An assessment of the predictability of the East Asian Subtropical Westerly Jet based on TIGGE data

The predictability of the position, spatial coverage and intensity of the East Asian subtropical westerly jet(EASWJ) in the summers of 2010 to 2012 was examined for ensemble prediction systems(EPSs) from four representative TIGGE centers,including the ECMWF, the NCEP, the CMA, and the JMA. Results showed that each EPS predicted all EASWJ properties well, while the levels of skill of all EPSs declined as the lead time extended. Overall, improvements from the control to the ensemble mean forecasts for predicting the EASWJ were apparent. For the deterministic forecasts of all EPSs, the prediction of the average axis was better than the prediction of the spatial coverage and intensity of the EASWJ. ECMWF performed best, with a lead of approximately 0.5–1 day in predictability over the second-best EPS for all EASWJ properties throughout the forecast range. For probabilistic forecasts, differences in skills among the different EPSs were more evident in the earlier part of the forecast for the EASWJ axis and spatial coverage, while they departed obviously throughout the forecast range for the intensity. ECMWF led JMA by about 0.5–1 day for the EASWJ axis, and by about 1–2 days for the spatial coverage and intensity at almost all lead times. The largest lead of ECMWF over the relatively worse EPSs, such as NCEP and CMA, was approximately 3–4 days for all EASWJ properties. In summary, ECMWF showed the highest level of skill for predicting the EASWJ, followed by JMA.     

南亚高压与西太平洋副热带高压对我国西南地区夏季降水异常的影响

利用1961～2010年全国台站观测资料中逐日平均降水资料,及同期NCEP／NCAR再分析资料,通过统计方法,研究分析了南亚高压东脊点和西太平洋副热带高压西脊点对我国西南地区夏季区域降水的影响。分析得到：对于1961～2010年我国西南地区夏季降水异常,南亚高压与西太平洋副热带高压其东西脊点之间的经距,在31候、36～37候以及45～46候,体现出明显异常特征。特别是涝年和旱年对比中,在这3个时段上存在明显差异。并且发现,31候时南亚高压东脊点与西太平洋副热带高压西脊点之间经距,与前一年的差距越大,我国西南地区该年夏季降水偏多,特别是中部与东部,效果更为显著。     

Relationship Between the Western Pacific Subtropical High and the Subtropical East Asian Diabatic Heating During South China Heavy Rains in June 2005

Based on the daily NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data, the position variation of the western Pacific subtropical high (WPSH) in June 2005 and its relation to the diabatic heating in the subtropical East Asia are analyzed using the complete vertical vorticity equation. The results show that the position variation of the WPSH is indeed associated with the diabatic heating in the subtropical East Asian areas. In comparison with June climatology, stronger heating on the north side of the WPSH and relatively weak ITCZ (intertropical convergence zone) convection on the south side of the WPSH occurred in June 2005. Along with the northward movement of the WPSH, the convective latent heating extended northward from the south side of the WPSH. The heating to the west of the WPSH was generally greater than that inside the WPSH, and each significant enhancement of the heating field corresponded to a subsequent westward extension of the WPSH. In the mid troposphere, the vertical variation of heating on the north of the WPSH was greater than the climatology, which is unfavorable for the northward movement of the WPSH. On the other hand, the vertical variation of heating south of the WPSH was largely smaller than the climatology, which is favorable for the anomalous increase of anticyclonic vorticity, leading to the southward retreat of the WPSH. Before the westward extension of the WPSH in late June 2005, the vertical variation of heating rates to (in) the west (east) of the WPSH was largely higher (lower) than the climatology, which is in favor of the increase of anticyclonic (cyclonic) vorticity to (in) the west (east) of the WPSH, inducing the subsequent westward extension of the WPSH. Similar features appeared in the lower troposphere. In a word, the heating on the north-south, east-west of the WPSH worked together, resulting in the WPSH extending more southward and westward in June 2005, which is favorable to the maintenance of the rainbelt in South China.     

基于TIGGE资料的预报跳跃性特征

利用2011年3月—2013年2月TIGGE资料中ECMWF,NCEP及CMA 3个中心的500 hPa位势高度场、850 hPa温度场和海平面气压场的集合预报资料,采用Jumpiness指数同时结合单点跳跃、异号两点跳跃等预报跳跃相关概念,研究了集合控制预报和集合平均预报的预报跳跃特征问题,并进行对比分析。结果表明:平均而言,短时效预报之间的跳跃性低于长时效预报之间的跳跃性。集合平均预报的结果之间较其相应的控制预报具有更好的一致性。在预报跳跃的频率统计方面,集合平均预报结果总体上明显低于集合控制预报,两者在长时效的预报跳跃情况差别较大。该文研究了预报跳跃对不同区域、时间和变量的敏感性,结果表明:时间平均的预报跳跃性对区域和变量很敏感。不同预报跳跃类型出现的频率及集合控制预报和集合平均预报在预报跳跃性方面的差异对区域、时间和变量的敏感性有限。     

基于TIGGE资料的西太平洋热带气旋多模式集成预报方法比较

基于TIGGE资料中CMA、ECMWF、JMA和NCEP四中心2010、2011和2012年3年的资料,采用集合平均（EMN）、加权集合平均（WEMN）、消除偏差集合平均（BREM）和加权消除偏差集合平均（即超级集合,SUP）四种方法,对西太平洋地区热带气旋路径与中心气压进行时效为24、48、72、96和120 h的多模式集成预报,评估了不同单中心预报结果,并分析了不同多模式集成预报方法的特点,对比了不同多模式集成方法的效果。结果表明,对于热带气旋路径和中心气压预报,各中心预报技巧不同,其中3年的CMA预报效果均较差,2010、2011年的ECMWF预报和2012年的NCEP预报效果最优;总体上几种多模式集成方法在120 h预报时效内均优于单模式预报,其中EMN作为一种最简单的集成预报方法,具有一定的局限性,而WEMN由于给不同单模式预报赋予了权重,因此相对于EMN能够得到更好的多模式集成预报结果;BREM方案由于消除了模式预报中的系统性偏差,因此集成预报效果也优于EMN;由于去除了模式预报偏差,同时给不同模式赋予了权重,SUP方案得到的集成预报效果最优。     

South Asian high and Asian-Pacific-American climate teleconnection

Growing evidence indicates that the Asian monsoon plays an important role in affecting the weather and climate outside of Asia. However, this active role of the monsoon has not been demonstrated as thoroughly as has the variability of the monsoon caused by various impacting factors such as sea surface temperature and land surface. This study investigates the relationship between the Asian monsoon and the climate anomalies in the Asian-Pacific-American （APA） sector. A hypothesis is tested that the variability of the upper-tropospheric South Asian high （SAH）, which is closely associated with the overall heating of the large-scale Asian monsoon, is linked to changes in the subtropical western Pacific high （SWPH）, the midPacific trough, and the Mexican high. The changes in these circulation systems cause variability in surface temperature and precipitation in the APA region. A stronger SAH is accompanied by a stronger and more extensive SWPH. The enlargement of the SWPH weakens the mid-Pacific trough. As a result, the southern portion of the Mexican high becomes stronger. These changes are associated with changes in atmospheric teleconnections, precipitation, and surface temperature throughout the APA region. When the SAH is stronger, precipitation increases in southern Asia, decreases over the Pacific Ocean, and increases over the Central America. Precipitation also increases over Australia and central Africa and decreases in the Mediterranean region. While the signals in surface temperature are weak over the tropical land portion, they are apparent in the mid latitudes and over the eastern Pacific Ocean.     

Different Configurations of Interannual Variability of the Western North Pacific Subtropical High and East Asian Westerly Jet in Summer

This study investigates the circulation and precipitation anomalies associated with different configurations of the western North Pacific subtropical high(WNPSH) and the East Asian westerly jet(EAJ) in summer on interannual timescales. The in-phase configuration of the WNPSH and EAJ is characterized by the westward(eastward) extension of the WNPSH and the southward(northward) shift of the EAJ, which is consistent with the general correspondence between their variations. The out-of-phase configuration includes the residual cases. We find that the in-phase configuration manifests itself as a typical meridional teleconnection. For instance, there is an anticyclonic(cyclonic) anomaly over the tropical western North Pacific and a cyclonic(anticyclonic) anomaly over the mid-latitudes of East Asia in the lower troposphere. These circulation anomalies are more conducive to rainfall anomalies over the Yangtze River basin and south Japan than are the individual WNPSH or EAJ. By contrast, for the out-of-phase configuration, the mid-latitude cyclonic(anticyclonic) anomaly is absent, and the lower-tropospheric circulation anomalies feature an anticyclonic(cyclonic)anomaly with a large meridional extension. Correspondingly, significant rainfall anomalies move northward to North China and the northern Korean Peninsula. Further results indicate that the out-of-phase configuration is associated with the developing phase of ENSO, with strong and significant sea surface temperature(SST) anomalies in the tropical central and eastern Pacific which occur simultaneously during summer and persist into the following winter. This is sharply different from the in-phase configuration, for which the tropical SSTs are not a necessity.     

Ni?o 1+2海区冷、暖水期西太平洋副高的特征及其对东亚季风的影响

通过对海温资料和500hPa位势高度、垂直速度、850 hPa的水平风分量资料的分析,探讨ENSO的各不同阶段西太平洋副高和东亚季风的变化特征.结果表明:赤道东太平洋海温与西太平洋副高有密切的关系.Nino 1+2区海温有明显的10年际变化,与西太平洋副高的1O年际变化非常吻合;前期Nino 1+2区为冷、暖水期时西太平洋副高的强度和位置有明显差异,前期为暖水期时夏季西太平洋副高较强,范围向西和向南伸展,冷水期反之,西太平洋副高较弱,位置偏东偏北.西太平洋副高的变化进一步影响东亚季风和我国的降水.这种影响在Nino 1+2区海温变化后4～6个月最明显.因此,前期Nino 1+2区海温的变化可以为东亚季风和我国降水的长期预报提供依据.     

基于交叉小波与小波相干的西太平洋副高与东亚夏季风系统的关联性分析

采用交叉小波变换与小波相干方法,利用NCEP/NCAR 再分析资料以及 NOAA 卫星观测的 OLR 资料,分析了2006年夏季西太平洋副高的异常活动及其与东亚夏季风系统相关的时延位相特征.分析结果表明,副高指数与东亚夏季风系统成员特征指数的交叉小波功率谱和小波相干谱能够有效揭示周期尺度为14～20 d的不同影响因子与副高指数的时频特征和时滞相关性.分析证实,马斯克林高压和南亚高压对副高的西伸、北跳有较好的预报意义;热带ITCZ和副热带高空急流的加强北移与副高脊线的北跳同步;副高北跳利于降水在华南发生,反过来,雨带的产生又有利于副高的进一步西伸.     

西太平洋副热带高压位置对华北盛夏降水的影响

应用1958～2002年NCEP/NCAR 500 hPa冉分析资料,分析夏季逐日西太平洋副热带高压在110°～130°E、20°～50°N区域脊线活动情况.发现盛夏(7～8月)副高在588 dagpm以上、脊线在30°N以北的日数与华北降水有大范围正相关区,中心相关系数0.561(显著性水平为0.001).分析发现西太平副热带高压越过30°N的初日(连续3天副高脊线越过30°N的首口)早晚与华北盛夏降水量显著相关,初口与华北盛夏的平均降水量相关系数为-0.385,即副高北上早华北盛夏降水多,反之副高北上晚华北盛夏降水少.110°～130°E区域副高脊线越过30°N的日数和初日能更好地描述西太平洋副高与华北乃至我国东部盛夏降水的关系,对实际业务工作具有重要意义.     

南亚高压和西太副高位置与中国盛夏降水异常

用全国160站降水资料及ECMWF逐月再分析资料,采用合成分析方法,讨论了年际变化尺度上南亚高压与西太副高纬向位置异常与盛夏降水的关系。结果表明,当南亚高压与西太副高纬向异常重叠(分离)时,长江中下游流域存在异常上升(下沉)运动,江南的广大地区存在异常下沉(上升)运动。且当两个高压纬向异常重叠时,来自北印度洋及西太平洋的水汽,在长江中下游流域异常辐合,降水偏多。此时,江南地区水汽通量异常辐散,降水偏少。当两个高压纬向异常分离时,水汽主要来自北印度洋的西南风输送,长江流域降水偏少,江南地区降水偏多。     

西北太平洋热带气旋的年际和年代际变化及其与南亚高压的关系

利用1949～1996年48年西北太平洋热带气旋(TC)的年个数资料和1958～1997年40年南亚高压(SAH)特征参数的月平均资料，讨论了西北太平洋TC年个数的年际、年代际变化、年个数周期和周期能量等特点及其与SAH特征参数的关系和异常TC年前期SAH环流场和100 hPa高度场的特征。结果表明，西北太平洋TC具有明显的年际和年代际变化，前期SAH对当年TC频数有一定影响，SAH中心位置偏北、偏西，中心强度偏弱时，当年TC偏多，反之，当年TC偏少。     

1998年7月西太平洋副高显著南落的原因

采用ＯＬＲ表达方式讨论了１９９８年７月西太平洋副热带高压明显南落的原因。并批出这种表达方式有助于探讨副热带高压南侧热带对流云团对副热带高压的影响。     

西太平洋副热带高压东西位置变动特征分析

采用NCEP／NCAR再分析逐日资料，根据特定区域涡度值，定义描述西太平洋副高东西位置的指标，并利用该指标研究了6月副高东西位置变动特征。结果表明：该指标不仅避免了由于高度的逐年升高而引起的副高逐年西进的年代际变化，而且能很好地反映大尺度环流场的特征；副高偏西年，赤道西风减弱，越赤道气流减弱，南海夏季风偏弱，江南和华南地区南风增强，其东侧负涡度发展，引导副高西伸，长江流域被副高北侧异常西南风控制，有利于雨带在此维持，降水偏多易涝。西太平洋副高东西位置变化的周期分析表明，6月副高西伸指数最强的周期信号为2、4、8a。     

近百年夏季西太平洋副热带高压的变化

利用国家气候中心给出的1951～1998年副高强度(Is)、西界(Iw)、北界(IN)3个指数与国家气候中心同期的500hPa观测高度场分别作相关分析,并在高度场中分别找出几个有意义的点,用其高度计算副高3个指数I＇s、I＇N和I＇w,计算出I＇s与Is、I'N与IN、I＇w与IW的相关系数均大于Is、IN和IW与单点高度的相关系数.对NCEP资料作同样分析,结果相同,说明可以利用500hPa高度场数值计算副高活动指数.于是利用重建的1880～1950年北半球高度场资料将副高3个指数向前恢复到1880年.对1880～1999年副高强度、西界、北界作功率谱及小波分析,发现副高强度、北界具有明显的40年周期,西界具有明显的16年周期,即副高指数的变化以低频振荡为主.北界还有3～5年的年际变化.     

副高北进过程的个例数值研究

就一次出梅时西太平洋副热带高压北进过程,用数值试验的方法,对副高北进的原因进行了分析研究,重点分析了非绝热过程在副高北进过程中所起的作用。结果表明:1）对应出梅时的环流形势,大气内部的动力调整过程具有使副高增强北进的趋势,是副高北进的主导因子。2）在3～5天时间尺度上,非绝热过程的作用不可忽视,其总效应使副高减弱。就各非绝热因子而言,净辐射过程的总效应使副高减弱,不利副高北进;降水凝结潜热释放有利副高的维持和增强,有利副高北进。就地区而言,南亚季风区加热具有同副高南侧热带辐合带加热相同的作用,正的加热增强有利副高增强北进。     

Responses of the East Asian Jet Stream to the North Pacific Subtropical Front in Spring

This study concerns atmospheric responses to the North Pacific subtropical front(NPSTF) in boreal spring over the period 1982–2014. Statistical results show that a strong NPSTF in spring can significantly enhance the East Asian jet stream(EAJS). Both transient eddy activity and the atmospheric heat source play important roles in this process. The enhanced atmospheric temperature gradient due to a strong NPSTF increases atmospheric baroclinicity, resulting in an intensification of transient eddy and convection activities. On the one hand, the enhanced transient eddy activities can excite an anomalous cyclonic circulation with a quasi-baraotropical structure in the troposphere to the north of the NPSTF. Accordingly, the related westerly wind anomalies around 30?N can intensify the component of the EAJS over the Northeast Pacific. On the other hand, an enhanced atmospheric heat source over the NPSTF, which is related to increased rainfall, acts to excite an anomalous cyclonic circulation system in the troposphere to the northwest of the NPSTF, which can explain the enhanced component of the EAJS over the Northwest Pacific. The two mechanisms may combine to enhance the EAJS.     

Impact of the Subtropical High on the Extratropical Transition of Tropical Cyclones over the Western North Pacific

Recent publications have investigated the interactions between the extratropical transitions （ETs） of tropical cyclones （TCs） and midlatitude circulations; however, studies of ET events have rarely considered the relationship between the storm and the nearby subtropical high. The TC best-track data provided by the Regional Specialized Meteorological Center-Tokyo Typhoon Center of the Japan Meteorology Agency are used in conjunction with the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data to discuss the potential effects of the subtropical high on ETs over the western North Pacific basin. When the western Pacific subtropical high （WPSH） is weakened and withdrawn toward the east, more TCs follow recurving paths and the midlatitude trough activity is intensified. These changes lead to enhanced ET activity. By contrast, when the WPSH strengthens and extends westward, the number of TCs that follow direct westward paths increases and the midlatitude trough is relatively inactive. These conditions lead to reduced occurrences of ET cases. Abnormal activity of the WPSH should be considered as an important factor in determining ET activity.     

西太平洋副热带高压耦合模态对台风生成的影响

西太平洋副热带高压(西太副高)是影响东亚夏季气候的主要环流系统。利用再分析资料和美国联合台风预警中心的热带气旋最佳路径资料,研究了西太副高耦合模态对西北太平洋7—9月的台风生成的影响。结果表明:西太副高耦合模态与西太平洋地区的台风生成有显著抑制作用,且主要发生在西北太平洋北部;当西太副高偏强(弱)时,西北太平洋地区的台风生成频数偏少(多)。进一步研究表明西太副高耦合模态可以通过调节影响台风生成的850hPa涡度、垂直速度、600hPa相对湿度、垂直风切变等关键大尺度环境参数进而影响台风活动。     

全球变暖背景下西太平洋副热带高压变化的探讨

为去除全球变暖等压面抬升的影响、客观地反映西太平洋副热带高压的真实变化,本研究使用了1951~2017年NCEP/NCAR的月平均500hPa高度场再分析资料以及国家气候中心提供6~8月的大气环流指数,基于去除全球变暖影响的西太平洋副热带高压表征线,研究探讨了全球变暖背景下西太平洋副热带高压的变化。研究表明,去除全球变暖影响前(后)西太平洋副热带高压有面积指数增大(减小)、强度指数增强(减弱)和西伸脊点指数西伸(东退)的演变特征。可见,全球变暖可能是西太平洋副热带高压面积、强度和东西位置发生变化的原因之一。