郯庐断裂带晚中生代富碱侵入岩Nd、Sr、Pb同位素特征及源区性质探讨

郯庐断裂带是中国东部一条巨大的深大断裂带,它纵切华北克拉通、扬子克拉通、兴蒙-吉黑造山带和大别-苏鲁造山带四个大地构造单元,特别是在该断裂带出露许多晚中生代富碱侵入岩体,构成一条长达近2000km的富碱侵入岩带.本文是在前人研究基础上首次从大尺度对整个郯庐断裂带富碱侵入岩的Nd、Sr、Pb同位素做了比较系统深入的研究,发现四个大地构造单元的富碱侵入岩具有明显不同的Nd、Sr、Pb同位素特征,暗示四大构造单元富碱侵入岩的源区性质差别较大:兴蒙-吉黑造山带晚中生代富碱侵入岩源于和亏损地幔有成因联系的年青地壳(εNd(t)为ft.,平均值 2.25);华北克拉通、扬子克拉通和大别-苏鲁造山带三大构造单元晚中生代富碱侵入岩都主要源于EMI型富集地幔(εNd(t)均为负值).但是这三大构造单元岩石圈地幔富集程度差别较大.大别-苏鲁造山带岩石圈地幔相对富集程度最高(εNd(t)平均值为-17.06);华北克拉通次之(εNd(t)平均值为-10.03);扬子克拉通岩石圈地幔富集程度最低(εNd(t)平均值为-6.41).本文认为大别.苏鲁造山带岩石圈地幔相对最富集的原因可能是在早中生代扬子克拉通陆壳向华北克拉通深俯冲之后的折返过程中,因压力释放有利于熔/流体的形成、析出和向上交代并改造华北岩石圈地幔使之成为富集地幔.     

晚古生代古亚洲洋俯冲作用:来自珲春前山镁铁质侵入岩的年代学和地球化学记录

珲春地区前山镁铁质侵入岩主要由橄榄辉长岩、苏长岩和辉长闪长岩组成,形成年龄273±2Ma,为早二叠世侵入岩。该岩体显示出岛弧拉斑玄武岩的元素地球化学特征,弱富集LREE且正Eu(Eu/Eu*=1.05～1.44)异常的REE配分模式,在不相容元素中富集大离子亲石元素(LILE)如Ba和Sr,亏损高场强元素(HFSE)(La/Nb=2.8～4.8;Zr/Sm=8.0～22.5),与起源于流体交代地幔楔部分熔融的岛弧低钾拉斑玄武岩类似。在同位素特征上低放射成因Sr,高放射成因Nd和Hf(87Sr/86Sr(i)=0.70295～0.70375;εNd(t)=+4.5～+6.4;εHf(t)=+9.6～+14.6),反映其来源于同位素组成亏损的交代地幔。结合区域地质背景,我们认为前山镁铁质岩形成于晚古生代期间古亚洲洋向华北板块的俯冲作用背景,其亏损Nb-Ta、Zr-Hf及Hf-Nd同位素解耦特点说明该岩体最有可能来源于俯冲流体交代的地幔楔。     

溧水盆地晚中生代基性火山岩成因与深部动力学过程探讨

下扬子地区溧水盆地晚中生代龙王山组基性火山岩属高钾钙碱性-钾玄岩系列,具有低MgO(3.16%～4.97%)和相容元素含量(如Cr11～34μg/g、Ni 9～27 μg/g),强烈富集大离子亲石元素(Ba/Nb=94～144)、轻稀土元素(La/Nb=3.7～4.6)和亏损Nb-Ta,稍高的Sr同位素组成[(87Sr/86Sr)i=0.705 73～0.706 17]和具弱负εNd(t)值(-3.0～-1.9).龙王山组基性火山岩的元素-同位素地球化学特征反映其来源于富集轻稀土元素和大离子亲石元素的岩石圈地幔;它们在Sr-Nd同位素组成上与大别-苏鲁造山带同时代的基性火成岩具有明显的差别,暗示其熔融源区不大可能受到俯冲陆壳的改造富集作用,更可能是早期具高Rb/Sr、低Sm/Nd和亏损高场强元素的流体/熔体交代作用的结果,总体上具有俯冲大洋板片交代作用的特征.在岩浆熔融深部动力学方面,晚中生代高钾钙碱性-钾玄岩浆的起源主要归结于深部岩石圈地幔的热扰动作用和岩石圈伸展-减薄作用,在时空上匹配于同时代郯庐断裂带的巨大走滑活动.     

青藏高原拉萨地块西部中新世赛利普超钾质岩石的地球化学与岩石成因

西藏拉萨地块西部赛利普中新世碰撞后超钾质火山岩由中国地质调查局地质填图首次发现,露头呈残丘状集中分布于中新世赛利普盆地,为一套含地幔包体的粗面岩,SiO_2含量中等(55.36%～6.70%),高K_2O含量(6.70%～7.50%)和K_2O/Na_2O比值(3.34～4.93)。岩石高MgO(6.4%～7.95%)、Cr(174×10~(-6)～421×10~(-6))、Ni(268×10~(-6)～337×10~(-6))和Mg~#(68～72),岩石为地幔部分熔融的原始岩浆。岩石高度富集大离子亲石元素(LILE)和轻稀土元素(LREE)、具有明显的Nb、Ta、Ti的负异常、富集放射性成因Sr、Pb及Nd同位素(~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr=0.727327～0.727803,~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb=18.705～18.779,~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb=15.731～15.761,~(208)Pb/~(204)Pb=39.775～39.919,~(143)Nd/~(144)Nd=0.511848～0.511861)、较低的ε_(Nd)值(≈15)和古老的Nd模式年龄(t_(DM)=2.2～2.4 Ga),这些地球化学特征揭示出赛利普的岩浆源区为富集地幔(EMⅡ)。将赛利普与拉萨地块西部其他地点和青藏高原北部的北羌塘和西昆仑地区出露的超钾质岩石进行综合对比表明,赛利普超钾质岩石可能为尖晶石相含金云母橄榄岩及少量石榴石相含金云母橄榄岩地幔的低度部分熔融的产物。拉萨地块超钾质岩石的形成可能与印度大陆岩石圈俯冲,或是俯冲的印度大陆地壳前缘撕裂和分段俯冲有关。     

大别-苏鲁造山带南北两侧晚中生代富钾火山岩的成因：微量元素及Sr-Nd-Pb同位素制约

大别-苏鲁造山带南、北两侧广泛发育晚中生代富钾火山岩，主要岩石组合为粗面玄武岩-玄武粗安岩-粗安岩-安粗岩姐面岩，这套岩石总体具有富碱、富钾、富轻稀土和大离子亲石元素(如Rb、Th等)，贫高场强元素(如Nb、Ti等)，(^87Sr／^86Sr)，值偏高，εNd(t)值偏低等特点，但南、北两侧富钾火山岩的地球化学特征存在较显著的差异，主要表现在造山带北侧富钾火山岩稀土总量更高，轻、重稀土分异更明显，且(^87Sr／^86Sr)，值更高，eNd(t)值和^206Pb/^204Pb值显著偏低。元素-同位素综合示踪显示，区内富钾火山岩均起源于富集地幔的部分熔融，但南、北两侧源区地幔的富集机制存在差异，南侧富集地幔的形成主要与俯冲洋壳析出流体的交代作用有关，而北侧富集地幔的形成除受到俯冲洋壳析出流体的交代作用外，在更大程度上主要起因于俯冲的扬子陆壳析出流体的交代作用，即其源区遭受了多次富集事件的影响，后者是导致南、北两侧富钾火山岩地球化学特征差异的主要原因。     

鲁西邹平地区早白垩世基性岩地球化学特征及其岩石成因

以鲁西晚中生代邹平基性岩为研究对象，在进行系统的元素-同位素分析的基础上，探讨其岩浆源区和岩石成因。邹平基性岩SiO₂含量变化于52.37%～54.65%，岩石组合为玄武粗安岩、玄武安山岩与辉长岩；邹平基性岩富集大离子亲石元素和轻稀土元素，亏损高场强元素，显示富集且变化范围较大的Sr-Nd同位素组成(⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr=0.704 667～0.705 409,εNd(t)=-16.8～-9.8)。综合分析表明，邹平基性岩形成于一个受俯冲作用交代的EM-1型地幔源区，且该源区受到了近期俯冲熔体的改造。     

王安镇岩体岩石地球化学特征及成因探讨

王安镇岩体是我国东部太行山-大兴安岭中生代构造岩浆带中规模最大、岩石类型最多的代表性岩体之一,该岩体由早期、主期和晚期三期岩石组成。本文通过对王安镇岩体三期岩石主量元素、稀土元素、微量元素和Sr、Nd、Pb同位素的系统研究,发现该岩体主期岩石(花岗闪长岩、二长花岗岩和少量石英闪长岩)具有与埃达克岩类似的独持的岩石地球化学特征:SiO_2≥56％,Al_2O_3≥15％,低Y(4.20～12.68μg/g)而高Sr(518～861μg/g)和Sr/Y值(60.19～178.10),LREE强烈富集(La/Yb)_N=34.06～76.91,HREE强烈亏损Yb=0.44～1.00,Sr、Eu无明显异常,高场强元素(如Nb,Hf和Ti)相对亏损,I_(Sr)值为0.7060,ε_(Nd)(t)均为负值(-16.29～-14.27),ε_(Sr)(t)均为正值(+23.7～+25.0),应属于埃达克质岩,但又与俯冲板片熔融形成的埃达克岩的地球化学组成明显不同,推测可能是由于晚中生代区域内热地幔物质是“蘑菇云”状上涌,使热侵蚀面抬升到地壳底部,导致玄武质下地壳在高压下发生部分熔融的产物。而早期和晚期岩石则属于非埃达克质岩,早期为基-中性岩石(角闪石岩、辉长岩和闪长岩),富Mg、Fe,LREE富集,Eu呈正异常,富集相容元素而亏损不相容元素,I_(Sr)=为0.7056,ε_(Nd)(t)=-16.72～-10.92,推测是华北地台岩石圈富集地幔部分熔融的产物,     

安徽铜陵早白垩世埃达克质岩地球化学:成岩成矿制约

安徽铜陵地区是我国最著名的铜金产地之一,成矿与岩浆作用关系密切.近十年来,铜陵及长江中下游地区早白垩世埃达克岩的成因仍然存在分歧.本次我们报道了铜陵地区埃达克质岩新的元素和Sr-Nd-Pb同位素数据.铜陵埃达克质岩(SiO2 =57.6％ ～64.2％)具有高Al2O3(＞15.3％)、相对高MgO含量、高Ba (Ba＞ 640×10-6)和Sr含量(＞483×10-6,平均900×10-6)、高Sr/Y( ＞41.3)和(La/Yb) N(＞12.1)比值、低Yb和Y含量、低K2O/Na2O (0.54 ～0.83)和Th/U (2.62 ～5.75)比值,表明其来源于俯冲洋壳部分熔融,在上升过程中与富集地幔发生相互作用.相对低εNd(t)值(-11.3～-13.7)和较高的(87Sr/86Sr)i比值(0.7068 ～0.7092)反映本区埃达克质岩可能遭受富集地幔物质或陆壳的混染作用.铜陵埃达克质岩具有高放射性Pb同位素组成((206Pb/204Pb)i=17.93 ～ 18.64、(207Pb/204 Pb),=15.46 ～ 15.59、(208Pb/204Pb)i=37.88 ～38.51),主要落在MORB区域,靠近EM1和EM2交集,明显不同于那些上、下陆壳和大别埃达克岩,排除了陆壳的混染作用.中国东部具有EM1和EM2富集地幔特征,而铜陵地区近于EM1和EM2过渡,铜陵埃达克质岩的上述同位素特征最好的解释是板块熔体同化富集地幔.这些埃达克质岩形成于高温和低压环境,与板块俯冲相关.这些明显的地球化学特征表明铜陵和长江中下游地区埃达克质岩和大规模Cu、Au成矿作用是俯冲洋壳部分熔融结果.     

闽东南基性岩脉成因及动力学背景研究：Sr-Nd同位素、元素地球化学

闽东南的海边斜闪煌斑岩脉和赤湖辉长岩脉分别形成于晚白垩世和古新世,为高钾钙碱性和钙碱性系列岩石,具有高Al、Na_2O>K_2O的特征;岩浆演化过程中可能经历了以橄榄石、单斜辉石为主的结晶分异作用。海边和赤湖基性岩脉具有相对富集大离子亲石元素和轻稀土元素,亏损高强场元素特征,不相容元素蛛网图显示出大陆边缘弧的地球化学特征,以Nb、Ta、Ti负异常为特征;海边和赤湖明显富集轻稀土元素,(La/Yb)_N分别为5.0～10.9和11.2～12.0。具有高Sr同位素初始值和低ε_(Nd)(t)值,海边的(~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr)_i:0.70577～0.707574,ε_(Nd)(t):-8.1～-1.8,赤湖的(~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr)_i:0.70547～0.70552,ε_(Nd)(t):-0.2～0.6。根据Sr、Nd同位素、微量元素研究及野外地质观察,本区基性岩脉的岩浆在上升侵位过程中未发生地壳物质混染。通过Sr、Nd同位素和微量元素等研究,认为地幔源区的演化与古太平洋板块俯冲密切相关,俯冲流体交代地幔楔、消减洋壳携带的海洋与陆源沉积物参与地幔源区的混合,形成本区基性岩脉的富集地幔源区,大离子亲石元素和轻稀土元素特别富集是俯冲流体与沉积物共同参与源区演化的结果。海边和赤湖基性岩脉形成的构造背景属于活动大陆边缘弧,构造性质应为活动陆缘拉张带(或裂谷带)。晚白垩世和古新世,闽东南发生了地壳拉张事件,与中国东南部晚白垩世以来的地壳拉张期次是一致。     

古亚洲洋对华北陆缘岩石圈的改造作用：来自于西山南大岭组中基性火山岩的地球化学证据

北京西山南大岭组中基性火山岩都表现出LREE富集的右倾平滑稀土配分模式,具有富集LILE(如Ba、K),亏损Nb-Ta和Th-U的微量元素特征,Sr同位素组成中等富集,Nd同位素组成变化较大.根据其元素地球化学和同位素特征可以划分两组岩石Ⅰ组火山岩主要为亚碱性玄武岩,高Ti(TiO2＞1.7%)、P(P2O5＞0.7%),Ⅱ组火山岩主要由安山岩和亚碱性玄武岩组成,低Ti(TiO2＜1.3%)、P(P2O5＜0.5%);Ⅰ组火山岩总体上较Ⅱ组火山岩高相容元素(如Cr、Ni)、REE和HFSE,二者化学成分上渐变演化趋势不明显;Ⅰ组火山岩Sr-Nd同位素组成(87Sr/86Sr(t)=0.705939～0.706057,εNd(t)=-7.4～-7.5)与Ⅱ组火山岩Sr-Nd同位素组成(87Sr/86Sr(t)=0.705822～0.706697,εNdd(t)=-12.0～-13.5)有明显的差别,以上事实说明两组岩石可能来源于不同的地幔源区.对比于周缘地区中生代基性火山岩特征,西山地区南大岭组两组火山岩的Sr-Nd同位素组成和Nb/La、Hf/Sm比值都介于华北陆块内部和兴蒙造山带之间,反映了其熔融地幔源区继承了华北陆块内部的EMI型地幔特征外,还很可能受到俯冲板片交代作用的影响,暗示了古亚洲洋板块消减过程对华北陆缘岩石圈地幔的改造作用.其相对Ba-La明显的Th-U亏损,可能暗示早期有古老下地壳组分再循环到地幔源区.结合南大岭组中基性火山岩沿断裂带局限分布特点和区域早中生代构造-热年代学格架,我们认为南大岭组中基性火山岩形成于陆内伸展环境,即深大断裂带再次活动,导致软流圈上隆,从而诱发俯冲交代改造的古老岩石圈地幔减压熔融而成.     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

塘口水电站坝基岩体透水性和渗漏问题分析

塘口水电站大坝基础座落在断层和裂隙较发育的龟裂纹灰岩上,岩体完整性差、透水性强,多年运行后,大坝灌浆廊道和排水廊道出现多处集中性漏水,为确保大坝安全和电站正常发电,根据渗漏性质和成因,采用对灌浆廊道补充帷幕灌浆,对排水廊道进行固结+帷幕+回填灌浆。通过灌浆处理后,效果良好,表明灌浆工程有效的将导致坝基渗漏的上下游的裂隙通道封闭,并顺利的经受了随后的汛期洪水考验,大坝安全得到保障。     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Calculation of the Inverse of the Covariance

In reservoir characterization, the covariance is often used to describe the spatial correlation and variation in rock properties or the uncertainty in rock properties. The inverse of the covariance, on the other hand, is seldom discussed in geostatistics. In this paper, I show that the inverse is required for simulation and estimation of Gaussian random fields, and that it can be identified with the differential operator in regularized inverse theory. Unfortunately, because the covariance matrix for parameters in reservoir models can be extremely large, calculation of the inverse can be a problem. In this paper, I discuss four methods of calculating the inverse of the covariance, two of which are analytical, and two of which are purely numerical. By taking advantage of the assumed stationarity of the covariance, none of the methods require inversion of the full covariance matrix.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

The Tendencies of the Development of the Mineral-Resources Sector at the Turn of the Century

Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base.