略论医学地质

医学地质主要研究地球上的无机物(元素、矿物、岩石等)和有机物(微生物等)对人类、动物和植物的作用和影响。这种作用和影响既包括致病的一面,也包括治病的一面,两者是辩证的统一体。研究表明:砷、汞、氡、石棉、晶质硅等地球物质及沙尘暴等均对人类健康造成危害。而通过对钙、磷等元素与人体骨骼的关系和元素-食物-心血管病关系的分析以及对某些人土食石习惯的探讨都清楚地证明了人体与地球的密切关系。地方病是医学地质研究的重点。我国在地方病防治工作中已取得重要成果。医学地质这一综合性边缘学科有着很大的发展潜力。     

World cities and territorial states under conditions of contemporary globalization II: Looking forward, looking ahead

The influence of globalization on the future study of political geography is investigated through research on world cities. It is argued that political geography, like most social science, has been excessively state-centric in its organisation and that this will not help in understanding new transnational processes within contemporary globalization. Study of the state should not be abandoned, of course, but it must be set in a new context where much politics takes place beyond the state. This is illustrated through using the world city network as an alternative spatial framework to the world political map. The political geography of the twenty first century will have to incorporate traditional concern for political areas with new concerns for power networks in more subtle geographies than heretofore.     

湿地生态系统中的多环芳烃研究进展

湿地是人类最重要的生存环境之一,但由于人类活动的干扰,湿地正遭受不同程度的污染,湿地功能也处在不断退化之中。如何保护并合理利用湿地,已成为人类共同面临的一个严峻问题。对湿地生态系统中的多环芳烃(PAHs)的国内外研究热点问题进行概括总结,介绍了湿地中PAHs的污染状况、来源解析、分布特征、修复技术、对生物的毒害及风险评价等研究的主要进展,讨论了湿地中PAHs变化趋势,此外还提出了目前湿地PAHs研究中一些亟待解决的问题:如何确定分散污染源的贡献率问题,进而提出有针对性的防治措施;提高高活性微生物的环境适应能力;研究人类活动影响的比例,并预测未来的变化趋势;PAHs污染生态风险阈值的研究。并对该领域未来可能的发展趋势进行了展望。     

Power and politics in climate change adaptation efforts: Struggles over authority and recognition in the context of political instability

Throughout the world, climate change adaptation policies supported by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) have provided significant sources of funding and technical support to developing countries. Yet often the adaptation responses proposed belie complex political realities, particularly in politically unstable contexts, where power and politics shape adaptation outcomes. In this paper, the concepts of authority and recognition are used to capture power and politics as they play out in struggles over governing changing resources. The case study in Nepal shows how adaptation policy formation and implementation becomes a platform in which actors seek to claim authority and assert more generic rights as political and cultural citizens. Focusing on authority and recognition helps illuminate how resource governance struggles often have very little to do with the resources themselves. Foundational to the argument is how projects which seek to empower actors to manage their resources, produce realignments of power and knowledge that then shape who is invested in what manner in adaptation. The analysis adds to calls for reframing ‘adaptation’ to encompass the socionatural processes that shape vulnerability by contributing theoretical depth to questions of power and politics.     

Die Geowissenschaft und ihre Bedeutung für die Zukunft der Zivilisation

Geoscience forms — besides Physics, Astronomy, Chemistry, and Biology — a specific domain of Science, characterized by its subjects and objects. Geoscience embraces all disciplines which are inquiring into the present configuration of the earth and its spheres, which intend to explain by natural laws the evolution of the earth and the life and which try to predict future developments. Solid bodies of the planetary system are subjects of geoscience insofar geoscientific methods can be applied. Geoscientists have profoundly contributed to the growth of the technological civilisation by discovering and exploiting sources for the supply of energy and raw materials. During the last decades the annual production of most of these materials has grown exponentially. This is shown, exemplarily, for iron, copper and mercury. Considering the exponential growth of the world population, the future life of mankind on earth is at stake because conventional resources, necessary for the maintenance of agriculture and technology, are running short and physical conditions essential for life are, because of geological reasons, finite and deteriorated by human activities. It is only by changing moral, political, economic and technical foundations of culture and civilisation that mankind can avoid extinction which was the ultimate fate of all species in the geological past. In the attempts to overcome the impending difficulties Geoscience has to play an important role of great responsibility: Only Geoscience can provide and develop by further research methods and knowledge which are necessary in order to evaluate the finite potentials available in the earth and the geological processes which both form the framework to which the future life of mankind has to be adjusted.     

(Re-)Conceptualizing water inequality in Delhi, India through a feminist political ecology framework

This article demonstrates how a feminist political ecology (FPE) framework can be utilized to expand scholarly conceptualizations of water inequality in Delhi, India. I argue that FPE is well positioned to complement and deepen urban political ecology work through attending to everyday practices and micropolitics within communities. Specifically, I examine the embodied consequences of sanitation and ‘water compensation’ practices and how patterns of criminality are tied to the experience of water inequality. An FPE framework helps illuminate water inequalities forged on the body and within particular urban spaces, such as households, communities, streets, open spaces and places of work. Applying FPE approaches to the study of urban water is particularly useful in analyzing inequalities associated with processes of social differentiation and their consequences for everyday life and rights in the city. An examination of the ways in which water practices are productive of particular urban subjectivities and spaces complicates approaches that find differences in distribution and access to be the primary lens for viewing how water is tied to power and inequality.     

The problem of the Quaternary, geological environment and desertification

 The Quaternary geological environment supplied mankind with a habitat and rich natural resources such as forest, meadow, water, etc. Mankind has developed to modern civilization through a very long history. During the last 100 years the area of desertification has been expanding, natural resources have been consumed, and eco-environments plundered. Mankind felled forests, cultivated grassland, and increased farmland because of unceasing increasing population and the need for materials. In a period of 50–100 years, mankind's destruction could change good meadow into desert. The following examples are evidence: Shangdu grassland in Inner Mongolia and the west grassland of Jilin Province have been changing into desert rapidly. Two concepts of destructive power (D) and bearing capacity (B) can be used to describe this process. When D<B, the ecosystem keeps good circulation, D=B, eco-balance reaches critical state, and D>B, ecosystem loses balance, the environment is destroyed and developed toward desert. The law of destructive power increasing with time accords with logistic curves and can be expressed by a logistic model. Destructive power (D) increases with decrease of bearing capacity (B);D and B represent a reciprocal relation. With a logistic model the developing process of desertification can be studied and the developing rate and strength of change can be forecasted. Received: 20 July 1998 · Accepted: 1 December 1998     

From heartland to hegemony: Changing the world in political Geography

The heartland theory in political geography is compared with recent uses of the hegemony concept to order international relations. Both sets of ideas are described in terms of the basic content of their models, the context in which they were created, and the political contest that they prioritize. It is found that both models represent academic attempts to advise the political elites of declining major powers on how to cope with a changing world. In the final section a synthesis of the models is presented.     

环境矿物材料基本性能：无机界矿物天然自净化功能

重点阐述环境矿物材料基本性能，包括矿物表面吸附、孔道过滤、结构调整、离子交换、化学活性、物理效应、纳米效应及与生物交互作用等，旨在发掘、凝炼并新提出物理方法和化学方法之后与有机界生物同效的无机界矿物天然自净化功能的基础理论与应用方法，以发展和完善无机矿物与有机生物所共同构筑的自然界中存在的天然自净化系统，并就目前笔者在黄铁矿、锰钾矿、金红石、蛭石、蒙脱石、苋铁铁钒等天然矿物方面已经完成和正在开展的一系列环境矿物材料研究工作进行了举例说明。     

Moving tales: postcards of everyday life living with HIV in Auckland, New Zealand

This photo-essay presents a window into the methodological processes and outcomes which formed part of research with HIV positive men in Auckland, New Zealand. Recognising both theoretical and methodological shifts in the sub-discipline of Health Geography, this research explored how HIV might be more fully incorporated into the palpable world of everyday life in which experiences of literal place as well as place-in-the-world are irrevocably linked to one’s demeanour and feelings. While recognising their potential limits, it is concluded that photo-elicitation and caption writing provide two ways in which geographers might continue expanding their methodological repertoire as they seek to explain relationships between people and the places they occupy.     

The limits to good governance and the state of exception: A case study of North Sea fisheries

This paper explores a series of maxims, widely known in policy and academic circles as the ‘principles of good governance’, which state that policymaking in the European Union (EU) should be participatory, conducted as close to citizens as practicable, transparent, accountable, effective and coherent. These maxims were introduced into EU fisheries management as part of a radical reform of the Common Fisheries Policy (CFP) in 2002. This reform was instituted in response to criticisms of a prevailing management regime alleged to be inefficient, undemocratic, and potentially responsible for an environmental crisis: the exhaustion of key fish stocks. The research for this work has found that there are limits to the actual achievement of good governance in EU fisheries. In practice governance innovations are very often contradictory and rife with tensions. I reason that such problems result not merely from policy implementation failures; they constitute a more endemic feature of the CFP reforms. We can begin to understand these limits to good governance principles by looking to Agamben’s permanent state of exception thesis. Agamben’s theory helps to show how these contradictions and tensions occur under new governance regimes, because the relationship between democratic norms (like good governance) and political power is no longer clear. I argue that this blurring has been exploited by groups seeking influence in these new regimes. They do this through citing a supposed need for emergency measures to mitigate crisis. Although this research broadly supports the state of exception thesis, my analysis leads me to question some aspects of its application in contemporary governance spaces.     

生态意识与可持续发展

生态意识是人们对生态环境的观点和看法,在全民中树立生态意识,以生态价值观念取代传统的人类价值观念,对于维护人类的生存和发展是非常必要的,为了人类的生存,人类必须理性地解决人与自然环境的关系,坚持可持续发展这一人类生存在最佳模式,可持续发展要求人类有责任尊重自然,充分重视自然界的生态平衡的自然界的整体性。可持续发展要求人类的思维观念、道德观念都发生根本的改变。能否实现可持续发展决定于人类生态意识的建     

从地质遗迹的保护到世界地质公园的建立

人类对地质遗产的保护经历了三个阶段：①各国分散建立国家公园零星而无系统的保护地质遗迹;②国际组织发起和推动,形成全球保护地球遗迹的多项活动;③联合国教科文组织地学部提出地质公园计划和建立世界地质公园网络,使地球遗迹保护工作进入一个健康发展的新阶段。中国已建立国家地质公园44个,推动了地球遗产的保护,恢复了地质生态环境,强调了地球科学的普及,支持了地方经济的发展,开拓了居民的就业机会,支持了可持续发展。可以预料,世界地质公园网络的形成一定能揭开地球遗产保护工作新的一页。     

湿地及其保护

湿地是人类赖以生存的基本生态系统,也是地球上生产力最高的生态系统之一。湿地蕴藏着巨大的经济和社会价值,而它的退化和萎缩是全球面临的问题。湿地是由水、浸泡于水中之土及其中的动植物和各类矿产这三大要素构成。可划分为人工湿地、天然湿地两大类及若干亚类及小类。合理利用并加强湿地的保护刻不容缓。     

滑坡演化的基本属性与研究途径

我国是世界上滑坡地质灾害最严重的国家,重大滑坡防治是国家防灾减灾重大而迫切的战略需求.自然界经历了漫长的演化过程,演化是滑坡的基本属性,是滑坡工程地质研究的重要基础.滑坡演化机理、演化特征的正确认识及其定量表征,是滑坡预测预报和防控研究的关键组成部分.在归纳自然界演化共有特征的基础上,系统阐述了滑坡动力来源、演化形式、孕育模式、演化阶段和演化状态等基本属性;提出多场关联监测是揭示滑坡演化特征的有效手段,介绍了近期取得重要技术突破——滑坡柔性大变形监测技术;提出了演化在重大滑坡预测预报和防治中的应用途径,指出了重大滑坡演化进一步研究的方向.      

Geopolitical codes and popular representations*

Geopolitical codes – intellectual tools for practising statecraft – share a certain basic understanding of the world with less articulate, popular representations. Both are influenced by national geographies and histories. The international power game may (particularly in large countries) temporarily alienate codes from popular representations but the ensuing conflicts also prove the solidity of popular visions about the world order. Change is nevertheless possible and should be one of the central themes of research in geopolitical representations. This article concludes with specifying five perspectives that can be adopted in cross-national research: time/space models of the world, national myths, territorial narratives, active/passive approach of international relations and reactions to international crises.     

"地下水科学与工程"学科形成的历史沿革及其发展前景

人类由逐水而居到凿井取用地下水是人类文明史的一大转折。和地表水相比,地下水具有分布广泛、水质良好、变化稳定、便于利用、不容易受污染等优点,因此它是理想的供水水源。地下水本身既是人类生存不可或缺的重要资源,同时也是一种地质营力、信息载体、生态环境因子和灾害因子。因此开展地下水的形成、赋存、运动规律的研究,以及合理开发、利用的工程技术、布局设计和实施等水文地质研究是一门关系到人类生活、社会需求和发展的重要学科。笔者着重论述了“地下水科学与工程”学科形成的历史是和人类社会的诞生、繁衍和发展紧密相关的。随着科学进步和国民经济的发展,该学科已从原来的基础学科逐渐向应用基础学科和应用学科相结合的方向发展。因此,今后在加强水文地质基础研究的同时,还应该十分重视满足国民经济需求和面向市场应用的研究。最后,从世界面临严重缺水和水污染的现实、科学发展的必然和国际学术组织和学者对地下水学科的重视,以及当前人才市场对该学科人才需求等方面指出,21世纪“地下水科学与工程”学科的发展具有很大的空间和十分广阔的前景。     

Geopolitics and family in Palestine

This paper questions geographers’ ability to think about power and violence through different epistemological registers, specifically by examining the discursive production of Palestine as place in geopolitical studies. Although the banner of geopolitics groups together a variety of approaches, these studies more or less cohere around a very particular type of imaginative geography of place - as violent and political. Recent arguments for cosmopolitan approaches to place - particularly when encountering non-Euro/American sites - are used to argue for more diverse approaches to places such as Palestine within Anglophone geographical scholarship. Using research on Palestinian family spaces and spacings, an alternative approach is outlined that exposes some geographies of dealing with and getting by the Israeli Occupation that are largely ignored by geopolitical approaches. These tropes prompt a return, in the conclusion, to the question of how geographers analytically apprehend power and violence, and the possibilities for doing this at the limits of, and beyond, the framework of geopolitical analysis.     

Hoisting a Red Flag: An Early Warning System for Exceeding Subsidence Limits

We present a general framework that enables decision-making when a threshold in a process is about to be exceeded (an event). Measurements are combined with prior information to update the probability of such an event. This prior information is derived from the results of an ensemble of model realisations that span the uncertainty present in the model before any measurements are collected; only probability updates need to be calculated, which makes the procedure very fast once the basic ensemble of realisations has been set up. The procedure is demonstrated with an example where gas field production is restricted to a maximum amount of subsidence. Starting with 100 realisations spanning the prior uncertainty of the process, the measurements collected during monitoring bolster some of the realisations and expose others as irrelevant. In this procedure, more data will mean a sharper determination of the posterior probability. We show the use of two different types of limits, a maximum allowed value of subsidence and a maximum allowed value of subsidence rate for all measurement points at all times. These limits have been applied in real world cases. The framework is general and is able to deal with other types of limits in just the same way. It can also be used to optimise monitoring strategies by assessing the effect of the number, position and timing of the measurement points. Furthermore, in such a synthetic study, the prior realisations do not need to be updated; spanning the range of uncertainty with appropriate prior models is sufficient.     

The political ecology of biodiversity conservation on the Malagasy Highlands

During the past two decades biodiversity conservation has become the major focus of international interventions by donor organizations and nongovernment organizations (NGOs) working in Madagascar. Despite these efforts, biodiversity losses continue unabated and the conservation activities undertaken to date appear ineffective. This paper summarizes the findings of a research study conducted on the central highlands of Madagascar that sought to examine possible reasons for the continued erosion of biodiversity in the country. A political ecology research framework is used to identify different social actor groups vying for access to natural resources and the extent to which their actions influence biodiversity on the island. The application of this framework reveals three major findings: (1) the existence of tensions between groups of social actors vying for access to and use of natural resources; (2) the characteristics and role of power differs greatly by actor group and it is the maldistribution of power, and its manifestations of use, that have detrimental effects on regional biodiversity; and (3) there are numerous aspects of the `conventional wisdom' that have permeated the thinking of staff from extralocal actor groups (especially NGOs, donors, and government agencies) and are largely false. Such `wisdom,' perpetrated by discourse and media, lacks understanding of local livelihood patters and local needs. However, endowed with political power and financial influence, this wisdom dominates local knowledge and ultimately leads to the conception and realization of conservation projects that fail to achieve their stated objectives. The behaviors of all of the actors in this situation perpetuate the status quo, including current patterns of biodiversity elimination.