国外观光农业研究综述

观光农业是农业和旅游业相结合的一项复合型产业，具有“农游合一”的性质。观光农业在国外迅速发展并走上了规范化的发展道路，是有其历史背景的。首先论述了国外观光农业发展的历史背景，然后对国外观光农业的研究进行了总结，观光农业的概念、观光农业与乡村经济发展的关系、观光农业与乡村文化的关系、农业与旅游业的关系、观光农业发展的动力机制、观光农业发展策略和管理、观光农业发展中的女性问题7个方面是国外观光农业研究的焦点。     

沟谷生态经济区的创意与景观规划设计——以北京市西部山区的规划实践为基础

本文在系统考虑大城市周围山区传统产业的局限性、传统农业的低效性和大城市新兴产业的蓬勃发展、可持续发展战略的深入实施以及大城市周围地区发展的客观需求等因素的基础上，在北京西部山区沟谷景观规划实践的基础上，提出了沟谷生态经济区的发展模式，从景观设计的角度对生态经济沟的创意和设计进行了深入探讨。主要内容有沟谷生态经济区的概念、功能、市场定位（区位选择、和产品选择与组合）、总体景观规划（景观意像、行为特征）和沟谷立地景观设计（景观构成、品牌设计、功能区设计、时序性设计、立地配置、环境净化与生态保护方案以及开发经营管理方案）。     

广东观光农业旅游开发探讨

农业资源是一种遍在资源，观光农业是在农业的基础上，农业向旅游业延伸，具有“农游合一”性质的一种复合型产业。广东省是中国的经济强省和旅游强省，观光农业旅游也是率先发展。但广东观光农业开发中存在一些问题和隐患，必须在合理规划的前提下，以市场为导向，在深度开发具有本地特色的现代旅游产品的同时提高服务质量，使其成为深受游客喜爱的旅游产品。     

America's Changing Farmscape: A Study of Agricultural Tourism in Michigan*

Agricultural tourism incorporates visits to farms for the purposes of on‐site retail purchases, enjoyment, and education. Long popular in the European Union (EU), agritourism is gaining popularity throughout the United States. Interest has grown as a result of stagnant grain prices, rising farm costs, and growing international competition. For rural areas seeking new economic options, the potential of these operations to generate new sources of income through sales and horizontal linkages to other tourism‐based activities has sparked interest beyond the farm gate. This article, based on a survey and a statistical analysis of 300 agritourism operations in Michigan, summarizes factors associated with successful operations.     

America's Changing Farmscape: A Study of Agricultural Tourism in Michigan*

Abstract

Agricultural tourism incorporates visits to farms for the purposes of on-site retail purchases, enjoyment, and education. Long popular in the European Union (EU), agritourism is gaining popularity throughout the United States. Interest has grown as a result of stagnant grain prices, rising farm costs, and growing international competition. For rural areas seeking new economic options, the potential of these operations to generate new sources of income through sales and horizontal linkages to other tourism-based activities has sparked interest beyond the farm gate. This article, based on a survey and a statistical analysis of 300 agritourism operations in Michigan, summarizes factors associated with successful operations.     

郑州观光农业发展初探

观光农业是以农业为基础，农业和旅游业相结合的一项新型交叉型产业。郑州市发展观光农业具有得天独厚的区位、资源和市场优势。郑州在开发观光农业时要充分利用农业景观学理论，多渠道融资，创建、改造和塑造具有吸引力的农村自然景观和农村人文景观，为郑州大旅游格局建设奠定良好的基础。     

广州都市农业旅游深度开发探讨

广州都市农业旅游呈现发展速度快、起点高、规模大和效益好等特点,但也存在缺乏规划、项目趋同、文化内涵不深、科技含量不高、特色不显、品牌不强、发展无序等问题。今后应当依托地方农业旅游资源特色和各种优越的发展条件,重点发展设施农业旅游、园艺农业旅游、休闲度假农业旅游、农业博物馆旅游4种类型,按北部山区、中部城区农业区、城郊田园、南部滨海4大空间区域合理布局,并通过政府主导、科学规划、突出特色、品牌带动、挖掘文化内涵、突显农业科技、培养专业人才、提高管理水平等策略和措施,推进都市农业旅游和城市化健康持续发展。     

经济欠发达山区农业旅游发展研究——以广东梅州市为例

农业旅游是指以农业资源、农村景观为旅游资源,通过以旅游内涵为主题的策划和开发,把农艺展示、田园风光观赏、民俗体验、旅游休闲、度假娱乐融为一体的旅游方式。梅州地处广东省东北部山区,是经济欠地达地区。梅州市农业旅游是在农业庄园的基础上、在"三高"农业观光旅游成功案例的示范和带动下发展起来的,它经历了雏形阶段——兴起阶段——蓬勃发展三个阶段,已经发展成为梅州市旅游业的支柱和品牌。分析梅州市农业旅游发展现状,总结农业旅游发展特征,剖析其发展存在问题,探讨促进其农业旅游健康、持续发展的对策,对经济欠发达山区"三高"农业和旅游业可持续发展具有积极的意义。     

农业景观格局演变及其生态效应研究进展

农业景观格局演变的驱动力及生态效应研究具有重要的意义, 目前研究主要集中在农业 景观格局及其组分的动态变化, 在驱动力和生态环境效应等方面的研究则是案例较多、归纳总结 和机制研究相对薄弱。分析了形成当前研究状况的原因并提出了今后研究的重点方向, 包括发展 能够反映生态过程的景观格局指数、归纳农业景观演变的驱动机制、农业景观格局变化的生态环 境效应机理研究、发展景观格局整体性指标和长期定位观测数据相结合研究方法、农业景观变化 所带来的生态恶化的恢复因子和恢复方法的研究、加强农业景观规划设计研究和实施、高效农田 景观结构设计机理研究。     

中国农业旅游发展研究

简要概述农业旅游的概念、特性及中国发展农业旅游的资源优势，详细阐述中国农业旅游发展的阶段模式、地域模式及存在问题。结果表明：中国发展农业旅游具有巨大的资源优势和市场潜力。而且发展前景非常诱人；但是中国农业旅游的发展却处于由自发式阶段向自主式阶段的过渡阶段，而且存在一些制约因素和问题。针对这些问题，从农业旅游的供给与需求及可持续发展的角度，论述了中国农业旅游的发展应注意的问题和发展方向。     

海南省新型城镇化发展模式及驱动力分析——以琼海市为例

在中国社会经济转型过程中,快速的城镇化导致城镇人口剧增、基础服务设施滞后、城乡差距拉大等系列问题,新型城镇化战略为解决这些问题提供新的思路和方向,为建设可持续城市和城乡一体化发展提供美好蓝图。以城镇化和城乡统筹发展等理论为指导,分析了海南省琼海市城镇化建设过程及成效,并以潭门镇、博鳌镇和龙寿洋国家农业公园为案例,提炼出3种不同类型区域的新型城镇化发展模式,并分析其特征及驱动力,为海南省其他类似地区新型城镇化建设提供借鉴。     

云南呈贡县斗南镇农业旅游开发初探

农业旅游是在农业的基础上向旅游业延伸的一种复合型产业.斗南花卉基地是云南省农业产业化国家重点龙头企业,区位条件良好,花卉商品品质高,占领了国内外花卉市场,被誉为＂东南亚地区最大的花卉出口地＂、＂中国花卉第一县＂,具有旅游业发展的优势资源.通过对农业旅游的界定,阐述和分析了云南呈贡县斗南农业旅游发展的必要性以及存在的主要问题,并提出斗南农业旅游发展的对策与措施.     

The Potential for Rural Heritage Tourism in the Clarence Valley of Northern New South Wales

In the past, heritage tourism has been associated with urban sites but there is now an acceptance of the application of this concept to rural areas. In the Clarence Valley in northern New South Wales there is potential for an extension of agritourism associated with working dairy farms to include safari tours to clusters of dairy heritage sites which are scattered throughout the area. Remnants of the old dairy industry, which began in the Clarence River Valley of New South Wales in the late nineteenth century, are scattered throughout the landscape. Over 300 dairy milking bails remain—ghosts of the former thriving industry when over 2000 dairy farms were operating. Concrete foundations of some creameries built in the 1890s can still be found, and three factory buildings still stand. These relics are disappearing quite rapidly and if the importance of the industry is to be recognised by future generations then it seems that some heritage conservation is overdue. At the same time, in order to survive in a post-deregulated economic environment, the remaining 10 dairy farmers in the Clarence Valley are diversifying their activities, with one form of pluriactivity being agritourism. Currently few of these farmers have entered this field but most of them see its potential to broaden their income base. Associated with agritourism at the farm level, the local government authorities see heritage tourism as a way of increasing employment in the region.     

论都市郊区游憩景观规划与景观生态保护——以北京市郊区游憩景观规划为例

城市化是我国21世纪经济社会全面发展的重要推动力量,城乡一体化整合发展是城市化发展的战略主题。面向都市圈的游憩产业和游憩景观成为郊区发展中最活跃的经济成分和景观要素。科学合理地利用郊区开放空间和进行游憩景观规划对保护都市圈景观生态环境具有重要意义。本文以北京市郊区为例,在典型研究郊区景观利用与景观生态破坏和定量评价景观行为相容度的基础上,论述了都市郊区景观开发与游憩景观规划的规律、游憩景观区域规划和乡村游憩景观规划,并提出了建设北京市郊区完善的游憩景观体系和景观生态保护的具体措施。     

Progress and Prospects in Tourism Research on Agricultural Heritage Sites

Agricultural heritage is an important type of world heritage. The special features of this kind of heritage are that they are "living" or "real life" systems, in both the ecosystem and in the cultural sense. So, agricultural heritage needs to be conserved in a special way. In a well-reasoned approach to dynamic conservation of agricultural heritage, careful development of heritage sites can realize greater sustainability of the traditional agriculture by considering both conservation and development though tourism. This paper examines the Global Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (GIAHS) as designated by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and listed by United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) as agricultural heritages sites. Currently, the research in China focuses on tourism resources evaluation and development, production design and marketing, tourism perception and the impacts of tourism development and so forth. There is less emphasis on research about benefit sharing of heritage tourism evolution mechanisms, environmental impacts of agricultural heritage tourism and study methods which should be analyzed in-depth, so as to illuminate the theories and practices of development in a living landscape.     

基于农业多功能性的中国全球重要农业文化遗产地旅游可持续发展研究（英文）

人口急剧增长,生物多样性减少和气候变化促使人们重新思考农业和生物多样性的未来,而传统农业的智慧与经验值得借鉴。2002年,联合国粮农组织(FAO)发起的全球重要农业文化遗产(GIAHS)项目,旨在通过保护这些具有价值的传统农业系统来促进农村地区可持续发展。旅游被认为是动态保护途径之一,不但能促进遗产地的经济发展,还能为游客提供认知与学习农业文化遗产的机会。然而,不当的旅游发展将会影响当地的文化与生活方式,不但会威胁旅游的可持续发展,而且会对这些独特的农业系统带来潜在的破坏。因此,农业文化遗产地旅游发展的适宜模式应当是以农业为基础的。本文基于农业多功能性构建了农业文化遗产地旅游发展框架,通过对农业多功能性的定量评估和农业和旅游业间关系的定性分析,提出了我国的4个遗产地旅游发展建议。同时,该框架还能为不同利益相关者决策其农业文化遗产的多种功能提供了一种方法。     

Agricultural Heritage Systems: A Bridge between Urban and Rural Development

In the early 1990s, China stepped into the stage of rapid urbanization with a flourishing economy and new technological development. Surplus labor from rural areas flooded into cities and became the main force of urban development. However some severe threats to human survival emerged from urbanization, such as over- extensive urban development, excessive resource consumption, ecological degradation, food security and safety risks and social crises. It has become an imperative to balance urban and rural development to achieve greater harmony between nature and society. This paper firstly tried to focus on public dietary change, agricultural industry development, institutional guarantee, ecological restoration, as well as cultural tourism in urban and peri-urban agricultural heritage sites. Then, it established a development model, balanced the urbanization and urban-supported agriculture. This paper proposed “Agricultural heritage systems” as an entry point for balancing the development of urban areas and rural areas. Agricultural heritage systems can inherit local traditional culture, keep the green and organic agriculture cultivation systems, exploit the distinct landscape tourism, and the like for diversified development; In addition, agricultural heritage systems can take full advantage of abundant funds, firm the institutional guarantee and advanced technologies from the nearby urban complex for regurgitation-feeding of rural enterprises. With the help of these strategies, we can achieve the harmony of “Ecological Urban” and “Garden Countryside”.     

Making a Cultural Landscape: The Case of Dongshan River Basin,Taiwan

Developing a cultural landscape establishes a regional identity, creates value for residents, and has potential to diversify a community’s economic base due to tourism development. Changes in local landscape morphology lead to multidimensional challenges in terms of the environmental consciousness and cultural identity of residents. The study examined residents’ perception of changes in their local landscape regarding its visual form, the meanings they constructed with the landscape, and their functional experience of living and working in it. Findings revealed that in its agricultural era, the visual landscape, meanings, and experience consisted mainly of physical elements connected with residents’ small-scale agricultural and fishery production. In the tourism era, the visual landscape, meanings, and experience were connected to recreational settings and iconic landmarks associated with the tourism industry. Both agricultural and tourism development occurred in ways that complemented each other and built a cultural landscape that connected the past with the present.     

The look of agricultural landscapes – How do non-crop landscape elements contribute to visual preferences in a large-scale agricultural landscape?

ABSTRACT

Efficiency in agricultural food production has long been in focus and this has affected the spatial structure of agricultural land use. One outcome has been extensive criticism based on a wide range of negative consequences, such as for biodiversity, accessibility, cultural heritage, and aesthetics. In line with the European Landscape Convention (ELC), management of people’s everyday landscapes is important. In Norway, agricultural landscapes are the ‘everyday landscape’ for a large proportion of the population. The aim of the article is to contribute to the understanding of landscape changes perceived as positive or negative by the inhabitants. The authors focused on grain-crop dominated landscapes and the impact of smaller non-crop elements on people’s landscape preferences. They administered a photo-based questionnaire using manipulated photos to assess preferences for different agricultural landscapes. Additionally, people’s perceived objectives for the agricultural sector and agriculture’s primary functions were assessed. The results documented positive perceptions of added landscape elements and that people were both aware of and agreed on the multifunctional role of agriculture. The authors conclude that if the public’s preferences are to be taken into consideration, such as during policymaking, it is important to maintain various landscape elements in the large-scale grain field landscapes of Norway.     

持续农业--生态农业及干旱区实践模式探究

论述了生态农业与持续农业（ＳＡＲＤ）提出的背景及其概念,结合干旱区实例介绍,阐述了持续农业与生态农业在中国发展的趋势。