中草药添加剂应用于甲鱼养殖试验简报

中草药复方添加剂应用于甲鱼养殖,添加在甲鱼配合饲料中,按每１００ｋｇ甲鱼重添加６０ｇ实验。于１９９６年７月至１９９８年８月,２个甲鱼场的实验结果表明：稚鳖（３￣５０ｇ培育阶段）平均成活率９１．３％,幼鳖（５０￣１５０ｇ养殖阶段）平均成活率９２．６％,成鳖（１５０￣５００ｇ或以上养殖阶段）,平均成活率８８．７％,整个养殖过程成活率平均达到７５．０％。养殖周期缩短至１０￣１４个月,投入与产出比为１：１     

九龙江口鳗苗溯河生态与资源研究

九龙江口Ｌｉ苗１９９４￣１９９６年溯河期为１９９４年１１月２０至１９９５年４月底。１９９５年１２月２０日至１９９６年５月底。鳗苗溯河期水温范围１１．５￣２２．５℃,盐度１．９８￣２５．００,透明度０．２￣１．１ｍ,九龙江口打石坑－嵩屿断面溯河鳗苗资源量１９９５年１９３ｋｇ,１９９６年２０８ｋｇ;海澄断面１９９５年３５ｋｇ,１９９６年５５ｋｇ。     

真鲷仔鱼早期阶段的摄食能力──发育反应和功能反应

于１９９５年４月￣１９９６年５月在中国水产科学研究院黄海水产研究所小麦岛苗种基地,采用梯度试验方法在不同褶皱臂尾轮虫饵料密度下２￣１２日龄真鲷仔鱼的摄食率和摄食强度,通过拟合发育反应和功能反应模型模型的数据来评价真鲷仔鱼早期阶段的摄食能力。结果表明,从仔鱼开口２日龄至１２日龄,摄食强度从０．３１６μｇ／ｈ提高到１．３７４μｇ／ｈ;摄食成功率从５９％提高到７０％,平均摄食发生率从０．４６９μ ｇ／ｈ     

岩鹭在厦门海岸带的分布及其生态考察

岩鹭是我国二级保护鸟类,处于稀有的濒危状态。１９９３年３￣５月,１９９３年９月至１９９４年９月和１９９５年５￣１０月的考察结果。证实岩鹭在厦门的居留时间为１０月上旬至６月上旬。厦门的岩鹭分布于东部海岸,该区域人为干扰和污染少,潮间带底质以砂砾,岩石为主,厦门的岩鹭为灰黑色型,单独活动,种群总数量只有３￣５只,本文根据岩鹭的生态需求、行为习怀和种群数量特点,对岩鹭的保护也进行了讨论。     

中华鲟吻部腹面罗伦氏囊结构与功能的研究

于１９９３年１２月－１９９４年９月，从宜昌葛洲坝工程总局中华鲟人工繁殖研究所获中华鲟实验材料１２８尾，通过扫描电镜（包括冷冻断裂扫描电镜）、透射电镜及行为学实验方法，研究中华鲟吻部腹面罗伦氏囊结构及其功能作用。结果表明，中华鲟吻部腹面存在大量罗伦氏囊。触须表面无罗伦氏囊而仅存在很少量味蕾。中华鲟罗伦氏囊由开孔、管道和壶腹三部分组成，壶腹具有梨形单纤毛电觉细胞。中华鲟对微弱电刺激异常敏感，且对较小电     

马粪海胆的生态研究

１９８５年５月至１９８６年月及１９８７年５月日和１５日，对威海小石岛马粪海胆的生态进行了调查。调查结果表明，小石岛马粪海胆多栖息在藻类繁茂的礁石及其下面杂有砂砾的海底。３令即长到商品规格。４月底生殖腺指数达到最高值２０％左右，５月初当海水温度升到１０－１２℃时，多数个体开始排放，进入生殖期。     

黑Jun生态生长效率周年变化的研究

于１９８３年１２月－１９８４年５月和１９９０年６月－１９９１年１月以中国科学院海洋研究所生物培育楼养殖黑Ｊｕｎ为材料，进行黑Ｊｕｎ周年的摄食－生长实验，以探讨其生态生长效率变化规律。结果表明，作为冷温性鱼，黑Ｊｕｎ在４．０－２７．３℃水温条件下都有摄食；平均日摄食量为２．４－１０．０ｇ，相对体重的百分比为１．１％－４．４％，这二者的周年变化趋势基本一致；平均体重日增长量以４，６，７月和１０－１２月     

1997年底中国东南沿海大规模赤潮原因生物的形态分类与生态学特征

１９９７年１１月底和１２月１９￣２５日对同年１１月中我晨至１２月底发生于广东饶平 和枯林湾及南澳岛周围海域的大规模赤的生物学、生态学及其危害进行了调查,研究表明,此次赤潮的原因生物是棕囊藻Ｐｈａｅｏｃｙｓｔｉｓ ｐｏｕｃｈｅｔｉｉ。这种赤潮生物在其生活史中有游泳单细胞和群体胶质囊２个生活阶段。游泳单细胞为球形或卵圆形,大小为６．０￣７．２μｍ,有２根不等长的鞭毛和１根定鞭丝。嫩体胶质囊为球形或近球     

胶州湾营养盐的现状和变化

报道了１９９１年５月至１９９４年２月１２个航次胶州湾ＮＯ３－Ｎ，ＮＯ２－Ｎ，ＮＨ４－Ｎ，ＰＯ４－Ｐ和ＳｉＯ３－Ｓｉ的时空分布基本特征，６０年代于至９０年代的变化表明，胶州湾营养盐的浓度和分布已发生显变化。尤其从６０年代至８０年代，３０年来，胶州湾中东部水城ＰＯ４－Ｐ，ＮＯ３－Ｎ和ＮＨ４－Ｎ浓度分别增加２．２，７．３和７．１倍，ＴＯＮ浓度也增加了３．５倍，ＴＩＮ／ＰＯ４－Ｐ从１０增加至２４．２；Ｔ     

厦门黄厝文昌鱼保护区监测与研究

本文报道了１９９４年７月至１９９５年７月厦门黄厝文昌鱼自然保护区的监测结果。表明该区文昌鱼的数量较大，（平均密度１４２尾／ｍ＾２，平均生物量８．１０ｇ／ｍ＾２），体长组成以１１－４０ｍｍ为多，其性成熟主要在４月上、中旬，生殖期集中在４月下旬至５月上旬；文昌鱼栖息地义南类型以粗中砂为主，有机质含量较低，平均０．１４（ｍ／ｍ）；区内底栖生物５８种，种类以多毛类，软体动物和甲壳动物为主，数量则以棘皮动物     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.