则挖掘算法,扩展了归纳学习算法对连续属性样本分类的适应性.     

基于知识的遥感影像模糊分类方法

介绍了目前遥感影像分类的常用方法,提出了一种基于知识的信息提取的遥感影像模糊分类方法。采用GIS数据辅助进行遥感影像模糊法分类,从GIS数据库中提取一定数量的样本信息或挖掘知识形成规则,进行样本的训练学习或辅助进行分类判定。提高了分类的效率和精度,是对模糊分类方法一次有效改进。     

基于主动深度学习的极化SAR图像分类

针对极化SAR图像在监督分类时存在人工标注样本费时费力以及浅层结构学习算法的表达能力有限等问题,提出一种基于主动深度学习的极化SAR图像分类方法。首先,对测量数据进行多种极化特征提取,以便完整地描述图像信息;在此基础上,通过自动编码器对大量无标记样本进行非监督学习,提取更具可分性和不变性的深层特征;然后,利用少量标记样本训练分类器,并与自动编码器连接,以监督学习的方式微调整个网络;最后,通过主动学习,选择对当前分类器最有价值的样本(分类模糊度最大的样本)进行人工标记,并加入到训练样本中,重新训练分类器和微调网络。对RADARSAT-2和EMISAR极化SAR影像进行不同分类的实验结果表明,该方法能在更少人工标记的样本下获得较高的分类精度。     

An Automated Approach for Land Cover Classification Based on a Fuzzy Supervised Learning Framework

This paper proposes an automatic framework for land cover classification. In majority of published work by various researchers so far, most of the methods need manually mark the label of land cover types. In the proposed framework, all the information, like land cover types and their features, is defined as prior knowledge achieved from land use maps, topographic data, texture data, vegetation’s growth cycle and field data. The land cover classification is treated as an automatically supervised learning procedure, which can be divided into automatic sample selection and fuzzy supervised classification. Once a series of features were extracted from multi-source datasets, spectral matching method is used to determine the degrees of membership of auto-selected pixels, which indicates the probability of the pixel to be distinguished as a specific land cover type. In order to make full use of this probability, a fuzzy support vector machine (SVM) classification method is used to handle samples with membership degrees. This method is applied to Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) data of two areas located in Northern China. The automatic classification results are compared with visual interpretation. Experimental results show that the proposed method classifies the remote sensing data with a competitive and stable accuracy, and demonstrate that an objective land cover classification result is achievable by combining several advanced machine learning methods.     

基于变化向量分析（CVA）的土地利用／覆盖变化动态监测（Ⅱ）—变化类型的确定方法

以光谱直接比较为基础的变化向量分析法是一种非常有效的土地利用／覆盖变化动态监测方法，在双窗口变步长阈值搜寻方法确定变化和非变化像元的基础上，提出了参考图像分类并结合变化向量方向余弦最小距离分类的变化类型确定方法，同时应用该方法在北京市海淀区进行了实验研究，得到了较为理想的结果。变化类型的判断精度达到70％以上，显示了新方法的优越性和技术可行性。     

基于变化向量分析（CVA）的土地利用／覆盖变化动态监测（Ⅱ）—变化类型的确定方法

以光谱直接比较为基础的变化向量分析法是一种非常有效的土地利用／覆盖变化动态监测方法，在双窗口变步长阈值搜寻方法确定变化和非变化像元的基础上，提出了参考图像分类并结合变化向量方向余弦最小距离分类的变化类型确定方法，同时应用该方法在北京市海淀区进行了实验研究，得到了较为理想的结果。变化类型的判断精度达到70％以上，显示了新方法的优越性和技术可行性。     

A spatial–temporal Hopfield neural network approach for super-resolution land cover mapping with multi-temporal different resolution remotely sensed images

The mixed pixel problem affects the extraction of land cover information from remotely sensed images. Super-resolution mapping (SRM) can produce land cover maps with a finer spatial resolution than the remotely sensed images, and reduce the mixed pixel problem to some extent. Traditional SRMs solely adopt a single coarse-resolution image as input. Uncertainty always exists in resultant fine-resolution land cover maps, due to the lack of information about detailed land cover spatial patterns. The development of remote sensing technology has enabled the storage of a great amount of fine spatial resolution remotely sensed images. These data can provide fine-resolution land cover spatial information and are promising in reducing the SRM uncertainty. This paper presents a spatial–temporal Hopfield neural network (STHNN) based SRM, by employing both a current coarse-resolution image and a previous fine-resolution land cover map as input. STHNN considers the spatial information, as well as the temporal information of sub-pixel pairs by distinguishing the unchanged, decreased and increased land cover fractions in each coarse-resolution pixel, and uses different rules in labeling these sub-pixels. The proposed STHNN method was tested using synthetic images with different class fraction errors and real Landsat images, by comparing with pixel-based classification method and several popular SRM methods including pixel-swapping algorithm, Hopfield neural network based method and sub-pixel land cover change mapping method. Results show that STHNN outperforms pixel-based classification method, pixel-swapping algorithm and Hopfield neural network based model in most cases. The weight parameters of different STHNN spatial constraints, temporal constraints and fraction constraint have important functions in the STHNN performance. The heterogeneity degree of the previous map and the fraction images errors affect the STHNN accuracy, and can be served as guidances of selecting the optimal STHNN weight parameters.     

一种应用兴趣点数据进行地表覆盖分类的方法

针对传统基于遥感影像的地表覆盖分类方法普遍存在的生产周期长、成本高、自动化程度低等问题,提出了一种完全利用兴趣点（point of interest,POI）数据进行地表覆盖自动化分类的方法。首先应用潜在狄利克雷分布主题计算模型,从POI数据的文本信息中挖掘出与地表覆盖类型相关的主题类型和分布概率;然后基于POI文本的主题分布,运用支持向量机分类算法构建地表覆盖分类模型;最后以遥感影像地表覆盖分类结果为依据,采用随机抽样的方式对所提方法进行验证。结果表明,该方法能够较好地区分人造地表和非人造地表,且整体分类精度超过80%,可作为传统遥感影像分类的辅助手段,满足地表覆盖快速分类的制图需求。     

Production of global land cover data – GLCNMO

Abstract

Global land cover is one of the fundamental contents of Digital Earth. The Global Mapping project coordinated by the International Steering Committee for Global Mapping has produced a 1-km global land cover dataset – Global Land Cover by National Mapping Organizations. It has 20 land cover classes defined using the Land Cover Classification System. Of them, 14 classes were derived using supervised classification. The remaining six were classified independently: urban, tree open, mangrove, wetland, snow/ice, and water. Primary source data of this land cover mapping were eight periods of 16-day composite 7-band 1-km MODIS data of 2003. Training data for supervised classification were collected using Landsat images, MODIS NDVI seasonal change patterns, Google Earth, Virtual Earth, existing regional maps, and expert's comments. The overall accuracy is 76.5% and the overall accuracy with the weight of the mapped area coverage is 81.2%. The data are available from the Global Mapping project website (http://www.iscgm.org/). The MODIS data used, land cover training data, and a list of existing regional maps are also available from the CEReS website. This mapping attempt demonstrates that training/validation data accumulation from different mapping projects must be promoted to support future global land cover mapping.     

Polarimetric synthetic aperture radar change detection for specific land cover types

This paper presents a supervised polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (PolSAR) change detection method applied to specific land cover types. For each pixel of a PolSAR image, its target scattering vector can be modeled as having a complex multivariate normal distribution. Based on this assumption, the joint distribution of two corresponding vectors in a pair of PolSAR images is derived. Then, a generalized likelihood ratio test statistic for the equality of two likelihood functions of such joint distribution is considered and a maximum likelihood distance measure for specific land cover types is presented. Subsequently, the Kittler and Illingworth minimum error threshold segmentation method is applied to extract the specific changed areas. Experiments on two repeat-pass Radarsat-2 fully polarimetric images of Suzhou, China, demonstrate that the proposed change detection method gives a good performance in determining the specific changed areas in PolSAR images, especially the areas that have changed to water.     

多尺度分割的高分辨率遥感影像变化检测

针对高空间分辨率的遥感影像,提出了一种基于多尺度分割的变化检测算法。采用Mean-Shift分割算法对影像进行多尺度分割,构建了不同尺度上的地理对象,以不同尺度上的地理对象灰度均值构建了变化检测的多尺度特征向量,采用变化矢量分析法获得最后的变化检测结果。以城镇区和农田区的Quick Bird影像对本文算法进行了检验,从精度评价的效果来看,无论城镇区还是农田区,采用面向对象的变化检测方法精度都高于基于单像素的检测方法,且当尺度层数固定时,多尺度组合的变化检测结果优于单一尺度的变化检测结果,对城镇、农田区域的变化检测的精度分别达到87.57%和81.55%。本文算法既可以顾及大面积同质区域变化,又可以反映小的地物目标及边缘部分的变化,能够很好地满足城镇、农田等不同环境背景下的变化检测需求,在国土资源监测中具有一定的应用价值。     

Multi-temporal remote sensing data applied in automatic land cover update using iterative training sample selection and Markov Random Field model

Automatic land cover update was an effective means to obtain objective and timely land cover maps without human disturbance. This study investigated the efficacy of multi-temporal remote sensing data and advanced non-parametric classifier on improving the classification accuracy of the automatic land cover update approach integrating iterative training sample selection and Markov Random Fields model when the historical remote sensing data were unavailable. The results indicated that two-temporal remote sensing data acquired in one crop growth season could significantly improve the classification accuracy of the automatic land cover update approach by approximately 3–4%. However, the support vector machine (SVM) classifier was not suitable to be integrated in the automatic land cover update approach, because the huge initially selected training samples made the training of the SVM classifier unrealizable.     

地理信息系统支持下的山区遥感影像决策树分类

山区遥感影像分类是遥感研究的一大难题。本文利用一种决策树生成算法（C 4.5算法）自动提取知识，基于知识建立决策树用于山区影像分类，并结合研究区土地利用类型与DEM空间统计关系的先验知识，在GIS空间分析的基础上进行影像分类的后处理。与传统的最大似然法分类结果相比，该方法极大地改善了山区地表覆被分类的精度，得到试验区较为可靠的遥感分类图像。