华北平原水资源供需状况诊断

该文首先制定出一套水资源供需状况新的评价原则,即供需用综合评价,协调发展,环境与效益统一,量化及可对比以及层次分析等基本评价原则,然后采用综合评价模型对水资源供需状况进行诊断,并给出华北平原缺水的性质与类型。     

华北平原降水的长期趋势分析(英文)

The North China Plain (NCP) is the most important food grain producing area in China and has suffered from serious water shortages. To capture variation water availability, it is necessary to have an analysis of changing trends in precipitation. This study, based on daily precipitation data from 47 representative stations in NCP records passed the homogeneity test, analyzed the trend and amplitude of variation in monthly, seasonal and annual precipitation, annual maximum continuous no-rain days, annual rain days, rainfall intensity, and rainfall extremes from 1960 to 2007, using the MannKendall (M-K) test and Sen’s slope estimator. It was found that monthly precipitation in winter had a significant increasing trend in most parts, while monthly precipitation in July to September showed a decreasing trend in some parts of NCP. No significant changing trend was found for the annual, dry and wet season precipitation and rainfall extremes in the majority of NCP.A significant decreasing trend was detected for the maximum no-rain duration and annual rain days in the major part of NCP. It was concluded that the changing trend of precipitation in NCP had an apparent seasonal and regional pattern, i.e., precipitation showed an obvious increasing trend in winter, but a decreasing trend in the rainy season (July to September), and the changing trend was more apparent in the northern part than in the southern and middle parts. This implies that with global warming, seasonal variation of precipitation in NCP tends to decline with an increasing of precipitation in winter season, and a decreasing in rainy season, particularly in the sub-humid northern part.     

应用环境同位素技术研究华北典型流域水循环机理的展望

华北水问题日益严重,而水循环机理研究尚显得薄弱。环境同位素水文学是研究流域水循环过程变化的新的技术途径。它利用水中水分子所含的同位素含量的变化,可以判断大气降水的水蒸气的来源;定量分析坡地的产汇流产生机制,进而研究"大气降水—地表水—土壤水—地下水"的相互作用关系;彻底查明流域"四水"转化关系,创新和发展水循环模式。本文主要介绍同位素技术的原理及其在日本、斯里兰卡、河北平原等地应用实例,最后,对应用此技术研究华北典型流域水循环,从"大气—土壤—植被"界面水循环机理、坡地径流的产汇流机制、流域水循环机理等方面进行了展望。     

华北平原地貌区划新见

在埋深20~15 m(山前平原)或10~8 m(中部和滨海平原)以上的三维空间,将地貌形成演化的同一时段,具有同一结构、构造特征的组成物质和形态-成因上有相互联系的地貌类型的组合体视为一个地质-地貌体。基于这一观点,将冲积扇从传统地貌区划中的"山前倾斜平原区"中分离出来,与冲积泛滥平原合并,称作"中部冲积扇-冲积泛滥平原区",更符合国民经济合理布局的需要。     

华北平原浅层地下水水位动态变化

利用中日合作项目在华北平原设置的自动监测设备KADEC-MIZU Ⅱ型地下水水位自计仪,对2004-2006年39处浅层地下水水位监测的结果,结合区域影响地下水宏观动态类型的主要因素,如地形地貌、地下水埋深、地下水开采程度、地下水漏斗以及河流湖泊等,叠加各影响因素分区图得到地下水动态影响因素综合分区图,结合观测孔地下水水位体现的动态特征,将华北平原地下水观测点分为山前开采型、山前侧向补给-径流-开采型、中部河道带补给-开采型、中部地下水浅埋区降水入渗-蒸发型动态、黄河影响带侧向补给-蒸发型动态和滨海平原区入渗-蒸发型6大地下水动态类型。在此基础上阐明了大区域范围内不同类型地下水水位年内及多年动态变化的特点,比较了不同类型区地下水动态所受影响因素的不同。     

Shallow groundwater dynamics in North China Plain

The groundwater level of 39 observation wells including 35 unconfined wells and 4 confined wells from 2004 to 2006 in North China Plain (NCP) was monitored using automatic groundwater monitoring data loggers KADEC-MIZU II of Japan. The automatic groundwater sensors were installed for the corporation project between China and Japan. Combined with the monitoring results from 2004 to 2006 with the major factors affecting the dynamic patterns of groundwater, such as topography and landform, depth of groundwater level, exploitation or discharge extent, rivers and lakes, the dynamic regions of NCP groundwater were gotten. According to the dynamic features of groundwater in NCP, six dynamic patterns of groundwater level were identified, including discharge pattern in the piedmont plain, lateral recharge– runoff–discharge pattern in the piedmont plain, recharge–discharge pattern in the central channel zone, precipitation infiltration–evaporation pattern in the shallow groundwater region of the central plain, lateral recharge–evaporation pattern in the recharge-affected area along the Yellow River and infiltration–discharge–evaporation pattern in the littoral plain. Based on this, the groundwater fluctuation features of various dynamic patterns were interpreted and the influencing factors of different dynamic patterns were compared.     

华北平原地下水动态变化

The groundwater level of 39 observation wells including 35 unconfined wells and 4 confined wells from 2004 to 2006 in North China Plain (NCP) was monitored using automatic groundwater monitoring data loggers KADEC-MIZU II of Japan. The automatic groundwater sensors were installed for the corporation project between China and Japan. Combined with the monitoring results from 2004 to 2006 with the major factors affecting the dynamic patterns of groundwater, such as topography and landform, depth of groundwater level, exploitation or discharge extent, rivers and lakes, the dynamic regions of NCP groundwater were gotten. According to the dynamic features of groundwater in NCP, six dynamic patterns of groundwater level were identified, including discharge pattern in the piedmont plain, lateral recharge-runoff-discharge pattern in the piedmont plain, recharge-discharge pattern in the central channel zone, precipitation infiltration-evaporation pattern in the shallow groundwater region of the central plain, lateral recharge-evaporation pattern in the recharge-affected area along the Yellow River and infiltration-discharge-evaporation pattern in the littoral plain. Based on this, the groundwater fluctuation features of various dynamic patterns were interpreted and the influencing factors of different dynamic patterns were compared. Foundation: National Natural Sciences Foundation of China, No.40671034; No.40830636 Author: Wang Shiqin (1981–), Ph.D., specialized in hydrology and water resources, water cycle of watershed.     

The supporting capability of Water and land resources for sustainable increase of yield in North China Plain

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华北平原农业水资源供需状况评价方法

随着国民经济的发展,城市化规模的扩大以及人口的增加,华北平原农业水资源的供需矛盾日趋尖锐。人们在进行供需评价时,曾一度停留在水量的供需平衡上,以需定供,缺少对水资源供需之间的矛盾及不协调的问题进行深层次的分析。此文采用综合评价模型对农业水资源供需现状进行评价。这是一种定量化的评价分析方法,即首先对影响供需状况的因素进行分类,形成一个层次,而每一个因素又由若干个指标组成,构成下一个层次,依次类推,这样就构成了一个层次间互相联系的指标体系。对每个地区,每一个因素和指标用评定系数来表示该因素或指标对供需状况的作用,然后再用综合评价模型对该地区供需状况进行计算和总体评价。     

Change of winter wheat planting area and its impacts on groundwater depletion in the North China Plain

Journal of Geographical Sciences - The North China Plain is one of the most water-stressed areas in China. Irrigation of winter wheat mainly utilizes groundwater resources, which has resulted in...     

华北地区降水量的小波分析

由于华北各地区受气候影响不同,不同地区的降雨变化也有很大差异,因此为全面分析华北地区的未来水资源量的变化趋势,本文将华北地区划分为6个代表区域,利用小波分析方法研究了华北地区降水分布的特征和年代际变化,在此基础上,对今后几年华北降雨的演变趋势怍一初步的探讨和估计。这对掌握华北地区水资源量的演变规律是一个有益的探索。     

中国粮食供需的区域格局研究

粮食安全问题在世界范围内一直被高度关注。本文主要以中国333个地级市为基本研究单元,在粮食供需现状分析的基础上,借助GIS和Geoda空间分析工具,从区域的空间差异和时空变化两个角度,建立粮食供需模型,研究中国粮食供需的结构特征和空间分布规律。结果表明：① 2012年中国粮食供需结构为净余粮,仅有约52%的地级市能通过粮食生产保障基本粮食需求。② 粮食供需的空间分布具有区域差异性,基本呈现西缺粮东余粮,南缺粮北余粮的特点;③ 在省域和地级市两种空间单元尺度上,粮食供需有一定的规律,表现出明显相关性,呈集聚状态。④ 2008-2012年,中国的净余粮量增加,高余粮和高缺粮是主要的变化类型,其中高余粮区对余粮量增长的贡献率达到75.24%。     

Mapping the agricultural land use of the North China Plain in 2002 and 2012

Journal of Geographical Sciences - Based on the MODIS NDVI data and Landsat TM/ETM data of 2002 and 2012, this paper extracts the planting area of winter wheat—summer maize, single spring...     

华北平原农业适应气候变化技术集成创新体系

适应气候变化技术的集成创新是应对气候变化的必要途径.以我国重要的商品粮生产基地--华北平原为例,分析了气候变化对华北平原农业的影响,提出华北平原农业适应气候变化的技术集成创新体系,包括：单一目标的农业适应技术集成体系,多目标综合的农业适应技术集成体系,多部门综合的农业适应技术集成体系和因地制宜的分区农业适应技术集成体系等;讨论了适应的不确定性、适应需求的差异性以及适应技术集成创新能力.最后指出,我国应对气候变化亟需开展不同领域适应气候变化技术的集成创新研究,构建不同部门适应气候变化技术的集成创新体系,使各种单项和分散的技术成果得到集成,从而建立完善的适应气候变化技术的集成创新机制.     

华北平原玉米播种期和品种变化对冠层温度的影响及地表生物物理机理

通过改变陆—气界面的地表水热交换,农田管理变化是气候变化的重要反馈过程之一。华北平原玉米的播种期和有效积温发生了规律性变化,改变了叶面积指数(LAI)、地表反照率(α)、净辐射(R_n)、潜热(LH)和冠层温度(T_c)等,成为区域气候变化的重要反馈过程。论文利用SiBcrop模型模拟3种玉米情景(春玉米、夏玉米、潜在玉米)下的LAI、α、R_n、LH和T_c的季节动态。结果表明,春玉米具有早播种、早收获、早LAI峰值的特征;夏玉米具有晚播种、晚收获、晚LAI峰值的特征;潜在玉米具有早播种、晚收获、高LAI的特征。模拟情景之间LAI差异为±2.5 m²·m^-2;T_c差异为±0.5 ℃。地表反照率(α)和地表能量分配是决定情景之间T_c差异的决定因素,播种期推迟,以α升高的降温效应为主;有效积温增加,以LH分配增多的降温效应为主。春玉米具有最高的冠层温度,夏玉米和潜在玉米的冠层温度较低且差异很小。研究结果对于促进农田土地管理变化适应和缓解区域气候变化具有一定意义。     

华北平原缺水盐渍区浅层地下水位动态分析

本文以国家农业科技攻关南皮试区为例,分析了华北缺水盐渍区地下水水位动态及其与降水量的关系,应用灰色系统理论的GM(1,1)预测方法,建立了地下水位动态的模拟、预测模型。结果表明,在目前供水、用水和水文地质条件下,未来地下水水位呈缓慢下降趋势,年均下降速度为0.12～0.14m/年。单靠平水年甚或丰水年降水难以维持地下水采补平衡,必须进行多年径流调节或跨流域调水,以丰补歉,互济余缺,并实施农田综合节水技术,防止区域水环境的恶化。     

地下水模型MODFLOW和GIS在华北平原地下水资源评价中的应用

从MODFLOW源程序的角度出发,根据地下水模型计算需要的输入输出数据格式和我国GIS类数据以MAPGIS为主的特点,建立了二者之间的集成关系,并将其应用于华北平原地下水资源评价中。根据华北平原特定的水文地质条件,建立了适合本区的三维非稳定流地下水模型,结合2003年12月的实际流场以及随时间变化的动态观测资料对模型的渗透系数、给水度和释水系数等参数进行了校正。同时进行了水均衡分析,结果表明华北平原地下水在2002年1月至2003年12月总补给量为493.74×10⁸m³,总排泄量为565.30×10⁸m³,均衡差为-71.56×10⁸m³,为负均衡。集成了该地下水模型的信息系统,可以通过更新源汇项数据库资料而对地下水资源进行实时评价,为华北平原水资源可持续利用和管理提供依据。     

华北平原蒸散和GPP格局及其对气候波动的响应

华北平原水资源不足影响农业和经济的可持续发展,威胁国家的粮食安全。有效地预测区域的蒸散量和用水效率是合理配置农业和生态用水的前提。本文发展了一个基于遥感植被指数的蒸散和植被生产力模型,利用MODIS遥感信息模拟了华北平原2000-2009 年的蒸散和第一性生产力(GPP)。结果表明,年和生长季累积蒸散和GPP的分布具有纬度地带性,冬小麦季则更为明显。水分盈亏分析表明,降水显著低于蒸散的地区主要分布在黄河流域以北,南部地区降水有盈余。年尺度上,黄河以北地区水分亏缺0~300 mm;在小麦生长发育期,几乎全区水分亏缺0~400 mm;在玉米生长发育期,黄河以北地区水分亏缺0~100 mm。此外,蒸散和GPP的年际变化明显,既受气候波动的影响,也受植被的动态响应调节。     

Groundwater recharge under irrigated agro-ecosystems in the North China Plain: From a critical zone perspective

Journal of Geographical Sciences - From a critical zone perspective, the present paper aims to present the magnitude of groundwater recharge under different agricultural land-use types, reveal the...