中,新生代全球岩石圈水平运动特点及其对中国大陆构造演化的意义

近百年来,国际地学界对岩石圈的水平运动进行了长期不懈的研究工作。本世纪初,魏格纳等提出大陆漂移假说,推断地质历史时期大陆曾发生过长距离的水平运动。     

华北地块东部晚中生代至新生代岩石圈不均一减薄与改造模式

本文综合运用不同时代幔源包体平衡温压对比、玄武岩地球化学性质对岩石圈厚度的反演以及不同时代岩石圈地幔地球化学性质的对比的方法，把华北地块东部岩石圈的减薄时间限定在晚中生代至新生代之间。减薄的机制可能是华北东部地区晚白垩世以来大陆岩石圈的拉张作用。由于机械性拉薄和热、机械和化学侵蚀作用，岩石圈厚度最终减薄到70km以下。但古老的岩石圈地幔并没有完全因减薄而消失，残留部分受到了来自软流圈物质的强烈改造，使其Sr、Nd同位素组成类似于软流圈，但Os同位素没有受到明显的改变。改造后的岩石圈地幔成为华北地块东部新生代岩石圈地幔的主体。在时空上，岩石圈的减薄具有不均一的性质。     

复杂的山东昌乐新生代玄武岩辉石岩捕虏体及其岩石圈演化意义

紧邻郯庐断裂带分布的山东昌乐新生代玄武岩含有丰富的辉石岩捕虏体。根据辉石岩的主、微量元素特征,可以将它们大致分为3类。Ⅰ类和Ⅱ类样品的岩石地球化学特征分别与河北汉诺坝-阳原新生代玄武岩中的Cr系列和Al系列辉石岩捕虏体相对应,都属壳-幔过渡带或岩石圈顶部地幔的分离结晶产物,其中Ⅱ类辉石岩还包含有陆壳物质组成,更可能是壳幔过渡带来源。Ⅲ类辉石岩在岩石地球化学特征上与汉诺坝的石榴石辉石岩相似,但不同的样品则分别表现出与洋岛玄武岩或正常洋中脊玄武岩相似的特征。丰富的昌乐玄武岩中辉石岩捕虏体所表现出来的复杂成因来源,与相对简单的上地幔特征相比,该区新生代时的顶部岩石圈地幔和壳-幔过渡带组成异常复杂,说明岩石圈减薄过程中自下而上的新生地幔物质对古老岩石圈的置换作用。     

古地幔流体及其在大陆克拉通地幔演化中的意义——以华北地台为例

古生代含捕虏体的金伯利岩和新生代含捕虏体的玄武岩同出于华北地台，提供了研究自古生代以来岩石圈演化的深源探针。古生代含金伯利岩的侵位表明古生代时曾存在冷厚的岩石圈；而新生代含捕虏体玄武岩的喷发，表明新生代时存在热薄的岩石圈。岩石圈减薄与“大洋化”是层圈物质交换作用在一定历史阶段中的反映。地幔流体是地幔演化产物，反之又作用于地幔演化。富含地幔流体的幔内剪切带及交代矿物层作为幔内软薄弱带，存在热、流体、化学及机械的耦合，是岩石圈减薄拆沉作用的重要界面位置。     

渤海西南海域中生代构造演化、动力学机制及其对华北克拉通破坏的启示

渤海西南海域自中生代以来历经多期构造活动,记录了华北克拉通的破坏过程。为了明晰渤海西南海域中生代构造演化与区域构造间的关系,以研究区三维地震资料以及深层钻井资料为基础,结合区域构造背景,厘定了研究区中生代构造特征,恢复了中生代构造演化过程,并探讨了其动力学机制及其对华北克拉通破坏的响应。结果表明:(1)不同于渤海湾盆地陆上油区NEE向的构造面貌,渤海西南海域发育多走向、多类型构造,三维地震资料揭示中生代发育NWW向负反转裂陷、NEE向走滑逆冲、挤压褶皱等异于新生代伸展样式的特殊构造,其中尤以NWW向负反转构造占主导。(2)渤海西南海域中生代以来经历了印支期逆冲褶皱成山、燕山早期左旋逆冲改造、燕山中期裂陷反转以及燕山晚期褶皱等多期变形过程, 其中印支期逆冲褶皱是潜山形成的关键时期,而燕山中期反转是构造体制发生变革的关键时期。(3)NWW向构造的形成与印支期华南板块与华北板块的碰撞有关,燕山早期左旋走滑是太平洋板块NWW向俯冲于华北板块之下的结果,代表太平洋构造域接替古特提斯构造域控制华北板块变形;燕山中期的裂陷反转与区域大规模中基性岩浆活动相对应,是华北克拉通大规模破坏的浅层响应。印支期NWW向先存构造燕山中期反转裂陷模式的提出,丰富了传统华北克拉通破坏形成NEE向盆地的简单构造模式。     

华北南缘信阳古元古代花岗岩的年代学和地球化学特征及其对地壳演化的启示

华北克拉通南缘古元古代发育有多期次的岩浆活动和变质事件,记录了南缘基底和构造演化过程,但古元古代中-晚期的岩浆记录却相对较少.对华北南缘信阳地区古元古代中-晚期花岗岩进行了详细的岩石学、地球化学、锆石U-Pb年代学及Lu-Hf同位素研究.信阳地区花岗岩主要包括潘庄钾长花岗岩和陈庄黑云钾长花岗岩,其岩浆锆石结晶年龄分别为1 868 Ma和1 955 Ma,即形成于古元古代中-晚期.所有的岩石样品具有高SiO₂、富碱、低CaO、P₂O₅、MgO等特征,且A/CNK介于1.12~1.28,属过铝质岩石.同时它们富集LILEs（如Rb、Th和K）,贫HFSEs（如Nb、Ta和Ti）、亏损Sr、P等元素,并具有中等-弱的负Eu异常.此外,潘庄岩体和陈庄岩体整体具有相似的锆石ε_Hf（t）值（-0.6~+2.6）,两阶段Hf模式年龄（T_crust）范围为2.40~2.64 Ga.表明信阳地区太古代末-古元古代早期地壳在古元古代中-晚期经历了强烈的改造.结合华北克拉通南缘的岩浆活动和变质事件记录,认为信阳地区花岗岩的形成可能与华北东、西陆块的碰撞有关,且该区频繁的古元古代岩浆活动（2.24~1.85 Ga）可能是东、西陆块间古大洋及西部陆块东向俯冲的结果.      

华北陆块新元古代-中生代沉积盆地划分及其构造演化

在华北陆块区进行构造-地层区划的基础上,对华北陆块中元古代-新元古代、早古生代、晚古生代、三叠纪-早侏罗世、中侏罗世-白垩纪5个大地构造阶段不同构造-地层区内的沉积盆地类型、充填序列和时空演化过程进行了分析、讨论.中-新元古代是华北周缘裂谷发育期.寒武纪-早、中奥陶世,华北广泛发生沉降并接受海侵,形成几乎广布全华北的碳酸盐岩台地.晚奥陶世-泥盆纪,华北整体抬升,遭受剥蚀,沉积缺失.石炭纪-二叠纪,华北陆块再次发生沉降并接受海侵,形成广阔的陆表海海陆交互相沉积,至晚二叠世华北陆块进入陆相盆地发展阶段.中生代,华北陆块陆内构造运动活跃,普遍形成与火山活动相伴的断陷盆地、坳陷盆地和拉分盆地.      

辽东南中生代构造演化及其与金矿形成的关系

辽东南地区中生代受到三期构造运动的影响且各具特色:①三叠纪的印支运动以形成东西向构造线及较多的"S"型花岗岩为特征;②侏罗纪的早燕山运动以近东西向挤压为主,在辽南地区以形成线理走向为北西西向的推覆构造为特征;③晚侏罗世晚期到早白垩世的晚燕山运动产生大量北东、北北东向断裂,同时发生了强烈的左行走滑。上述三期构造运动对金矿的形成均有一定的影响,三个时期均有一定规模的金矿化作用,金矿化的主要时期是在晚侏罗世晚期到早白垩世。     

华北东南部中生代岩石圈地幔性质、组成、富集过程及其形成机理

本文通过对我国华北东南部中生代幔源岩浆活动的时空分布规律及其地球化学特征的系统总结来进一步厘定该地区中生代岩石圈地幔的性质和组成,并通过与华北内部如鲁中地区中生代岩石圈地幔的对比研究探讨华北东部岩石圈的时空演化规律、富集过程及其形成机理。幔源岩石的 Sr-Nd-Ph 同位素特征表明华北东部中生代岩石圈地幔存在明显的时空不均匀性,其中心部位如鲁中地区以弱富集地幔为主体;而东南部如鲁西南和胶东地区则为类似 EM2型地幔(~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr_i 可高达0.7114)。华北东南部中生代岩石圈地幔随时间的演化特征也很明显。这些幔源岩石的地球化学特征和玄武岩中地幔岩捕虏体(橄榄岩和辉石岩)和捕虏晶(橄榄石和辉石)的组成和结构特征皆证明华北东南部中生代岩石圈地幔曾受到过富硅熔体的强烈改造。橄榄岩-熔体的相互反应是该区岩石圈改造和组成转变的重要方式,从而造成古生代高镁橄榄岩转变为晚中生代低镁橄榄岩和辉石岩。进入岩石圈地幔的熔体具下/中地壳物质重熔的特征,从而导致该区晚中生代岩石圈地幔的快速富集。有关华北东部中生代岩石圈减薄和改造的时限、过程和机制等问题也进行较详细的讨论。     

郯庐断裂带晚中生代演化历史及其对华北克拉通破坏过程的指示

郯庐断裂带晚中生代的演化历史是华北克拉通破坏过程的重要记录。中侏罗世末(燕山运动A幕),郯庐断裂带局部发生左行平移活动,而华北克拉通上出现了一系列北北东走向的缩短构造,指示了西太平洋伊泽奈崎板块俯冲的开始。晚侏罗世期间,郯庐断裂带没有发生活动,而华北克拉通出现局部伸展与岩浆活动及区域性隆升,应为弧后弱拉张背景。早白垩世初(燕山运动B幕),郯庐断裂带再次发生强烈的左行平移活动,华北克拉通北部与东部出现了一系列近南北向挤压产生的构造,应是鄂霍茨克洋最终关闭与伊泽奈崎板块高速俯冲双重作用的结果。随后的早白垩世期间,华北克拉通在弧后拉张背景下发生峰期破坏,郯庐断裂带呈现为强烈的伸展活动。早白垩世末的区域性挤压作用,结束了华北克拉通的峰期破坏,并使郯庐断裂带再次发生了一期左行平移活动。这期挤压作用出现在太平洋板块接替伊泽奈崎板块这一重大板块调整的背景之中。     

Lithospheric Thermal Isostasy of North Continental Margin of the South China Sea

Accompanied with rifting and detaching of the north continental margin of the South China Sea,the ernst and the lithosphere become thinner away from the continental margin resulting from the tectonic activities,such as tensile deformation,thermal uplift,and cooling subsidence,etc..Integrated with thermal,gravimetric,and isostatic analysis techniques,based on the seismic interpretation of the deep penetration seismic soundings across the northern margin of the South China Sea,we reconstructed the lithospheric thermal structure and derived the variation of the crust boundary in the east and west parts of the seismic profde by using gravity anomaly data.We mainly studied the thermal isostasy problems using the bathymetry of the profiles and calculated the crust thinning effect due to the thermal variety in the rifting process.The results Indicate that the thermal isostasy may reach 2.5 kin,and the compositional variations in the ilthospheric density and thickness may produce a variation of 4.0 kin.Therefore,the compositional isostatic correction is very important to recover the relationship between surface heat flow and topography.Moreover,because of the high heat flow characteristic of the continental margin,building the model of lithospheric geotherm in this region is of great importan for studying the Cenozoic tectonic thermal evolution of the north passive continental margin of the South China Sea.     

Mesozoic Granitoid Types and Metallogeny of the East China Circum-Pacific Continental Margin

Abstract: This paper synthesizes the geotectonic background, genetic types and metallogenetic relations of the Mesozoic granitoids in the East China continental margin. By the Mesozoic, the Siberia Plate, North China Plate and South China Plate amalgamated together, resulting in formation of a unified Eurasia super–continent. Since the late Triassic to early Jurassic period, the territory of East China gradually became a Cordilleran style active continental margin. During the Jurassic to early Cretaceous (early to middle episodes of Yanshanian orogeny), the Paleo-Pacific plate strongly collided with and subducted under the Eurasia continent, reactivated the consolidated East China continental margin. The granitoids of both transformation series and syntexis series were generated. Many granitoid-related large and giant metal deposits were formed. Furthermore, the W, Sn, Be, Nb, Ta and U mineralizations are mostly associated with the transformation series; while the Fe, Cu, Mo and Au mineralizations are mostly associated with the syntexis series. The late Yanshanian orogeny (late Cretaceous) began a transition to the western Pacific style continental margin. A tensional environment resulted in development of alkaline granitoids and formation of continental red basins. The Cenozoic orogeny was characterized by a backarc spreading and rifting regime in this region.     

Three Stages of Mesozoic Bimodal Igneous Rocks and Their Tectonic Implications on the Continental Margin of Southeastern China

There are large-scale Mesozoic bimodal igneous rock associations on the continental margin of southeastern China. They aroused extensive attention in the 1980s because of their specific tectonic implications, and have been found frequently during recent geological surveys. This paper reviews the studies of regional Mesozoic bimodal rocks, and concludes that they can be subdivided into three stages, i.e., the Early Jurassic (209-170 Ma, the first (Ⅰ) stage), the Late Jurassic-early Early Cretaceous (154-121 Ma, the second (Ⅱ) stage), and the late Early Cretaceous-Late Cretaceous (115-85 Ma, the third (Ⅲ) stage). These three stages of bimodal rocks were formed in different tectonic settings, and are important indicators for regional Mesozoic tectonic evolution.     

华北地块北缘中新元古界沉积构造演化

根据文献资料及对研究区8 条实测剖面资料的综合分析结果表明,Columbia 超级大陆的裂解导致华北陆块北缘大陆裂 谷盆地的形成。随着大陆进一步伸展和洋壳的形成,华北地块北缘逐渐发展为被动大陆边缘。在1400 Ma 左右,即铁岭组 沉积后,华北地块北缘转变为活动大陆边缘。早期洋壳向华北地块低角度的俯冲造成弧后地区发生挤压（芹峪上升）,导致 铁岭组抬升和剥蚀,而后期洋壳高角度的俯冲又造成弧后区域发生强烈的伸展和断陷,沉积了下马岭组,并伴随辉绿岩的 侵入。华北地块与相邻地体之间的碰撞导致下马岭组的抬升（或蔚县抬升）以及碰撞花岗岩的形成,挤压构造发生的时间 对应于Rodinia 超级大陆的形成期。新元古代沉积是Rodinia 超级大陆裂解的结果。龙山组石英砂岩和海绿石砂岩是Rodinia 超级大陆裂解后的最早期沉积,记录了海侵初期的超覆过程。     

华北克拉通中生代拆沉陆壳物质对岩石圈地幔的改造:来自橄榄岩捕虏体中角闪石的成分制约

对鲁西和太行山南段早白垩世高镁闪长岩中橄榄岩捕虏体中的角闪石进行了主量元素和痕量元素分析,并讨论了角闪石成分与改造岩石圈地幔熔体的性质与来源之间的关系。研究结果表明,橄榄岩类捕虏体中的角闪石主要为交代成因。在化学上,它们属于钙质角闪石。太行山南段符山橄榄岩捕虏体中的角闪石属于镁质普通角闪石和浅闪石或浅闪石质普通角闪石;鲁西铁铜沟橄榄岩捕虏体中的角闪石为韭闪石质普通角闪石、浅闪石质普通角闪石和镁绿钙闪石质普通角闪石。与板内橄榄岩捕虏体中的角闪石相比,鲁西和太行山南段早白垩世高镁闪长岩橄榄岩捕虏体中的角闪石具有相对高的Mg#(鲁西:86.0~90.8;太行山:90.7~94.2)和SiO2(鲁西:44.04%~46.98%;太行山:47.09%~49.79%)以及相对低的Na2O(1.92%~2.51%)、TiO2(0.01%~1.46%)、Nb(0.29×10-6~1.98×10-6)和Zr(1.61×10-6~5.34×10-6),这与来自俯冲带之上地幔楔橄榄岩捕虏体中的角闪石相类似。综合橄榄岩捕虏体的地球化学特征,可以判定华北克拉通早白垩世岩石圈地幔遭受了起源于拆沉陆壳物质熔融熔体的改造。     

中国东南中生代大陆边缘构造—岩浆带的同位素地球化学

根据中生代火山岩和侵入岩的岩石类型与组合及其岩石化学特征等，将中国东南中生代大陆边缘分成陆缘火山（岩浆）弧（Ｃｖａ）、陆缘弧后（间）火山盆地带（Ａｂｖ）和裂陷火山（岩浆）带（Ｒｖ），并深入研究了它们的Ｓｒ、Ｏ、Ｐｂ和Ｓｍ、Ｎｄ同位素组成特征。Ｃｖａ具较低的ＩＳｒ和δ１８Ｏ值及变化较大的Ｐｂ同位素组成与较高的εＮｄ值；Ａｂｖ具较高的ＩＳｒ和δ１８Ｏ值及较稳定的Ｐｂ同位素组成与较低的εＮｄ值；Ｒｖ则具较低（较稳定）的ＩＳｒ值和Ｐｂ同位素组成及变化较大的δ１８Ｏ值与εＮｄ值。由此推断，Ｃｖａ和Ａｂｖ的岩浆均为陆缘亏损地幔与上地壳成分混合形成（前者地幔成分居多，后者以地壳成分为主），Ｒｖ的岩浆则具陆内交代－亏损地幔与较多的下地壳物质混合源的成因特征。     

Properties of Continental Margin and its Hydrocarbon Exploration Significance in Cambrian in the Southern Ordos Kratogen of North China

It is important to determine the properties of the tectonics in Cambrian period for the sake of prospecting deep hydrocarbon in the near future in the southern Ordos Kratogen of North China. Authors chose the marginal areas of the southern Ordos basin as the object of research, avoided the effects of both the Qinling Orogenic Belts (QOB) and Weihe River Graben (WRG) whose geological structures are too complicated. By surveying typical Cambrian outcrops and profiles in the basin edges and based on the cores of 57 wells which penetrated the Cambrian in the basin, combined with the seismic profiles, the field gammaray measuement results and the carbon isotope analysis, Authors conclude that the southern margin of the Ordos Kratogen during Cambrian was a passive continental margin which resulted from sea-floor spreading of the Ancient Qinling Ocean. Epicontinental sea carbonate sediments formed in the south Ordos continental margin during Cambrian, and were predominant as tidal flat and o litic shoal. Both transgression-regression process and the change in palaeostructure have the obvious cyclicity. Using the junction between the late Nangao age of Qiandong epoch and the early Duyun age of Qiandong epoch as a boundary, each had a full transgression cycle at the upper and lower stages. The early cycle is characterized by high energy clastic littoral facies while the late cycle is characterized by carbonate ramp on which clear water and muddy water developed alternately changing to carbonate platform last. During the early stages, An aulacogen was formed in the middle section of the southern margin. The southern Ordos margin was uplifted and denudated by the Huaiyuan Movement which occurred from the late Furongian age to the middle Flolan age and the history of the passive continental margin ended and entering into a new tectonic cycle. The unconformity surface caused by the Huaiyuan Movement, along with its neighborhood areas where dissolved pores and cavities are developed, may be another important district for good hydrocarbon reservoirs (excluding the unconformity surface on the top of the Ordovician in the Ordos basin).     

Late Mesozoic Convergent Continental Margin with Magmatic Arc from East to South China Seas: A Review

The Late Mesozoic is an important tectonic period for subduction of Paleo-Pacific slab beneath East Asia continent. It intensely led to Jurassic to Cretaceous magmatism associated with intracontinental deformation in South China. Subduction-related accretionary complexes remained regionally from SW Japan, E Taiwan to the W Philippines and Borneo. Studies on geology in South China, especially in magmatism, have been performed with good data, results, and sufficient understandings; whereas those arc-related intermediate igneous rocks have been less found. The areas from East to South China Seas which are located at the junction between sea and land will be the preferred areas for the study of the Late Mesozoic magmatic arc and the forearc basin. The relevant arc-related magmatic rocks and forearc sedimentary records have been increasingly discovered. Studies of magmatic arc and forearc basin combined with subdction complex will be essential to the reconstruction of the convergent continental margin in South China. Analyses of magmatic arc identification from South to East China Seas, arc to forearc relationship, and assembly between arc and regional faults will become necessary to improve the knowledge of the model of East Asia convergent continental margin, and as well help to develop the understanding of Late Mesozoic forearc basin and resource potentials in the southeast sea areas.     

南海北部陆缘中生代沉积层序、对比和油气地质意义

南海北部陆缘陆上粤中-粤东地区出露一系列的中生界,可以划分为15个Ⅲ级沉积层序。在毗邻海区的潮汕坳陷的地震剖面和LF35-1-1井也可以识别出12个Ⅲ级沉积层序。这些Ⅲ级层序组成了6个Ⅱ级层序和2个Ⅰ级层序,反映出由海向陆的环境变化过程。陆区和海区中生界在岩性、岩相以及层序地层等方面存在可对比性。陆区上地层-沉积特征以及模式可以作为模型应用于海区中生界相关研究,对南海北部中生界油气勘探具有指导意义。     

Mineral Chemistry of Peridotites from Paleozoic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic Lithosphere: Constraints on Mantle Evolution beneath Eastern China

Major- and trace-element data on the constituent minerals ofgarnet peridotite xenoliths hosted in early Paleozoic (457–500Ma) kimberlites and Neogene (16–18 Ma) volcanic rockswithin the North China Craton are compared with those from thepre-pilot hole of the Chinese Continental Scientific DrillingProject (CCSD-PP1) in the tectonically exhumed Triassic (220Ma) Sulu ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) terrane along its southernmargin. P–T estimates for the Paleozoic and Neogene peridotitexenoliths reflect different model geotherms corresponding tosurface heat flows of 40 mW/m² (Paleozoic) and 80 mW/m² (Neogene).Garnet peridotite xenoliths or xenocrysts from the Paleozoickimberlites are strongly depleted, similar to peridotites fromother areas of cratonic mantle, with magnesium olivine (meanFo_92.7), Cr-rich garnet and clinopyroxene with high La/Yb. Garnet(and spinel) peridotite xenoliths hosted in Neogene basaltsare derived from fertile mantle; they have high Al₂O₃ and TiO₂contents, low-Mg-number olivine (mean Fo_89.5), low-Cr garnetand diopside with flat rare earth element (REE) patterns. Thedifferences between the Paleozoic and Neogene xenoliths suggestthat a buoyant refractory lithospheric keel present beneaththe eastern North China Craton in Paleozoic times was at leastpartly replaced by younger, hotter and more fertile lithosphericmantle during Mesozoic–Cenozoic times. Garnet peridotitesfrom the Sulu UHP terrane have less magnesian olivine (Fo_91.5),and lower-Cr garnet than the Paleozoic xenoliths. The diopsideshave low heavy REE (HREE) contents and sinusoidal to light REE(LREE)-enriched REE patterns. These features, and their highMg/Si and low CaO and Al₂O₃ contents, indicate that the CCSD-PP1peridotites represent a moderately refractory mantle protolith.Details of mineral chemistry indicate that this protolith experiencedcomplex metasomatism by asthenosphere-derived melts or fluidsin Mesoproterozoic, and subsolidus re-equilibration involvingfluids/melts derived from the subducted Yangtze continentalcrust during UHP metamorphism in the early Mesozoic. Tectonicextension of the subcontinental lithospheric mantle of the NorthChina Craton and exhumation of the Sulu UHP rocks in the earlyMesozoic induced upwelling of the asthenosphere. Peridotitessampled by the Neogene basalts represent newly formed lithospherederived by cooling of the upwelling asthenospheric mantle inJurassic–Cretaceous and Paleogene time. KEY WORDS: garnet peridotite xenoliths; North China Craton; lithospheric thinning; Sulu UHP terrane; UHP lithosphere evolution; mantle replacement