On the distribution of second order pressure on a vertical circular cylinder

This paper shows how the second order wave pressure on the submerged surface of a body may be obtained without solving the boundary value problem for the second order velocity potential. The corresponding analytical solution for a vertical circular cylinder is developed, and selected results are presented which illustrate a number of novel phenomena not occurring in first order diffraction analysis.     

The vertical distribution of zooplankton in the western Irish Sea

Zooplankton diel vertical migration is evident on the mixed isothermal side of the western Irish Sea frontal system but is often influenced by large tides and persistent geostrophic currents. On the stratified side of the front, temperature acts as a controlling factor with most of the zooplankton occurring above the thermocline and carrying out pronounced vertical migration when chlorophyll a levels are low and diffuse. At higher chlorophyll levels, when discrete chlorophyll a maxima form, zooplankton vertical movement may be greatly modified with a large number of species and stages concentrating within these maxima at all times of the diel light cycle.     

裂流垂向分布实验研究

通过物理模型实验给出了沙坝海岸丁坝附近交叉波浪场形成的裂流沿裂流槽水深平均速度剖面中心线的垂向分布,研究了各个测量断面上横向速度、纵向速度以及速度矢量沿水深的分布特征。研究分析了沿岸方向驻波节腹点和裂流槽相对位置的影响以及规则波和不规则波结果的差异,得到了裂流速度时均值和时变值的结果。结果表明,纵向速度在不同的时间段上的平均值基本是相同的,但横向速度不是这样,其在不同时间段上的平均值在大小和正负号上都可能存在较大差别,这导致整个速度矢量在不同时间段上也表现出不同的三维分布特征。但这些不同的分布也存在着共同点,即沿水深速度矢量大部分存在着向丁坝方向偏转,这反映了丁坝存在的影响。特别是,纵向速度沿水深分布都可以采用统一的幂函数表达。     

海洋环境噪声垂直分布测试和分析

采用船舷法对某海域海洋环境噪声垂直分布进行了测量.数据处理与分析结果表明,在6种接收深度下,当地的海面风生破碎波浪噪声对环境噪声有显著贡献.给出了所测海域环境噪声在0.1～20.0kHz频段的宽带声级和接收深度以及多种频率谱级与风速的对数之间的关系.1.0～4.0kHz频段的谱级与风速的对数呈良好的线性关系,且基本上不受接收深度的影响.     

海洋水温垂直分布数据同化方法研究

以一维海洋水温模型为例,利用伴随法进行海洋观测数据同化试验,以便为水温的数值预报提供较准确的初始场.文中利用泛函的Gâteaux微分和Hilbert空间上伴随算子的概念讨论了连续的伴随模型的建立,并通过选择适当的差分格式离散伴随模型,使其保持连续时的伴随关系,同时给出了水温初始场最优化过程及相应的同化试验数值结果.     

On vertical particle fluxes in the Caspian Sea

The first results of studies of vertical fluxes of sediment particles using the sediment traps at the Trans-Caspian section are presented. The flux values and distribution regularities are established. The fluxes of particles forming the sediment are also determined. The intra-annual variability in the fluxes corresponds to the seasonal variability of the biological activity. Above the northern slope of the Derbent Basin, the maximum vertical fluxes are recorded in the winter, which is caused by the intensification of the near-bottom currents.     

海岸沿岸流垂向分布实验研究

进行海岸沿岸流模型实验,利用ADV(acoustic doppler velocimeter)测量了沿岸流流速沿垂直岸线方向多个断面的垂向分布。采用Faria等的方法对实验结果进行了分析,将沿岸流沿水深分为上层和下层两部分:下层采用对数分布来表达沿岸流的垂向分布;上层考虑了波浪引起的自由表面的波动,流速分布为修正的对数分布。最后对沿岸流垂向分布特征做了分析,并与Visser和Hamilton的实验结果做了对比。     

南沙群岛海域溶解氧垂直分布最大值的季节特征

根据“八五”、“九五”国家科技专项南沙群岛海域综合科学考察的现场调查资料,对南沙群岛海域溶解氧垂直分布最大值现象的分布特征、季节变化规律作了较为全面的分析和研究,同时比较了东海、黄海海域春、夏季溶解氧垂直分布出现的最大值现象及其特征.研究结果表明南沙群岛海域溶解氧垂直分布的最大值现象与我国东海、黄海海域的溶解氧垂直分布最大值现象无论在地理分布、深度、强度、季节性变化还是存在条件的特征化方面,均有着较大的差别.反映影响南沙群岛海域溶解氧垂直分布最大值形成的原因,均与东海、黄海海域溶解氧垂直分布最大值形成的原因有所不同     

On the vertical structure of temperature anomalies in the North Atlantic

The expansion of the temperature anomaly field in the North Atlantic is considered using natural orthogonal functions of depth. It is shown that the first few components of this expansion describe the field both at the surface and in the upper 1000 m layer accurately enough. The relation between the water temperature anomaly at some levels and the above components is estimated for various regions of the ocean.Translated by Mikhail M. Trufanov.     

近岸悬沙垂线分布多元线性回归分析

许多学者在研究河口近岸水域时常采用扩散理论Rouse方程描述泥沙垂线分布规律,本文结合该方程成立的几个主要假设,分析该方程在近岸地区的适用性.在传统的Rouse分布基础上借助Rouse方程的线性形式以及近岸泥沙的输运特性,选取了ln z/h,ln ca,ca,u,ln u,z/h等6个变量作为自变量,采用多元线性回归的...     

Impact of oxygen-depleted water on the vertical distribution of chaetognaths in the northeastern Arabian Sea

The influence of a thick layer of oxygen-depleted water (<0.2 ml l⁻¹) on the abundance and distribution of chaetognaths was investigated in the northeastern Arabian Sea (NEAS), a natural oxygen-deficient system in the global ocean. The species and maturity stage-wise distribution of this group were studied at five discrete depths down to 1000 m. A total of 22 species belonging to four genera were observed, and the genus Sagitta dominated, representing 60% (500-1000 m) to 89% (Mixed layer depth) of the total chaetognath population. Based on their vertical distribution limits, four groups were recognised, as follows: I: species abundant in surface water with a maximum distribution limit up to 300 m; II: species confined mainly to deeper waters (>500 m); III: species present throughout the water column (0-1000 m); and IV: species present in most layers, but with a preference for a specific depth stratum. A positive correlation (P<0.01) was observed in the abundance of chaetognaths and their main prey copepods, emphasising the strong trophic relationship between these groups. It was found that the intensely oxygen-deficient waters of the NEAS play a crucial role in the vertical distribution and abundance of chaetognath species of all four genera. This report presents information on the maturity stages and ontogenetic migration of this important planktonic group in relation to the oxygen-depleted water in the study region for the first time. The results obtained are also important for understanding the biological processes associated with a major oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) in the global ocean.     

Influence of the vertical distribution of cyanobacteria in the water column on the remote sensing signal

An increased intensity of cyanobacterial blooms and their potentially harmful effects have attracted the attention of environmental agencies, water authorities and the general public worldwide. Reliable operational monitoring methods of coastal waters, lakes and ponds are needed. Mapping of the surface extent of cyanobacterial blooms with remote sensing is straightforward, but recognizing waters dominated by cyanobacteria throughout the water column and quantitative mapping of cyanobacterial biomass with remote sensing is more complicated. Unlike most algae, cyanobacteria can regulate their buoyancy and move vertically in the water column. We used the Hydrolight 4.2 radiative transfer model and the specific optical properties of three species of cyanobacteria to study the impact of vertical distribution of cyanobacteria on the remote sensing signal. The results show that the vertical distribution of cyanobacteria in the water column has a significant impact on the remote sensing signal. This result indicates that developing remote sensing methods for quantitative mapping of cyanobacterial biomass is much more complex than quantitative mapping of an algal biomass that is uniformly distributed in the top mixed layer of water column.     

Seasonal changes in the vertical distribution and community structure of Antarctic macrozooplankton and micronekton

The macrozooplankton and micronekton community of the Lazarev Sea (Southern Ocean) was investigated at 3 depth layers during austral summer, autumn and winter: (1) the surface layer (0–2 m); (2) the epipelagic layer (0–200 m); and (3) the deep layer (0–3000 m). Altogether, 132 species were identified. Species composition changed with depth from a euphausiid-dominated community in the surface layer, via a siphonophore-dominated community in the epipelagic layer, to a chaetognath-dominated community in the deep layer. The surface layer community predominantly changed along gradients of surface water temperature and sea ice parameters, whereas the epipelagic community mainly changed along hydrographical gradients. Although representing only 1% of the depth range of the epipelagic layer, mean per-area macrofauna densities in the surface layer ranged at 8% of corresponding epipelagic densities in summer, 6% in autumn, and 24% in winter. Seasonal shifts of these proportional densities in abundant species indicated different strategies in the use of the surface layer, including both hibernal downward and hibernal upward shift in the vertical distribution, as well as year-round surface layer use by Antarctic krill. These findings imply that the surface layer, especially when it is ice-covered, is an important functional node of the pelagic ecosystem that has been underestimated by conventional depth-integrated sampling in the past. The exposure of this key habitat to climate-driven forces most likely adds to the known susceptibility of Antarctic pelagic ecosystems to temperature rise and changing sea ice conditions.     

1991年冬季菲律宾以东海流特征和盐度结构

本文根据１９９１年１１月１５日～１２月２０日中国世界大洋环流实验（简称ＣＷＯＣＥ）首航ＡＤＣＰ测流资料并结合日本气象厅的ＡＣＭ次表层测流资料（１９９２年１月２０日～２月１５日），描述了菲律宾以东的海流特征。同时应用该航次ＣＴＰ资料计算了各观测断面的地转流流量，并用盐度跟踪讨论了北赤道逆流（ＮＥＣＣ）、黑潮和棉兰老海流的水源。计算和分析表明，本航次期间有３个强流区，即黑潮源头区、棉兰老沿岸区和北赤道逆流区。此外，本航次本区海流特征与１９８６／１９８７ＥＮＳＯ事件同期的海流特征基本相同。