苏中地区县域农田土壤肥力综合评价——以江都市为例

根据模糊数学和多元统计分析原理,利用加乘法原则对苏中地区典型县域(江都市)农田土壤肥力水平进行了定量综合评价。评价结果显示,研究区土壤氮、有机质总体相对较丰富,而磷、钾则较缺乏,与1982年江都市土壤普查数据相比,土壤全氮、有效磷、速效钾、有机质含量有所增加,仅全磷在减少,说明近20年来研究区土壤肥力质量整体有所提高;综合肥力质量以中等和中等以上水平为主,北部综合肥力质量明显好于南部。成土母质、土壤质地、种植结构、施肥管理等是影响评价区土壤肥力质量的主要因素。研究区局部土壤钾、有机质总体含量不足,建议该地区在施用氮肥、钾肥的同时,还应增施有机肥和磷肥。     

龙海市北部土地质量地球化学评估肥力指标特征研究

利用龙海市土地质量地球化学评估成果,建立基于元素地球化学的土壤肥力指标,探讨土地质量地球化学评估肥力指标含量的分布特征及其相关性,并对肥力指标进行分级,进而总结龙海市土壤肥力特征.评价结果表明调查区土壤有机质、氮、磷含量稍缺乏,钾、铜含量适中,土壤营养元素和不同地块分布很不均匀,需要根据土壤实际地球化学特征进行平衡施肥,防止养分投入不足或过量而引起的土壤质量退化,以有效保护耕地地力.     

江西龙南地区富硒土壤资源开发可行性研究

多目标区域地球化学调查结果显示,江西龙南地区表层土壤Se平均含量为0.34 mg/kg,总体足硒,局部富硒,且土壤中重金属元素含量处于安全水平。异常查证结果表明,富含硒的基岩是富硒土壤分布的控制因素。在研究区发现天然富硒水稻、富硒大豆优质农产品,其中大豆的富硒率达100%。土壤中有效Se与总Se呈极显著的正相关,总Se含量增大可增加有效Se量;有效Se与阳离子交换量(CEC)、N、P呈较显著的正相关,土壤中粘土矿物及有机质对Se有较强的吸附、络合作用,且土壤中有效Se主要以亚硒酸盐形式存在。水稻、大豆中Se的生物富集系数均与土壤Se、N呈显著负相关,与土壤K2O呈显著正相关。     

浙江嘉善土壤地球化学背景及生态质量评价

通过嘉善全县域4点／km^2密度的表层土壤调查采样调查,取得土壤地球化学元素含量背景值,并依据相关标准进行土壤养分质量和环境质量评价。统计分析表明：全县表层土壤地球化学元素含量空间变异小;土壤养分元素中,有机质、氮、钾总体丰富,磷在该县东南部丰富、西北部缺乏,钼在较多地区缺乏,铁、锰、铜、锌均属丰富,硼为中等含量,有效性钙、有效镁含量丰富,有效态硫、有效硅绝大部分为丰富区;表层土壤的环境质量总体为轻度污染,中度污染区零星分布。     

江西龙南地区富硒土壤资源开发可行性研究

多目标区域地球化学调查结果显示,江西龙南地区表层土壤Se 平均含量为0.34 mg/kg,总体足硒,局部富硒,且土壤中重金属元素含量处于安全水平?异常查证结果表明,富含硒的基岩是富硒土壤分布的控制因素?在研究区发现天然富硒水稻?富硒大豆优质农产品,其中大豆的富硒率达100%?土壤中有效Se 与总Se 呈极显著的正相关,总Se 含量增大可增加有效Se 量;有效Se 与阳离子交换量(CEC)?N?P呈较显著的正相关,土壤中粘土矿物及有机质对Se 有较强的吸附?络合作用,且土壤中有效Se 主要以亚硒酸盐形式存在?水稻?大豆中Se 的生物富集系数均与土壤Se?N呈显著负相关,与土壤K2O呈显著正相关?     

河北平原土壤元素评价

参照土壤质量内涵的3个方面,对河北平原表层土壤元素进行了评价。研究认为:反映土壤肥力质量的肥力元素大部分处于丰富或适宜状态,只有土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、碱解氮、锌、钼、有效钼、有效硼等处于相对缺乏状态,其中有机质、全钼、有效钼缺乏严重;依据《土壤环境质量标准》(GB—15618—95)评价研究区土壤,其结果认为研究区土壤重金属环境质量状况良好,土壤重金属超标率非常低。同时通过对研究区重金属元素的形态分析认为:Cd的生物有效性和潜在危害性较大,是研究区最具有生态危害的重金属;反映土壤健康质量的土壤元素F处于丰富或适宜状态,I处于相对缺乏状态。     

陕西关中地区土地质量地球化学评估

陕西省多目标区域地球化学调查已完成关中地区近30 000 km2的调查面积。依据关中地区土壤中有益元素、有害元素、健康元素含量及pH等特征,在进行土壤环境质量及土壤肥力评价的基础上,进行了土地质量地球化学评估。选择P、N、Mo、Zn、Cl、Si、Na、Cd、F、I、Se及pH值作为评估指标,将关中地区土壤分为优质、优良、良好、中等、差等5个级别。其中优质土壤主要分布在三原、高陵、凤翔等地区,占1.8%;优良土壤大量分布,占66.1%;良好级土壤主要分布在乾县—淳化—彬县一带,占11.2%;中等级土壤零星分布在黄土丘陵和黄土台塬地区,占13.9%;差等土壤主要分布在大荔—华县一带以及西安市区和潼关,占7%。     

青海木里煤田聚乎更矿区土壤肥力及重金属风险评价

木里煤田聚乎更矿区在开采煤炭资源的同时,破坏了矿区生态环境.通过对矿区土壤肥力指标及重金属指标的测定,采用主成分分析法、潜在生态危害指数法对土壤肥力和重金属风险进行评价.结果表明:木里煤田聚乎更矿区土壤整体呈碱性,有机质、全氮、速效钾含量较丰富而速效磷含量较缺乏,呈富氮富钾贫磷的特点,三号井田土壤中各肥力指标含量最好;...     

典型黑土中有机质和养分元素的变化分析

依据2003-2008年松辽平原中南部地区多目标区域地球化学调查成果,选择黑土类型土壤样本6553件,研究典型黑土中有机质及养分元素碳、氮、硫、磷、钙、钾、铁、镁、锌、铜、钼、锰、硼的变化特征.发现典型黑土中有机质结构性元素碳、氮、硫、磷以及铜、镁、铁、钙元素的含量变化与有机质的变化具有正相关性.养分元素含量的变化与成土母质和土壤类型关系密切,如锰在黑土中含量普遍偏高.中国土壤以及松辽平原土壤的宏观背景是典型黑土中钾偏高和钼、硼偏低.生物气候带是影响有机质和某些养分元素变化的重要因素.温带-寒温带的气候条件影响着土壤的物理性质和化学性质,如粒级、黏粒性、酸碱性,进而影响元素含量的变化.     

人为活动对江苏土壤元素含量分布的影响

通过对江苏1∶25万多目标区域地球化学调查及典型地区生态地球化学评价资料的宏观分析与对比,认为人为活动对地表土壤的元素含量分布具有显著影响,表层土壤(0～20cm深度)中Cd、Hg、Se、S、Sn、N等代表性元素的含量大幅度增加,元素含量变异系数偏高,酸碱度(pH值)下降趋势明显,确定了S、Hg、Cd、Se、pH、TOC、N、P、Sn、Sb、Pb、Zn等是最能反映人为活动对土壤环境之影响的地球化学指标。施肥、工业排污等均是人为活动改变土壤元素含量分布的基本形式。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA

The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources.     

滇东南花岗岩与锡、银、铜、铅、锌多金属矿床的成因关系

滇东南锡、银、铅、锌多金属矿床主要分布在个旧、白牛厂、都龙3个矿区,而滇东南较大的3个花岗岩体又分别出露在3个矿区或附近.花岗岩体均形成于燕山晚期,岩石化学、矿物成分相似,富含锡、银、铅、锌、钨、铜等成矿元素.矿床主金属元素组合与岩体之间的距离由远而近出现由锡、钨、(铍、铌、钽)→锡、钨、(铁)、铜、铟→锡、铅、锌、银、铟、(锑)有规律的变化.花岗岩浆是成矿物质来源和成矿热源.岩浆侵入初期使上覆地层隆起产生背斜(凹陷部位成向斜);同时使地层产生一系列裂隙、压性断层或层间断裂;岩浆侵入晚期,这些断层再次活动,表现为张性,岩浆产生的含矿热液沿由其活动所造成的断裂迁移、充填、交代、沉淀而形成矿床.     

岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率

在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。     

Bellechester,Minnesota, USA,lagoon collapses

Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×10⁶ 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m³ of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes.