《中华人民共和国海域使用管理法》颁布十周年

2001年,《中华人民共和国海域使用管理法》正式颁布。以这部海域管理基本法律为依据,十年来,我国海域使用无序、无度、无偿的局面得到了根本扭转,法律确定的海洋功能区划制度、海域使用权属管理制度、海域有偿使用制度在逐步扎实推行的过程中已深入人心,海域综合管理成绩显著,有力保障和促进了我国海洋事业的可持续发展。     

完善我国海域使用管理法律体系初探

《中华人民共和国海域使用管理法》实施以来,我国在海洋综合管理方面取得了一定的成效,由于该法只是对海域使用管理的基本制度作出了规定,配套制度不够完善,本文试图对我国海域使用管理的法律体系进行初步探讨。     

管好国家一片海——国家海洋局北海分局

国家海洋局北海分局成立于1965年,是国家海洋局派驻青岛并代表其在渤黄海海域实施海洋行政管理的机构。负责管辖北纬35°(苏鲁交界的绣针河口)以北中国海域,负责国家海洋法律、法规在本海区的监督实施,依法对黄、渤海海域实施海洋行政管理,完成国家下达的维护海洋权益、保障海洋资源的合理开发与利用、保护海洋环境、预防及减少海洋灾害等任务。近年来,北海分局海洋行政管理工作成效显著。在海域使用管理方面,完善制度建设,依法对海域使用权证书和海域论证、海底电缆管道等实施了全过程管理。在海洋环境保护方面,加大监测、监督管理力度,切实维护海洋生态环境。在海洋执法监察和维权方面,全面履行海上综合执法职能,严厉打击了违法用海行为,维护了海域使用秩序。近年来,北海分局着力加强能力建设,构筑综合保障体系。实施人才战略、优化     

政要论海

江泽民总书记指出：“振兴海业，繁荣经济”。“建设海洋强国是新时期的一项重要历史任务”。“我们一定要从战略的高度认识海洋，增强全民族的海洋意识”。“加强海洋资源综合管理，完善海洋法律、规划和海洋管理体系，加快海域使用管理的法制化进程，强化海洋环境保护和海洋执法监察工作。”“继续深化资源有偿使用制度改革，逐步完善资源有偿使用体系”。“统筹规划国土资源开发和整治，严格执行土地、水、森林、矿产、海洋等资源管理和保护的法律。实施资源有偿使用制度。”政要论海     

海洋功能区划实施评价概述

海洋功能区划实施评价是近年来海域使用管理中的一个新课题。文章初步探讨了海洋功能区划实施评价的内涵、分类和理论基础,论述了海洋功能区划实施评价在海洋功能区划制度中的重要地位。     

加强海域综合管理 全面开展海域使用金征收管理工作

一、充分认识建立海域有偿使用制度的重要性和必要性建立海域有偿使用制度,是由海域所有权的属性、我国社会主义市场经济规律的内在要求和国家实施对海洋管理的有效手段等原因决定的。具体可从以下几个方面加以说明：1．海域有偿使用符合党和国家的有关政策江泽民同志在党的十五大的报告中指出：“统筹规划国土资源开发和整治,严格执行土地、水、森林。矿产、海洋等资源管理和保护的法律。实施资源有偿使用制度。”李鹏同志在八届全国人大四次、五次会议和九届全国人大一次会议的政府工作报告中都指出：“积极开发海洋资源,尽快完善自然…     

用海域物权法律制度确立"两沙"海域使用管理的新思路

海洋自古以来就是资源的宝库,在人类生活中占有十分重要的地位.21世纪是海洋的世纪,各地相继掀起了海洋开发的热潮,辐射沙洲的管理与开发利用活动也日益频繁,海洋经济得到迅速发展,成为区域经济新的增长点.《中华人民共和国海域使用管理法》的实施对海域管理提出了新的要求,海域物权法律制度的诞生,为"两沙"海域创新性管理指明了方向.     

论海域使用行政执法的具体行政行为

《中华人民共和国海域使用管理法》（以下简称《海域使用管理法》）是实施海洋综合管理的基本大法。它的颁布实施，是我国政府强化海洋综合管理的重大举措，是大力推进海洋法制建设的里程碑，为依法管海用海奠定了坚实的法律基础，也为海洋监察队伍实施执法管理提供了强有力的法律武器。法的颁布来之不易，但法的贯彻实施任务更为艰巨，责任更加重大。探讨海域使用行政执法的具体行政行为，提高海洋监察人员执法水平，是目前海监机构亟待解决的问题，也是贯彻实施《海域使用管理法》的必然要求。海域使用行政执法的具体行政行为是海监机构为…     

全面推进《海域法》的实施

《海域使用管理法》实施五年来,各级海洋行政主管部门以邓小平理论和“三个代表”重要思想为指导,坚持依法行政、科学管海,海域使用管理法律制度得到全面落实,海洋开发利用秩序得到根本改善,国家海域所有权和海域使用权人的合法权益得到有效维护,从而为沿海地区经济社会的可持续发展创造了有利条件。     

认真学习贯彻海域法 进一步强化海洋行政管理

《中华人民共和国海域使用管理法》已于２００２年１月１日起实施。这部法律的出台，是全国海洋工作者以及社会各界人士企盼已久的一件大喜事，它确立了我国海域使用管理的基本制度，标志着我国海域使用管理法制化建设实现了重大突破，揭开了新世纪我国海洋综合管理新的篇章，我们对此表示热烈祝贺。青岛是我国重要的沿海城市，海岸线长８７０km，有６９个岛屿和４９处海湾，管理海域１．３８万km２，比陆地面积大三分之一，海洋资源十分丰富。近年来，青岛市按照国家海洋局的部署，坚持依法管海，依法兴海，认真贯彻实施《国家海域使用管理…     

Model of the post-Cenozoic evolution of the cryolithozone of the shelf of the western part of the Laptev Sea

The analysis of the structure of the cryolithozone, facies, and thicknesses of the Quaternary sediments and the results of the physicochemical mathematical modeling of the modern shelf of the western part of the Laptev Sea support the influence of the Late Pleistocene glaciations on the heat conditions and the distribution of the permafrost in the area. A ～200-m thick glacier formed under aerial conditions from atmospheric precipitation represented the metamorphosed snow cover. According to the modeling, the long-living (from 60?50 to 10?4 ky) glacier reduced the thickness of the permafrost rocks in the reviewed shelf area for 280–360 m. The Holocene marine transgression additionally decreased the thickness from 50–140 m on the inner shelf to 220–350 m on the outer shelf. The modern submarine cryolithozone 450-0 m thick is wide-spread in the studied region from the coast to the shelf boundary (isobaths of 130–140 m), where it pinches out at a distance of ～380 km from the coast at a depth of ～250 m above the sea level.     

Investigation of the mechanism of the long-term evolution of the carbon cycle in the ecosystem of the Sevastopol bay

We analyze the components of the carbon system of the Sevastopol bay waters and the balance of main sediment-forming substances using the data of field investigations in 1998–2008. The interannual variations of total inorganic carbon and the equilibrium partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the bay water are noted. An increase in the flux of carbon dioxide into the bay and in the content of organic carbon in bottom sediments is revealed, and an explanation of this phenomenon is given. The priority accumulation of organic carbon in the sediments of the bay is established. We assess the interannual variation in the relative abundances of organic and inorganic carbon as an index of the carbon cycle stability.     

Contemporary state of the investigation of the influence of the discharge of rivers on the hydrologic structure of the Black Sea

We generalize and analyze the state of investigations of the influence of river waters on the hydrologic structure of the Black Sea. Specific features of the water, regime and hydrography of rivers flowing into the sea, data on the discharge of rivers, and intrayear and interyear variability of the discharge are presented. We discuss and analyze works studying the transformation of river waters, routes of desalinized sea waters, and their influence on the thermohaline structure and dynamic regime of the sea. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

Modelling of the ecosystem of the Black-Sea shelf zone near the estuary of the Danube

We analyze the results of numerical calculations performed according to the three-dimensional interdisciplinary model of an ecological system of the Black-Sea shelf zone near the estuary of the Danube. The complete system of equations of hydrothermodynamics is solved together with transport equations of the advection-diffusion-reaction type used to describe the transformation of a substance (nitrogen) between the components of the characteristic vectors of the ecosystem: plankton, detritus, and biogenic elements (nitrates). We describe the distinctive features of the circumcontinental distribution of components obtained as a result of numerical experiments and present arguments for the conclusion that the ecosystem of the Danube estuary water area plays the role of a buffer zone between the press of the Danubian biogenic pollutions and the neighbouring areas of the shelf zone and open sea. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

Dynamics of the ice cover and peculiarities of the ice transportation of the sediments at the tidal flats of the Kandalaksha Gulf of the White Sea

Ten years of semistationary studies of the interaction of the ice cover and the coastal relief of the Kandalakhsa Gulf in the White Sea allowed us to reveal the peculiarities of these processes in the warm and cold years and the mechanisms of the origination of ice forms, including ice tents, which govern the character of the tidal flats. Three dynamic fast ice zones are distinguished by their geomorphological location, morphology, and ice dynamics. The dependence of the mechanisms and volumes of the enrichment of the fast ice in the sediments on the coastal zone??s relief was established. At the coast of the Kindo Peninsula (Velikaya Salma Strait), the ice mostly contains fine-sandy sediments. Coarser sediments, including boulders, are occasional and frozen into the ice at the contact of the fast ice and the bottom. At the expense of the ice??s spreading by 4?C6 times in the warm years and 2?C4 times in the cold years, several thousand tons of sediments mostly from the tidal flat??s surface (100?C700 m³ from 1 km of coast in the wide tidal flats and <50 m³ on the steep coasts) are delivered to the water area.     

Relationship between the path of the Kuroshio in the south of Japan and the path of the Kuroshio Extension in the east

A relationship between paths of the Kuroshio and Kuroshio Extension (KE) is investigated, using the satellite-derived altimetry dataset of 1993–2008. When the Kuroshio takes the nearshore nonlarge meander path or typical large meander path and resultantly goes through the deeper channel (about 2500 m) of the Izu-Ogasawara Ridge, the KE path adopts a relatively stable state with the two quasi-stationary meanders. On the other hand, when the Kuroshio takes the offshore nonlarge meander path and then passes over the shallower part of the Ridge (about 1000 m), the KE path tends to be convoluted, i.e., an unstable state.     

Variability of the nutrient runoff of the rivers of the Arctic Basin

The spatiotemporal variability of the hydrochemical composition of the riverine runoff in nearmouth areas is presented using the example of selected rivers of the Arctic Basin. The temporal dynamics of the riverine nutrient runoff are mainly determined by the seasonal and interseasonal variations in the drainage basins. The spatial variations in the chemical composition of riverine waters in the near-mouth areas are mainly caused by the dynamics of the water flow and the river bed relief and, to a lesser degree, by biochemical processes. It is shown that the variations in the nutrient composition of the waters in near-mouth areas are comparable in magnitude to those at the river-sea geochemical barriers.     

Parameters of the sediments of the deep-water basin of the Black Sea

The methodology and the first results of the computations of the volumes, masses, and growth rates of the sedimentary body of the buried Black Sea basin are presented. Their temporal evolution reflects the regional paleogeodynamics, in particular, the reorientation of the vector of the relative movement of the Arabian and Eurasian lithospheric plates and the related intensification of their collision in the late Miocene-Pliocene.     

Modelling of the ecosystem on the shelf of the Republic of Guinea

Three mathematical models are considered: a two-dimensional model for calculating the concentration fields of the ecosystem components on the shelf of the Republic of Guinea, a pointwise model for the annual variation of the components, and a two predators-prey model. These models are used to study the effect of hydrodynamic conditions on the state of the shelf ecosystem and for research into the causes which distort the balance between marketable and unmarketable fish.Translated by Mikhail M. Trufanov.     

Evolution of the slope of the buried depression of the Black Sea

The first data on the temporal evolution of the slope of the buried depression of the Black Sea are obtained. The sharp change in the rate of the decrease in the slope steepness that occurred in the Late Miocene-Pliocene time reflects a reorientation of the vector of mutual movement and a related intensification of the collision between the Arabian and Eurasian lithospheric plates.