The present situation, types and changes of China’s environment

Based on development level of regional society and economy, the paper attempts to analyze the present situation, types and change of regional environment in China through the definition of four conceptions environmental pollution index (EPI), social and economic comprehensive index (SECI), —environmental comprehensive index (ECI) and social, economic and environmental comprehensive index (SEECI) and some mathematical calculation, and draws some conclusions to be worth referring: 1). There exists close relation between economic development and environmental situation. With high-speed development of economy, the discharge of the three wastes in China has been increasing, but its environmental social and economic benefit has also been improved at the same time. 2) In the course of economic development, regional environment situation in China has continuously been changing, and there exists the difference of environmental quality between provinces, which is bigger than that of economic development level between them. 3) Except very few provinces, regional EPI in China has risen in varying degrees since the 1980s, which shows that the task for China to prevent environment from polluting its still arduous.     

基于粗糙集的交通道路与城镇用地扩展关系分析

交通道路是城镇用地扩展的重要驱动力因素之一,对城镇用地的扩展具有积极的作用。城镇用地的扩展也不断地对交通道路的发展提出新的需求。目前,众多的数理方法和空间模型已用以研究交通道路与城镇用地扩展之间的相互作用。为了更加有效地分析交通道路与城镇用地扩展的作用关系,以更加有效地研究交通道路与城镇用地扩展的相互作用程度和模式,需进一步探索新的技术方法和手段。本文利用粗糙集理论,以广东省城镇化问题为例,从一个新的角度来研究交通道路与城镇用地扩展之间的关系。结果表明,使用粗糙集抽取的反映交通道路和城镇用地扩展的决策规则可以有效地反映交通道路与城镇用地扩展的关系,对于城镇化的研究具有一定的指导作用。     

Measurement and spatio-temporal distribution of urbanization development quality of urban agglomeration in China

Urbanization development quality (UDQ) of urban agglomeration (UA) is one of the important indexes to evaluate if the UA urbanization speed is reasonable, if the population urbanization process is sound, if the economic urbanization process is efficient, if the social urbanization process is harmonious and fair, which is generally composed of three parts, including economic urbanization development quality, social urbanization development quality and spatial urbanization security quality. With the research of evolution rules of UDQ, through the analysis on the interactive coordination relation between UDQ and urbanization level, the paper proposes three dimensional index ball and standard value of comprehensive measures of UDQ, which is composed of three categories of indexes. By introducing Atkinson model, this paper constructs the sub-element measure model and segmental measure model of UDQ, and further makes an overall evaluation on the characteristic of UDQ of UAs in China. Results show that: 1) UDQ of UAs lied at optimization and upgrading phase during 1995–2008 and the quality was low. Population urbanization level did not reflect the UDQ of UAs; 2) the improving speed of the spatial urbanization security quality was higher than the social urbanization development quality, and the improving speed of economic urbanization development quality was the lowest; 3) the coordination between UDQ and urbanization level was not so good; 4) there was a weak correlation relation between UDQ and UA scale, and it was not true that the bigger the UA was, the better the UDQ was.     

青藏高原城镇化格局的时空分异特征及影响因素

研究青藏高原城镇化格局的时空分异及其影响因素,有利于推动青藏高原现代人类活动时空过程的认知,对青藏高原就地就近城镇化及可持续发展具有参考意义。根据历次人口普查数据,本研究构建青藏高原县市尺度城镇化空间数据集,参考城镇化发展阶段,采用LISA空间类型划分法和空间计量回归模型,系统分析1990-2010年青藏高原内部城镇化格局的时空分异特征及影响因素。主要结论包括：① 青藏高原整体城镇化水平偏低,2017年底,青藏高原主体部分青海省和西藏自治区的常住人口城镇化水平分别为53.07%和30.8%,低于全国同期水平的58.52%,但青藏高原内不乏高水平城镇化地区,而且各地区间城镇化水平的空间差异缩小;② 青海西部柴达木盆地是高水平城镇化集聚区,羌塘地区是低水平城镇化集聚区,地级行政中心所在县市多呈现自身高、周边低的城镇化格局;③ 与内地相似,第二、三产业从业机会是推动青藏高原城镇化发展重要因素,社会公共服务资源对城镇化拉动作用开始凸显。研究结果可以为青藏高原人类活动研究和青藏高原就地就近城镇化可持续发展政策提供参考。     

从多年份出租车出行分布数据中探测城市完备功能子区域的方法研究

研究城市功能子区域的动态演变特征可以帮助人们理解城市发展规律和进行城市规划,然而对这种动态性进行分析的手段一直以来较为匮乏。城市出行大数据的出现虽然提供了刻画和分析功能子区及其动态的工具,但是在方法层面仍缺乏克服长时期出行数据内在时空随机性的方案。本研究尝试从长时间段人口稳定流动的层面来分析城市内部是否存在具有完备功能的子区域。将具有完备功能的子区域定义为城市结构中内部流量显著高于外部连通流量且相对稳定的子区域的集合,并利用多年份的出租车轨迹数据来构建城市居民出行网络,进而利用网络分析中的社团发现算法来探测城市的完备功能子区域及其随时间的动态变化。为了实现这一目标,本研究提出了一种针对时序轨迹数据的时空耦合网络模型,尝试克服多年份出租车出行数据中潜在的时空随机性（如：时空突变）,并在此模型的基础上提出了一种基于多层网络社团发现算法的城市完备功能子区动态探测手段,实现对城市完备功能子区域时空演变的追踪分析。最后,以北京市2012—2017年的出租车轨迹数据为例,使用该方法实现了北京市城区完备功能子区的动态探测,进而揭示了4类不同完备功能子区域的特征与发展态势。     

济南市人口城市化和土地城市化的关系研究

改革开放以来,济南市社会经济发展迅速,城市化水平大幅度提高。选取济南市1996—2010年间的总人口、非农业人口、建成区面积等相关数据,运用Excel和SPSS对数据进行处理和相关分析,定量地探讨了济南市人口城市化和土地城市化之间的关系。研究结果表明,济南市的土地城市化速度明显快于人口城市化速度,并因此导致一系列的社会、经济等问题,并在对这些问题的分析基础上提出了相应的对策建议。     

URBANIZATION AND ITS IMPACTS ON WATER ENVIRONMENT IN TUMEN RIVER BASIN

１INTRODUCTIONUrbanizationisaprocessthatallowspopulationandindustrytohighlyconcentrate．Itisinevitablethatthiskindofprocesswillhavedeepimpactsoneco－environment．TheTumenRiverisaninternationalwaterbody．ScopeoftheTumenRiverBasin（TRB）canbedefinedas（only     

滨州市城镇化建设中的土地管理探析

土地问题是城镇化建设的一个突出问题。目前城镇化进程中还存在依赖土地程度过高、土地闲置、浪费、利用率偏低、城乡用地不能统筹、管理粗放等问题。新型城镇化要走集约、智能、绿色、低碳的道路,由速度扩张向质量提升转型,这就要求城镇化进程中土地规划要更加科学、土地利用要更加节约集约,土地管理要更加精细。     

面向自然资源监测监管的分类体系设计

长期以来,我国采用分类管理的方式管理不同类型的自然资源,在自然资源监测监管中造成了部分自然资源重复统计、权属不明等问题,在湿地、林地等自然资源中表现尤其明显。为了系统性地进行自然资源监测监管,需要对自然资源进行整体性地、统一性地分类,建立一个综合性的自然资源分类体系。本文遵循“山水林田湖草”是一个生命共同体的理念,从这一理论思想出发,整理单门类自然资源整体和个体之间的关系,分析国内外的分类编码体系,从法理、学理和管理不同角度研究整理自然资源分类现状,综合考虑地表覆盖层的监测监管要求,采用树状分类法和交叉分类法重新构建了三级分类的自然资源分类体系框架,为构建自然资源监测监管体系提供必要的基础支撑,为完善生态文明建设,为国民经济健康持续发展提供重要的基础保障。     

MEASUREMENT OF AGGLOMERATION ECONOMIES AT COUNTY LEVEL IN JIANGSU PROVINCE

1INTRODUCTIONAgglomeration economies have played important rolesin the growth of regional economies in developed coun-tries, which has been a hot topic of empirical studies fora couple of decades (GLAESER etal., 1992). However,the researches on the relati…     

IMPACT OF URBANIZATION ON STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF RIVER SYSTEM——Case Study of Shanghai, China

1INTRODUCTION Since the 1750s, promoted by Industry Revolution and the rapid development of science and technology, large-scale urbanization swept over the world. So far, it isestimatedthatmorethan60%oftheriversin the world have been experienced high levels of human modifica- tion (ALLAN, 1995). River systems have now become oneofthemostdeeplyhuman-affectedecosystemsinthe earth. To approach the impact ofhuman activitieson riv- ersystem as a multidiscipline topic has been a focus of res…     

THE PRESENT SITUATION,TYPES AND CHANGES OF CHINA'S ENVIRONMENT

1INTRODUCTION~ntially,environmentalproblemisaneconomicproblem.Atpresent,variousenvironmentalpoblernswhichmanarebeingconfrontedisadirectandindirectman-effectedrestilt.Meanwhile,environmentalproblemsareclOSelyrelatedto~ialproblems,eSpeciallyrapidgr'OwthofPOpulation(on,1994).So,whenenvironmentalproblemsforoneregionareanalyzed,itisnec~toconsiderits~ialandeconomicdevelOPmentlevel.2~Y~2.IbeaveralBasicconceptions2.1.1Environmentalcomprehensioni~(ECI)ECIexpressesthechangeOftotalenvironment…     

浙江省城市化和城市土地集约利用的时空耦合关系

基于城市化与城市土地集约利用的综合评价指标体系,对浙江省城市化水平和城市土地集约利用进行测度,然后构建城市化水平和城市土地集约利用度的耦合协调发展度模型,采用ArcGIS10.2进行时空差异分析。结果表明:各个城市的城市化和城市土地集约利用耦合协调度都在逐年优化,协调水平较好,城市发展呈现上升态势;两者耦合协调发展水平空间差异显著,呈现出片状分区集聚的特征。北部耦合协调度高,处于协调期,南部呈东西分化状态,其中西部衢州、丽水两市处于拮抗期,东部城市大都处于磨合期。     

Spatial and temporal variability of farm size in China in context of rapid urbanization

During the last 30 years,China has witnessed rapid economic growth and dramatic urbanization,with about 1.2 × 107rural people migrating annually into urban areas.Meanwhile,especially since 1995,the rural population has been declining,which is closely linked to land circulation and the increase in farm size in many villages.Increasing scale of farming operations is often regarded as a key to avoiding the abandonment of farmland and to increasing the income of rural farmers.However,until now,there has been little research on the spatial and temporal variability of farm size at the national level in China.Using data from the national agricultural census and rural household surveys,this study examines the characteristics of land use circulation and the consequent changes in the area of farmland per household.The results show that: 1) 12.2% of rural households were involved in land circulation at the national level.The highest amounts of land circulation have occurred in those provinces where the farmland per capita is more than 0.2 ha or less than 0.1 ha;2) over 80% of households operate less than 0.6 ha of farmland;3) the proportion of mid-sized farms(between 0.2 ha and 0.6 ha per household) has decreased while the smallest and the largest farms have increased.This bears some similarity with the phenomenon known as the ′disappearing middle′,referring to the changes in farm size.This study establishes a framework for interpreting the factors affecting the changes in farm size in China,which include two promoting factors(urbanization and agriculture) and four hindering factors(agricultual land system,household registration,stable clan system,and farmland loss).     

Spatial Characteristics and Influencing Factors of Urban Resilience from the Perspective of Daily Activity: A Case Study of Nanjing,China

Based on the connotation of urban resilience and the main contradictions of China's urbanization, urban resilience is placed within the main daily activities contradictory scene of the urban man-land system to build a theoretical framework of urban activity resilience. Relying on geographic big data, this study identifies the spatial characteristics of activity resilience, reveals the impact of activity environment on activity resilience in Nanjing, and proposes countermeasures. The main conclusions are as follows. 1) Activity resilience presents a composite spatial structure of circles and clusters, and most areas are resilient but at a low level. 2) There are significantly positive and negative global autocorrelation between activity resilience and activity scale, and activity stability. Simultaneously,there also exists a local spatial autocorrelation with the opposite positive and negative trends. 3) Activity environment has a significant effect on activity resilience, and the degree and direction of influence among different dimensions and regions are heterogeneous. 4) For activity resilience, it is necessary to increase the matching degree between the scale and stability of activities, and reduce the excessive concentration and flow of activities. For the activity environment, it is necessary to improve the accessibility of the ecological environment, strengthen the high-quality supply of the infrastructure environment, optimize the balance of the location environment, and promote the inclusiveness of the social environment.     

Non-coordination in China＇s Urbanization： Assessment and Affecting Factors

Urbanization is a comprehensive concept, a trinity process that population urbanization, economic urbanization and space urbanization, is based on the interactions and mutual influences among the in which, people are the central and leading players in this process, while economic activities serve as the driving force and space is the carrier-the physical or material setting as well as the product. So the coordination among these processes is crucial for a country or region＇s sustainable development. China is experiencing rapid growth of cities and a surge in urban population, with the basic national condition of many people and little land, which calls for a systematic study of the issue of coordinated urbanization from theoretical, methodological and practical perspectives. Based on the concept of urbanization and non-coordination of urbanization, this article built a quantitative method to identify and evaluate the urbanization and non-coordination of urbanization, and made an empirical analysis in China between 2000 and 2008. The results show that the non-coordination overall level of China＇s urbanization declined during the study period, because population urbanization, economic urbanization, and space urbanization exhibited different trajectories of change. This study also reveals that performance assessment system, household registration system, and urban land expropriation system, etc., are the main affecting factors. At the end, we put forward some suggestions to achieve sustainable development of China＇s urbanization from the aspects of improving the local government＇s obiective function, imolementing the urban plalming svstem, enforcing public particination asnects and so on.     

旅游资源的GIS评价系统

本文旨在研究GIS技术与旅游资源评价模型相结合的系统原型,出于确定旅游资源规模的目的,本文以国家级风景名胜区旅游资源评价系统为例,建立了基于GIS的国家级旅游资源评价系统,并详尽地介绍了系统的构建、系统功能的实现等。本文中以郭来喜等和尹泽生等的分类模型为基础,发展了资源评价模型,提出了全国性特色资源和地方性特色资源,并采用了数据流的分析方法,通过GIS技术进行系统开发,而且利用第三方控件ActiveBar2.0及ActiveSkin1.0优化系统界面。通过本系统,能够对国家级的各风景名胜区进行基于2个模型的分类评价以及风景点品质的评价,从而进行比较,起到辅助决策的作用。     

临沂市第二次土地调查成果应用与探索

结合第二次土地调查工作,介绍了“一张图”管理信息系统。该系统推动了土地调查成果的广泛应用和数据更新,构建了集数字化、网络化、智能化于一体的“智慧国土”,提高了科学化管理水平。     

武汉城市化进程对湖泊景观格局的空间非平稳性影响分析

武汉城市化过程中的土地利用变化对其湖泊生态系统产生了一系列负面影响,深入研究并分析其影响的空间非平稳性对优化武汉城市化建设和环境保护规划极具现实意义。本文运用景观生态学理论和地理加权回归建模方法,分别构建城市化测度指标和多种类型景观格局指标,衡量武汉城市化进程对于湖泊特征、景观格局的影响,从而揭示了1996~2013年间武汉城市化进程与湖泊景观格局之间的空间非平稳性关系,结果表明:1武汉城市化进程对其不同地理区域的湖泊景观格局影响存在差异,具体表现为城市化强度越大的地区,其引起并解释湖泊景观格局变化的能力越强;2在武汉市大部分地区(超过其总面积的70%),尤其集中在中部及其周边地区,城市化与湖泊景观面积、密度、连通度、斑块分维数的变化均存在负相关,且具有呈方向性的梯度变化趋势。3在某些有针对性保护的区域,如北部黄陂区,景观面积、景观连通度、斑块分维数与城市化强度指数呈现出正相关。针对上述特征本研究提出武汉市湖泊防治的对策和建议。     

SCENARIOS SIMULATION OF COUPLING SYSTEM BETWEEN URBANIZATION AND ECO-ENVIRONMENT IN JIANGSU PROVINCE BASED ON SYSTEM DYNAMICS MODEL

1IN T R O D U C T IO NU rbanizationand eco-environment coupling is uniqueand complex,and itsmechanisms and ruleshave pro-voked much scholarship(B RENNA,1999).More than100yearsago,HOWARD(1898)publishedG ardenC ities of Tom orrow to revealthe interrelationshibpes-tween citygrowth and itseco-environment,and he triedtodealwiththeissuewithrationalplanningway,buthefailed(BOURNE and SIMMONS,1978).However,onlysincethe1920s had thetopicspeciallybeen intensfiied.AftertheChicago schoolhad…