澳大利亚伊尔岗地块诺斯曼-维卢纳绿岩带金矿成矿作用

诺斯曼-维卢纳金成矿带位于澳大利亚西澳克拉通伊尔岗地块东部黄金省次级地体内,是澳大利亚最重要的绿岩带型金矿成矿区。区内矿床可分为3类：剪切带中的蚀变晕±石英脉型,是区内最为重要的矿化类型,典型矿床为卡尔古利金哩矿床,矿床赋存在金哩粗玄岩中,矿化发生在绢云母-黄铁矿化蚀变带内;石英网脉型,典型矿床为卡尔古利夏洛特山金矿床。矿床也产于金哩粗玄岩中,矿化主要发生在硅化外围的碳酸盐-黄铁矿化蚀变带内;纹层状石英脉型,矿化表现出层控的特点,并多发育绿泥石化。通过对区域和典型矿床地质特征和区域成矿特征的总结,认为诺斯曼-维卢纳金成矿带的金主要赋存于铁硫化物或毒砂中,矿化与大规模的蚀变作用联系密切,太古宙绿岩带和条带状铁建造、深大断裂、褶皱等因素控制了矿床的分布。在此基础上,总结了绿岩带型金矿的找矿标志,并为在区内找矿提出若干建议。     

Characteristics of Triassic epithermal Au mineralization at the Q prospect,Chatree mining area,Central Thailand

The Chatree deposit is located in the Loei‐Phetchabun‐Nakhon Nayok volcanic belt that extends from Laos in the north through central and eastern Thailand into Cambodia. Gold‐bearing quartz veins at the Q prospect of the Chatree deposit are hosted within polymictic andesitic breccia and volcanic sedimentary breccia. The orebodies of the Chatree deposit consist of veins, veinlets and stockwork. Gold‐bearing quartz veins are composed mainly of quartz, calcite and illite with small amounts of adularia, chlorite and sulfide minerals. The gold‐bearing quartz veins were divided into five stages based on the cross‐cutting relationship and mineral assemblage. Intense gold mineralization occurred in Stages I and IV. The mineral assemblage of Stages I and IV is characterized by quartz–calcite–illite–laumontite–adularia–chlorite–sulfide minerals and electrum. Quartz textures of Stages I and IV are also characterized by microcrystalline and flamboyant textures, respectively. Coexistence of laumontite, illite and chlorite in the gold‐bearing quartz vein of Stage IV suggests that the gold‐bearing quartz veins were formed at approximately 200°C. The flamboyant and brecciated textures of the gold‐bearing quartz vein of Stage IV suggest that gold precipitated with silica minerals from a hydrothermal solution that was supersaturated by boiling. The δ¹⁸O values of quartz in Stages I to V range from +10.4 to +11.6‰ except for the δ¹⁸O value of quartz in Stage IV (+15.0‰). The increase in δ¹⁸O values of quartz at Stage IV is explained by boiling. P_H2O is estimated to be 16 bars at 200°C. The f_CO2 value is estimated to be 1 bar based on the presence of calcite in the mineral assemblage of Stage IV. The total pressure of the hydrothermal solution is approximately 20 bars at 200°C, suggesting that the gold‐bearing quartz veins of the Q prospect formed about 200 m below the paleosurface.     

Genesis of the Maanqiao gold deposit in the western Qinling orogen,central China: Constraints from fluid inclusions and in-situ sulfur isotopes

The western Qinling orogen (WQO) is one of the most important prospective gold provinces in China. The Maanqiao gold deposit, located on the southern margin of the Shangdan suture, is a representative gold deposit in the WQO. The Maanqiao deposit is hosted by the metasedimentary rocks of the Upper Devonian Tongyusi Formation. The EW-trending brittle-ductile shear zone controls the orebodies; they occur as disseminated, and auriferous quartz–sulfide vein. The ore-related hydrothermal alteration comprises silicification, sulfidation, sericitization, chloritization, and carbonatization. Native gold is visible and mainly associated with pyrite and pyrrhotite. Mineralization can be classified into the following three stages: bedding-parallel barren quartz–pyrite–(pyrrhotite) (early-stage), auriferous quartz–polymetallic (middle-stage), and carbonate–(quartz)–sulfide (late-stage).Detailed fluid inclusion (FI) studies revealed three types of inclusions in quartz and calcite: aqueous (W-type), CO₂–H₂O (C-type), and pure carbonic (PC-type) FIs. The primary FIs in the early-stage quartz are C- and PC-type, in the middle-stage quartz are mainly W- and C-type, and in the late-stage calcite are only W-type. During gold mineralization, the total FI homogeneous temperatures evolved from 189–375 °C (mostly 260–300 °C) to 132–295 °C (mostly 180–240 °C) to 123–231 °C (mostly 130–150 °C), and the salinities varied among 2.2–9.1 wt.% NaCl equiv. (mostly 5–8 wt.%) to 0.2–9.0 wt.% NaCl equiv. (mostly 3–6 wt.%) to 0.3–3.6 wt.% NaCl equiv. (mostly 2–4 wt.%). The ore-forming fluid was characterized as an H₂O–NaCl−CO₂−CH₄–(N₂) system with medium-low temperature and low salinity. The fluid immiscibility and fluid-rock interaction may be responsible for the precipitation of the sulfides and gold at the Maanqiao gold deposit. Three types of pyrite corresponding to the three mineralization stages, as well as pyrrhotite and arsenopyrite in the middle stage, are micro-analyzed for in-situ sulfur isotopic composition by LA-ICP-MS. Py1 yield near-zero δ³⁴S values of −2.5‰ to 3.0‰, which are somewhat lower than that of the granite hosted pyrites (Py-g, 4.8‰ to 6.6‰). The result suggests a mixed sulfur source from magmatic-hydrothermal fluids and the metamorphism of diagenetic pyrite. Pyrite + pyrrhotite + arsenopyrite assemblages in the middle-stage have relatively higher δ³⁴S values (6.6‰ to 12.3‰) and are mainly developed due to the metamorphism of the ore-host and underlying Devonian sedimentary sequences. The low δ³⁴S values of the late-stage fracture-filled Py3 (−21.9‰ to −17.0‰) resulted from an increasing oxygen fugacity, which was caused by the inflow of oxidized meteoric waters.Based on our studies, the Maanqiao gold deposit is considered to be an orogenic type and closely related to the Indosinian Qinling orogeny.     

Geochemical characteristics of gold mineralization of the Huai Kham On deposit,Sukhothai Fold Belt,Northern Thailand

The Huai Kham On gold deposit is located in the central part of the Sukhothai Fold Belt, northern Thailand. The Sukhothai Fold Belt represents an accretionary complex formed by subduction and collision between the Indochina and Sibumasu Terranes. There are many small gold deposits in the Sukhothai Fold Belt; however, the styles and formation environments of those gold deposits are not clear. The geology of the Huai Kham On deposit consists of volcanic and volcanosedimentary rocks, limestone, and low‐grade metamorphic rocks of Carboniferous to Triassic age. Gold‐bearing quartz veins are hosted by volcanic and volcanosedimentary rocks. The quartz veins can be divided into four stages. The mineral assemblage of the gold‐bearing quartz veins of Stages I and II comprises quartz, calcite, illite, pyrite, native gold, galena, chalcopyrite, and sphalerite. Quartz veins of Stage III consist of microcrystalline quartz, dolomite, calcite, pyrite, native gold, and chalcopyrite. Veins of Stage IV consist of calcite, dolomite, chlorite, and quartz. Fluid inclusions in quartz veins are classified into liquid‐rich two‐phase (Types I_A and I_B), carbonic‐aqueous (Type II), and carbonic (Type III) fluid inclusions. The homogenization temperatures of Types I_A and II fluid inclusions that are related to the gold‐bearing quartz veins from Stages I to III ranged from 240° to 280°C. The δ¹⁸O values of quartz veins of Stages I to III range from +12.9 to +13.4‰, suggesting the presence of a homogeneous hydrothermal solution without temperature variation such as a decrease of temperature during the formation of gold‐bearing quartz veins from Stages I to III in the Huai Kham On gold deposit. Based on the calculated formation temperature of 280°C, the δ¹⁸O values of the hydrothermal solution that formed the gold‐bearing quartz veins range from +3.2 to +3.7‰, which falls into the range of metamorphic waters. The gold‐bearing quartz veins of the Huai Kham On deposit are interpreted to be the products of metamorphic water.     

The Syama and Tabakoroni goldfields,Mali

Gold deposits in the Syama and Tabakoroni goldfields in southern Mali occur along a north-northeast trending mineralised litho-structural corridor that trends for approximately 40 km. The deposits are interpreted to have formed during a craton-wide metallogenic event during the Eburnean orogeny. In the Syama goldfield, gold mineralisation in 9 deposits is hosted in the hanging-wall of the Syama-Bananso Shear Zone in basalt, greywacke, argillite, lamprophyre, and black shale. Gold is currently mined primarily from the oxidised-weathered zone of the ore bodies. In the Syama deposit, mineralisation hosted in altered basalt is associated with an intense ankerite–quartz–pyrite stockwork vein systems, whereas disseminated style mineralisation is also present in greywackes. In contrast, the Tellem deposit is hosted in quartz–porphyry rocks.In the Tabakoroni goldfield, gold mineralisation is hosted in quartz veins in tertiary splay shears of the Syama-Bananso Shear Zone. The Tabakoroni orebody is associated with quartz, carbonate and graphite (stylolite) veins, with pyrite and lesser amounts of arsenopyrite. There are four main styles of gold mineralisation including silica-sulphide lodes in carbonaceous fault zones, stylolitic quartz reefs in fault zones, quartz–Fe–carbonate–sulphide lodes in mafic volcanics, and quartz–sulphide stockwork veins in silicified sediments and porphyry dykes. The several deposit styles in the goldfield thus present a number of potential exploration targets spatially associated with the regional Syama-Bananso Shear Zone and generally classified as orogenic shear-hosted gold deposits.     

Geochemical Characteristics and Sources of Ore-forming Fluids of the Mayuan Pb-Zn Deposit, Nanzheng, Shaanxi, China

The Mayuan stratabound Pb-Zn deposit in Nanzheng,Shaanxi Province,is located in the northern margin of the Yangtze Plate,in the southern margin of the Beiba Arch.The orebodies are stratiform and hosted in breciated dolostone of the Sinian Dengying Formation.The ore minerals are primarily sphalerite and galena,and the gangue minerals comprise of dolomite,quartz,barite,calcite and solid bitumen.Fluid inclusions from ore-stage quartz and calcite have homogenization tempreatures from 98 to 337℃ and salinities from 7.7 wt%to 22.2 wt%(NaCl equiv.).The vapor phase of the inclusions is mainly composed of CH_4 with minor CO_2 and H_2S.The δD_(fluid) values of fluid inclusions in quartz and calcite display a range from-68‰ to-113‰(SMOW),and the δ~(18)O_(fluid)values calculated from δ~(18)O_(quartz) and δ~(18)O_(calcite) values range from 4.5‰ to 16.7‰(SMOW).These data suggest that the ore-forming fluids may have been derived from evaporitic sea water that had reacted with organic matter.The δ~(13)C_(CH4) values of CH_4 in fluid inclusions range from-37.2‰ to-21.0‰(PDB),suggesting that the CH_4 in the ore-forming fluids was mainly derived from organic matter.This,together with the abundance of solid bitumen in the ores,suggest that organic matter played an important role in mineralization,and that the thermochemical sulfate reduction(TSR) was the main mechanism of sulfide precipitation.The Mayuan Pb-Zn deposit is a carbonate-hosted epigenetic deposit that may be classified as a Mississippi Valley type(MVT) deposit.     

Geology and Geochemistry of the Bianbianshan Au‐Ag‐Cu‐Pb‐Zn Deposit,Southern Da Hinggan Mountains,Northeastern China

The Bianbianshan deposit, the unique gold-polymetal (Au-Ag-Cu-Pb-Zn) veined deposit of the polymetal metallogenic belt of the southern segment of Da Hinggan Mountains mineral province, is located at the southern part of the Hercynian fold belt of the south segment of Da Hinggan Mountains mineral province, NE China. Ores at the Bianbianshan deposit occur within Cretaceous andesite and rhyolite in the form of gold-bearing quartz veins and veinlet groups containing native gold, electrum, pyrite, chalcopyrite, galena and sphalerite. The deposit is hosted by structurally controlled faults associated with intense hydrothermal alteration. The typical alteration assemblage is sericite + chlorite + calcite + quartz, with an inner pyrite - sericite - quartz zone and an outer seicite - chlorite - calcite - epidote zone between orebodies and wall rocks. δ34 S values of 17 sulfides from ores changing from –1.67 to +0.49‰ with average of –0.49‰, are similar to δ34 S values of magmatic or igneous sulfide sulfur. 206Pb/204Pb, 207Pb/204Pb and 208Pb/ 204Pb data of sulfide from ores range within 17.66–17.75, 15.50–15.60, and 37.64–38.00, respectively. These sulfur and lead isotope compositions imply that ore-forming materials might mainly originate from deep sources. H and O isotope study of quartz from ore-bearing veins indicate a mixed source of deep-seated magmatic water and shallower meteoric water. The ore formations resulted from a combination of hydrothermal fluid mixing and a structural setting favoring gold-polymetal deposition. Fluid mixing was possibly the key factor resulting in Au-Ag-Cu-Pb-Zn deposition in the deposit. The metallogenesis of the Bianbianshan deposit may have a relationship with the Cretaceous volcanic-subvolcanic magmatic activity, and formed during the late stage of the crust thinning of North China.     

Stable Isotopic Geochemical and Geochronological Constraints on the Formation of the Shihu Gold Deposit: The Intracontinental Metallogeny of the Taihang Tectonic Belt,Eastern China

The Early Cretaceous Shihu gold deposit is located in the northern segment of the Taihang Tectonic belt, which extends across the central part of the North China Craton. The deposit is hosted predominantly by the Archean metamorphic crystalline units, and is spatially and temporally related to quartz diorite porphyry present extensively throughout the gold deposit. We studied the geology, geochronology and stable isotopic geochemistry. Zircon U–Pb LA–ICP–MS ages of the quartz diorite porphyry at deposit range from 134 ± 1 to 131 ± 2 Ma, which are coeval and probably genetically related to the mineralization. The majority of the sulfides of the gold deposit have δ³⁴S values ranging from ?1 to 2‰, which suggest an homogeneous magmatic source. In addition, the isotopic compositions of δ¹⁸O_fluid and δ¹⁸D_fluid vary from 2.1 to 7.0‰ and ?93 to ?65‰, respectively, suggesting that the magmatic fluids mingled with meteoric water. The Pb isotopic analyses reveal that both the ore‐forming materials and the quartz diorite porphyry originated from the lower crust and may have been mixed with mantle material. The ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr_i and ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd (¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd)_i ratios for the quartz diorite porphyry demonstrate that there was mixing of two end‐member (crust and the mantle) isotopic compositions. These results suggest that the ore‐forming fluids and materials were derived from lower‐crustal melting induced by mantle processes. Processes associated with the formation of the Shihu gold deposit differ significantly from those that characterize orogenic gold deposits, and instead are representative of formation in an intracontinental tectonic environment.     

内蒙古东部二连浩特-乌兰浩特地区金矿化特征的初步研究

研究区属含古老地块并经中生代改造的中古生代造山带,存在金、锡等丰度较高的锡林浩特元古宙杂岩、古生代蛇绿岩及板块缝合带、二叠系火山岩、中生代伸展构造背景下的大规模火山-侵入活动及锡多金属成矿作用.本区金矿化类型主要有:韧性剪切带中的石英脉型、蚀变岩型金矿,产于幔源中基性侵入岩中的铜金矿,燕山晚期斑岩型铜金矿,与燕山期次火山岩浆活动有关的脉状铜矿床中的伴生金矿化,微细浸染型金矿化,浅成低温热液型金矿化等.研究区金矿成矿时代可分为242~229Ma、169~161.8Ma、132~159Ma (可能以130~140Ma为主)、127~109.2Ma四个区间.认识到存在印支期成矿、燕山期多阶段成矿等特点对于区内金矿勘查有重要意义.新发现7个矿床(点)的伴生金矿化.毛登、大井等多金属矿床的伴生金矿化具有重要的潜在工业意义.     

Trace element and REE geochemistry of Sanshenjiang gold deposit, southeastern Guizhou Province, China

The Sanshenjiang gold deposit in southeastern Guizhou Province, China, is hosted by the Neoproterozoic metasedimentary rocks which experienced low-grade greenschist facies metamorphism. Gold mineralization occurs mainly in the ribbon chiltern slate of the first member of the Longli Formation and is controlled by both strata and faults. Ore bodies are characterized by abundant quartz-arsenopyrite-gold-pyrite-bedding veins, veinlets and small lenses within the shear zone. In this study, trace element and REE geochemistry was analyzed to constrain the origin and genesis of this deposit. The trace element signatures of wall rocks and veins display a basically similar tendency in the spider diagram, showing the genetic relationship. The values of Co/Ni, Y/Ho, Hf/Sm, Nb/La and Th/La reflect that the hydrothermal fluids of this deposit were derived from the mixture of multiple sources with marked enrichment of Cl and moderate to high temperature. There is a broad similarity in the chondrite-normalized patterns and REE fractionation between wall rocks and ore bodies, possibly reflecting their similar origin. Based on the difference in δCe and δEu, quartz veins and lenses can be subdivided into weakly negative Ce-anomalies (δCe=0.81 to 1.06) with slight Eu anomalies (δEu=0.81 to 1.06) type and the significant positive Ce-anomalies (δCe=1.13 to 1.97) with moderate negative Eu-anomalies type, probably suggesting physical-chemical changes in the evolution process of ore-forming fluids from the early to late stage. It can be concluded that the ore-forming process may have experienced three stages: formation of the original ore source bed, regional metamorphism and gold mineralization, on the basis of trace element and REE analysis and field observation.     

新疆西天山查汗萨拉金矿地质、金赋存状态及同位素地球化学研究

查汗萨拉金矿是近年在新疆西天山新发现的一处金矿床,处于依连哈比尔尕构造带西端.矿体旱不规则脉状产于细品闪长岩构造破碎蚀变带及其接触带附近的上石炭统奇尔古斯套组蚀变围岩中,围岩蚀变较弱.矿石中硫化物主要为黄铁矿,并含少量磁黄铁矿、黄铜矿、方铅矿等.硫化物矿物呈自形粗晶或半自形结构,斑杂状分布在构造蚀变岩石中.金矿物以自然金和银金矿为主,还发现有硫(碲)银金矿和金铀化物等独特矿化线索,金矿物多赋存在黄铁矿中,以包体金、裂隙金和少量粒间金形式存在.金矿物形态以粒状和长角状为主,多为细、微细粒金(粒度<10 μm).矿石中矿物流体包裹体均一温度为220～340℃.热液脉三石矿物石英流体包裹体的δD为-92‰～-74‰,δ18Ov-SMOW为11.8‰～12.6‰,成矿流体显尔岩浆热液和变质建造水混合的特征.热液方解石脉的占δ13Cv-PDB为-8.92‰～-8.06‰,δ18Ov-SMOW为13.45‰～17.18‰,反映成矿流体中CO2主体米源于岩浆.硫化物206pb/204Pb为18.036～18.173,207pb/204pb为15.536～15.612,208pb/204pb为37.940～38.097,成矿金属具岩浆来源特征.矿石中硫化物δ34Sv-CDT为-9.8‰～-7.3‰,显示其可能与地层有关.查汗萨拉金矿为构造蚀变岩型中温岩浆热液矿床.小同于本区阿希金矿,是西天山金矿勘查中值得关注的新类型.     

新疆托库孜巴依金矿床地质特征及成因

新疆托库孜巴依金矿床的地质、地球化学特征以及同位素年龄,氢、氧、硫等同位素测试和流体包裹体研究表明,该矿床经历了热液成矿期和地表氧化期2个成矿期,工业矿体主要富集在热液期的金-硫化物-碲化物-石英阶段。含矿石英脉中黄铁矿的δ(34S)值与围岩硫特征基本相符,具上地幔源δ(34S)分布特征。石英中包裹体氢氧同位素组成落于大气降水线之下,在变质水、岩浆水下部边缘,具混源特征。铅同位素组成落在上地幔和造山带增长线之间偏造山带侧。成矿流体气相成分以水为主,CO2、CO成分很少,液相离子成分以Ca2+,Na+,K+,HCO3-,SO24-为主。流体包裹体的盐度为6.00%～9.44%,密度为0.763～0.922g/cm3。均一温度为275～324,207～273,207～218,191～222℃。托库孜巴依金矿床属于韧性剪切带型金矿床。构造变形作用促使流体萃取了阿勒泰组上亚组第二岩性段变质火山岩或火山沉积岩中的成矿元素,导致金元素在有利的空间形成含金石英脉,后期岩浆侵入活动为金的进一步富集提供了热源和流体。     

Gold deposits associated with the gabbroic rocks at Tirek area,western Hoggar,Algeria: fluid inclusion study

The Tirek gold deposit hosted in the Archean shield is one of the richest sources of mined gold for Algeria. The deposit is controlled by the East Ouzzal shear zone (EOSZ), a transcurrent N–S lithospheric fault. The EOSZ is a late Pan-African dextral-ductile shear zone separating two contrasting Precambrian domains: the Archean In Ouzzal block to the west (Orthogenesis with subordinate metasediments reworked and granulitized during the ca. 2 Ga Eburnean event) and a middle Proterozoic block to the east involved in the ca. 600 Ma Pan-African event. The auriferous quartz veins are mainly oriented in two directions, N–S veins hosted in mylonitic rocks and NE–SW veins hosted in gabbroic or gneissic bands. The NE–SW veins contain the richest ore. Gold ore is found in a system of veins and lenticular quartz veinlets arranged in anastomosing networks. The hydrothermal alteration associated with these veins is characteristically a carbonate-sericite-albite-pyrite assemblage. Gold is the main metal of economic importance; it is disseminated in the quartz as grains or fibers along microcracks and as microscopic grains in the host rocks. Microthermometric results and Raman laser data from fluid inclusions demonstrate that the ore-forming fluids contained H₂O-CO₂±CH₄ and were low salinity. Homogenization temperatures are commonly 250–310 °C. In the Tirek deposit, the role of the shear zone that hosts the mineralization was to drain the hydrothermal fluid. Interactions between the fluid and the mafic host rocks and CO₂ also contributed to the formation of the hydrothermal gold deposit at Tirek.     

四川东北寨微细浸染型金矿床的同位素组成特征及其成因意义

东北寨金矿床是我国迄今为止发现的规模最大的浅成热液形成的微细浸染型金矿床。对矿床的同位素组成的研究表明,成矿溶液主要来自大气降水,矿化和蚀变作用是在水/岩比值较低的体系中进行的;硫来自围岩中的还原硫;碳酸盐岩地层是提供金属组分的主源层。地下热液在环流过程中,从围岩中萃取金属矿质,并迁移到黑色岩系地层的破碎带中成矿。     

山东胶东地区某些金矿床的氩、氢、氧稳定同位素地球化学及矿床成因

通过矿床地质特征、流体包裹体及氧、氢稳定同位素的研究,认为马家窑金矿属再平衡岩浆热液矿床,金青顶和十里铺金矿属大气降水热液矿床。马家窑金矿石英的δD、δ¹⁸O值高,变化小,比较稳定;蚀变岩石的δ¹⁸O在磺向上由围岩向矿脉逐渐升高。金青顶和十里铺金矿石英的δD、δ¹⁸O值低、变化大;蚀变岩石的δ¹⁸O值由地表向深部逐渐降低。开展金矿的氮稳定同泣素研究,在国内尚数首次。马家窑金矿³⁶Ar在温度300℃以下相对含量不到10%,金青顶和十里铺金矿³⁶Ar则达90%以上,表明前者以岩浆成因⁴⁰Ar为代表,后者则以大气氩³⁶Ar为代表,进而表明马家窑金矿是再平衡岩浆热液成因,金青顶和十里辅金矿是大气降水热液成因。示踪结果与H、O同位素一致,表明氩同位素在示踪成矿热液、矿床成因研究方面是一种较为有效的手段。     

华北北缘张宣地区东坪金矿中的两期锆石：对成矿年龄的约束

东坪金矿床位于华北克拉通北部边缘的张宣地区,产于水泉沟碱性杂岩体南部的中细粒正长岩中,属于低硫化物钾长石石英脉型碲金矿床。金矿石包括低硫化物碲金石英脉型和钾质蚀变岩型两种类型。文章对产于东坪金矿1号脉的钾长石石英脉中的锆石进行了成因矿物学和LA-ICP-MSU-Pb年代学的系统研究,结果表明,矿脉中的锆石可以分成岩浆锆石和热液锆石两种成因类型。岩浆锆石具有自形到半自形结构、柱状晶型,在电子探针背散射电子图像(BSE)上呈暗灰色;在阴极发光图像(CL)上具有明显的岩浆振荡环带。热液锆石多呈不规则状充填在岩浆锆石中,也有呈他形晶独立存在的;在BSE图像上呈亮灰白色,而在CL图像上为深黑色(无阴极发光)。岩浆锆石的Th、U含量和Th/U比值相对较低,其U-Pb加权平均年龄为(380.5±2.6)Ma,说明水泉沟碱性杂岩体形成于晚泥盆世。热液锆石的Th、U含量和Th/U比值较岩浆锆石明显增高,U-Pb加权平均年龄为(140.2±1.3)Ma,说明东坪金矿床形成于早白垩世。因此,成岩与成矿年龄相差近240Ma,表明东坪金矿床的形成与水泉沟碱性杂岩体的岩浆侵位事件无直接关系。通过对区域地质背景的综合分析,作者认为成矿流体...     

吉林省海沟石英脉型金矿床流体包裹体特征及地质意义

海沟金矿床地处夹皮沟-海沟成矿带东南端,为典型的石英脉型金矿。该矿床产于海西期花岗杂岩体中,由多条含金石英脉组成。成矿过程可分为4个阶段:Ⅰ. 钾长石-石英脉阶段;II. 乳白色石英-(少)黄铁矿-(少)金阶段;III. 多金属硫化物-石英-金阶段;IV. 碳酸盐-石英-黄铁矿阶段。流体包裹体研究表明,海沟金矿各阶段流体包裹体存在一定差异,早期成矿阶段(第Ⅱ阶段)以H₂O-NaCl包裹体(Ⅰ类)为主,偶见含子晶包裹体(Ⅳ类);主成矿阶段(第Ⅲ阶段)以CO₂-H₂O-NaCl包裹体(II类)为主,并含有少量纯CO₂包裹体(III类);成矿后阶段(第Ⅳ阶段)以H₂O-NaCl包裹体(Ⅰ类)为主。早期成矿阶段、主成矿阶段、成矿后阶段均一温度范围分别为227~497℃、189~427℃、130~267℃,对应盐度分别为0.53%~10.23% NaCleqv、0.35%~9.23% NaCleqv、0.18%~3.27% NaCleqv。早期成矿阶段和主成矿阶段包裹体均一温度、盐度相对较高,成矿后阶段包裹体均一温度、盐度明显降低;在空间上,主成矿阶段矿床深部包裹体的盐度较矿床浅部偏高。拉曼和气相色谱结果显示,包裹体气相成分以H₂O、CO₂、N₂、CH₄、C₂H₆为主,并含有少量H₂S,成矿流体为低盐度的H₂O-CO₂-NaCl±CH₄流体;包裹体液相离子成分主要为Na⁺、K⁺、Ca²⁺、Cl^-,个别包裹体中含有少量Mg²⁺、F^-离子。主成矿阶段不同类型、不同相比包裹体均一温度相近,显示不混溶特征。流体减压引起的不混溶作用可能是海沟金矿金沉淀的主要原因。     

Ore‐Forming Fluids as Sampled by Sulfide‐ and Quartz‐Hosted Fluid Inclusions in the Jinwozi Lode Gold Deposit,Eastern Tianshan Mountains of China

The Jinwozi lode gold deposit in the eastern Tianshan Mountains of China includes auriferous quartz veins and network quartz veins that are exemplified by the Veins 3 and 210, respectively. This paper presents H‐, O‐isotope compositions and gas compositions of fluid inclusions hosted in sulfides and quartz, and S‐, Pb‐isotope compositions of sulfide separates collected from the principal Stage 2 ores in Veins 3 and 210. Fluid inclusions trapped in quartz and sphalerite are pseudo‐secondary and primary. They were trapped from the fluids during the successive or alternate precipitation of quartz with sulfides. H‐ and O‐isotope compositions of fluid inclusion of three pyrite and one quartz separates from Vein 210 plot within the field of degassed melt, which is evidence for the incorporation of magmatic fluid as well with some possibility of contribution of metamorphic water to the hydrothermal system since the two datasets show a higher oxygen isotopic ratio than those of degassed melt. However, δD and δ¹⁸O values of fluid inclusions hosted in sulfides and quartz from Vein 3 are distinctly lower than those from Vein 210. In addition, salinities of fluid inclusion from Vein 3, approximately 3 to 6 wt% NaCl equivalent, are considerably lower than those from Vein 210, which are approximately 8 to 14 wt% NaCl equivalent. Ore‐forming fluids of Veins 3 and 210 have migrated through the relatively high and low levels in the imbricate‐thrust column where rock deformation is characterized by dilatancy or ductile–brittle transition, respectively. Therefore, the ore‐forming fluid of Vein 3 is interpreted to have mixed with greater amounts of meteoric‐derived groundwater than that of Vein 210. Fluid inclusions hosted in sulfides contain considerably higher abundances of gaseous species of CO₂, N₂, H₂S, and so on, than those hosted in quartz. Many of these gaseous species exhibit linear correlations with H₂O. These linear trends are interpreted in terms of mixing between magmatic fluid and groundwater. The relative enrichment of gaseous species in fluid inclusions hosted in sulfides, coupled with the banded ore structure, suggests that the magmatic fluid was involved with the ore‐forming fluid in pulsation. Lead isotope compositions of 21 pyrite and galena separates form a linear trend, suggesting mixing of metallic materials from diverse reservoirs. The δ³⁴S values of pyrite and galena range from +5.6‰ to +7.9‰ and from +3.1‰ to +6.3‰, respectively, indicating sulfur of the Jinwozi deposit has been leached mainly from the granodiorite and partly from the Jinwozi Formation by the circulating ore‐forming fluid.     

新疆阿合奇县布隆金矿床成矿流体及成矿作用

新疆阿合奇县布隆石英重晶石脉型金矿床是一个少见的金矿新类型 ,其中流体包裹体类型主要有NaCl H2 O型、CO2 H2 O±CH4型和CO2 H2 O NaCl型。均一温度变化范围大 ,从 1 5 9～ 390℃ ,金主成矿阶段温度集中于 2 0 0～ 340℃ ,流体盐度为 2 .4 2 %～ 1 9.2 9%NaCleq ,但各阶段含石盐子晶多相包裹体的盐度高达 2 9.0 2 %～ 4 6 .2 %NaCleq。成矿流体密度为 0 .731～ 1 .1 32g/cm3 。成矿流体气相成分中以H2 O和CO2 为主 ,含少量N2 ,CH4,C2 H6,H2 S等 ;液相成分以Na+ 、Cl-为主 ,其次是Ca2 + ,K+ ,Mg2 + ,SO2 -4。布隆金矿床石英中流体包裹体的δ1 3 CPDB值为 - 4 .6‰～ - 1 .4‰ ,δ1 8OSMOW 为 1 7.2‰～2 1 .1‰ ,δ1 8O水 值为 6 .7‰～ 1 4 .7‰ ,δD变化于 - 70‰～ - 5 5‰ ,表明成矿流体主要来源于建造水 ,并混合少量岩浆水和大气降水 ,流体中的碳主要来源于海相碳酸盐岩。物理化学条件和流体组成的改变以及流体的不混溶作用在成矿过程中起了重要作用     

Geology and Geochemistry of the Buerkesidai and Kuoerzhenkuola Gold Deposits in the Sawuershan Region, Xinjiang Uigur Autonomous Region, Northwest China

The Sawuershan region, one of the important gold metallogenic belts of Xinjiang, is located in the western part of the Kalatongke island arc zone of north Xinjiang, NW China. There are two gold deposits in mining, namely the Kuoerzhenkuola and the Buerkesidai deposits. Gold ores at the Kuoerzhenkuola deposit occur within Carboniferous andesite and volcanic breccias in the form of gold‐bearing quartz–pyrite veins and veinlet groups containing native gold, electrum, pyrite, pyrrhotite and chalcopyrite. Gold ores at the Buerkesidai deposit occur within Carboniferous tuffaceous siltstones in the form of gold‐bearing quartz veinlet groups and altered rocks, with electrum, pyrite and arsenopyrite as major metallic minerals. Both gold deposits are hosted by structurally controlled faults associated with intense hydrothermal alteration. The typical alteration assemblage is sericite + chlorite + calcite + quartz, with an inner pyrite–sericite zone and an outer chlorite–calcite–epidote zone between orebodies and wall rocks. δ³⁴S values (0.3–1.3‰) of pyrite of ores from Kuoerzhenkuola deposit are similar to those (0.4–2.9‰) of pyrite of ores from Buerkesidai deposit. δ³⁴S values (1.1–2.8‰) of pyrite from altered rocks are similar to δ³⁴S values of magmatic or igneous sulfide sulfur, but higher than those from ores. ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb and ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb data of sulfide from ores range within 17.72–18.56, 15.34–15.61, and 37.21–38.28, respectively. These sulfur and lead isotope compositions imply that ore‐forming materials might originate from multiple, mainly deep sources. He and Ar isotope study on fluid inclusions of pyrites from ores of Kuoerzhenkuola and Buerkesidai gold deposits produces ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar and ³He/⁴He ratios in the range of 282–525 and 0.6–9.4 R/Ra, respectively, indicating a mixed source of deep‐seated magmatic water (mantle fluid) and shallower meteoric water. In terms of tectonic setting, the gold deposits in the Sawuershan region can be interpreted as epithermal. These formations resulted from a combination of protracted volcanic activity, hydrothermal fluid mixing, and a structural setting favoring gold deposition. Fluid mixing was possibly the key factor resulting in Au deposition in the gold deposits in Sawuershan region.