Spalling Experiments on Large Hard Rock Specimens

Specimens of coarse-grained Äspö diorite were axially compressed to observe stress-induced spalling. The specimens had a novel design characterized by two manufactured large radius notches on opposite sides. The tangential stress occurring in the notches aimed to represent the tangential loading around a circular opening. Fracture stages were monitored by acoustic emission measurements. Rock chips were formed similar to those found in situ, which indicates a similar fracture process. Slabs were cut out from the specimens and impregnated using a fluorescent material to visualize the cracks. The cracks were subsequently examined by the naked eye and by means of microscopy images, from which fracture paths could be identified and related to different minerals and their crystallographic orientations. The microscopy analyses showed how the stress field and the microstructure interact. Parallel cracks were formed 2–4 mm below the surface, sub-parallel to the direction of the maximum principal stress. The crack initiation, the roles of minerals such as feldspar, biotite and quartz and their grain boundaries and crystallographic directions are thoroughly studied and discussed in this paper. Scale effects, which relate to the stress gradient and microstructure, are discussed.     

煤层甲烷碳同位素在煤层气勘探中的地质意义--以沁水盆地为例

根据沁水煤层气甲烷碳同位素的组成与分布特征,从煤层甲烷碳同位素在煤层气解吸-扩散-运移中的分馏效应,结合水文地质条件和构造条件,讨论了煤层甲烷碳同位素在煤层气勘探中的地质意义,认为沁水煤层气δ13C₁值不仅总体上较高,而且随埋深增大而增高,说明沁水煤层气存在因煤层抬升而卸压所导致的煤层气解吸-扩散-运移效应,从而形成了该区甲烷碳同位素在平面上的分带现象。     

煤储层物性对甲烷碳同位素分馏的影响

煤层气作为一种吸附气,在储层中解吸扩散运移时甲烷碳同位素发生分馏。笔者通过采集山西晋城和新疆昌吉不同演化程度的煤样进行解吸试验,系统记录整个解吸过程中甲烷碳同位素组成的变化情况,研究了储层物性对甲烷碳同位素分馏的影响。结果表明：对于基质致密的煤样,解吸气体的δ13C1随时间增加逐渐变重,其变化的速率具有先快后慢的阶段性特点。对于基质疏松的煤样,解吸气体的δ13C1随时间增加先轻后重,这是由于取芯操作及煤样解吸过程中的基质收缩变形破坏了煤体原生结构,从而对正常的同位素分馏效应产生了影响。随着成熟度的增高,煤中微孔丰度增加,气体解吸扩散过程中受的限制增强,同位素分馏效果更显著。压裂裂缝的存在影响了煤层甲烷碳同位素的分馏效果,使得试采过程中井口气样δ13C1的变化规律不明显。     

Carbon Dioxide and Methane Dynamics in Three Coastal Systems of Cadiz Bay (SW Spain)

The partial pressure of CO₂ (pCO₂) and concentration of dissolved CH₄ in surface waters have been studied in three coastal systems connected to Cadiz Bay (southwestern coast of Spain) over different time scales. The concentration of CH₄ varied from 1 to 4200 nmol kg^?1 (192.1 ± 463.6 nmol kg^?1) and the saturation percent from 19 to 159,577% (6645 ± 16,921%), and pCO₂ from 315 to 3240 μatm (841.9 ± 466.3 μatm), with saturation percent values varying between 72 and 981% (220 ± 133%). The seasonal variation of pCO₂ mainly depends on the temperature. On the contrary, the annual distribution of dissolved CH₄ is associated with the precipitation regime. In addition, pCO₂ and dissolved CH₄ showed spatial variation. pCO₂ increased toward the inner part of the systems, with the proximity to the discharge points from human activities. Dissolved CH₄ is influenced by both anthropogenic inputs and natural processes such as benthic supply and exchange with the adjacent salt marshes. pCO₂ and dissolved CH₄ also varied with the tides: The highest concentrations were measured during the ebb, which suggests that the systems export CO₂ and CH₄ to the Bay and adjacent Atlantic Ocean.     

我国煤层甲烷碳同位素分布特征与瓦斯成因类型划分探讨

以170余组煤层甲烷碳同位素测定结果为依据,分析了我国煤层瓦斯的δ13C,值分布特征,探讨了瓦斯成因类型划分,研究结果显示：δ13C,值分布范围为～73．3％0—27．3‰,δ13C,值随煤的变质程度的增加总体增大,无烟煤阶段以后,δ13C。的变化趋于平稳,在-35‰上下波动;根据煤层甲烷碳同位素与煤级之间的变化关系,以煤的最大镜质体反射率作为指标,将我国煤层瓦斯成因分为次生生物成因气、混合成因气和热成因气三大类,并指出了我国部分煤矿区的瓦斯成因类型。     

Carbon Dioxide and Methane Emissions from Mangrove-Associated Waters of the Andaman Islands,Bay of Bengal

We estimated CO₂ and CH₄ emissions from mangrove-associated waters of the Andaman Islands by sampling hourly over 24 h in two tidal mangrove creeks (Wright Myo; Kalighat) and during transects in contiguous shallow inshore waters, immediately following the northeast monsoons (dry season) and during the peak of the southwest monsoons (wet season) of 2005 and 2006. Tidal height correlated positively with dissolved O₂ and negatively with pCO₂, CH₄, total alkalinity (TAlk) and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), and pCO₂ and CH₄ were always highly supersaturated (330–1,627 % CO₂; 339–26,930 % CH₄). These data are consistent with a tidal pumping response to hydrostatic pressure change. There were no seasonal trends in dissolved CH₄ but pCO₂ was around twice as high during the 2005 wet season than at other times, in both the tidal surveys and the inshore transects. Fourfold higher turbidity during the wet season is consistent with elevated net benthic and/or water column heterotrophy via enhanced organic matter inputs from adjacent mangrove forest and/or the flushing of CO₂-enriched soil waters, which may explain these CO₂ data. TAlk/DIC relationships in the tidally pumped waters were most consistent with a diagenetic origin of CO₂ primarily via sulphate reduction, with additional inputs via aerobic respiration. A decrease with salinity for pCO₂, CH₄, TAlk and DIC during the inshore transects reflected offshore transport of tidally pumped waters. Estimated mean tidal creek emissions were ～23–173 mmol m^?2 day^?1 CO₂ and ～0.11–0.47 mmol m^?2 day^?1 CH₄. The CO₂ emissions are typical of mangrove-associated waters globally, while the CH₄ emissions fall at the low end of the published range. Scaling to the creek open water area (2,700 km²) gave total annual creek water emissions ～3.6–9.2?×?10¹⁰ mol CO₂ and 3.7–34?×?10⁷ mol CH₄. We estimated emissions from contiguous inshore waters at ～1.5?×?10¹¹ mol CO₂?year^?1 and 2.6?×?10⁸ mol CH₄?year^?1, giving total emissions of ～1.9?×?10¹¹ mol CO₂?year^?1 and ～3.0?×?10⁸ mol CH₄?year^?1 from a total area of mangrove-influenced water of ～3?×?10⁴ km². Evaluating such emissions in a range of mangrove environments is important to resolving the greenhouse gas balance of mangrove ecosystems globally. Future such studies should be integral to wider quantitative process studies of the mangrove carbon balance.     

泥页岩主要黏土矿物组分甲烷吸附实验

为了从深层次揭示控制黏土矿物天然气吸附能力的主要因素, 选择不同来源和成因的泥页岩中的常见黏土矿物进行了甲烷等温吸附实验.分析显示不同类型的黏土矿物气体吸附能力差异明显, 各种黏土矿物甲烷吸附容量次序为蒙脱石＞＞伊蒙混层＞高岭石＞绿泥石＞伊利石＞粉砂岩＞石英岩.黏土矿物结晶结构决定了矿物片层之间的层间孔隙和聚合体颗粒之间粒间孔隙的形态和大小, 从而决定着其表面积和气体吸附性能.黏土矿物甲烷吸附能力与电镜扫描所反映的微孔隙发育程度密切相关.研究表明, 黏土矿物的气体吸附能力不仅与黏土类型有关, 而且明显受成岩演化程度和岩石成因的影响.此外, 随粒度减小孔隙连通性和内表面积的不断增加, 黏土矿物气体吸附能力有所升高.      

煤层处置CO2 的二元气- 固耦合数值模拟

利用不可开采煤层处置二氧化碳可以有效控制温室气体的排放量并可驱动和增加煤层气资源的开采量。二氧化碳注入煤层处置后引入一个复杂的CH4-CO2二元气体与煤体的气固耦合问题,耦合了二元气体竞争吸附、竞争扩散,气体渗流以及煤体变形过程。基于COMSOL Multiphysics建立了二元气固耦合的有限元数值模型,并应用数值模拟实验对二元气固耦合进行了机理分析。模拟结果表明,CO2注入煤层后不断驱替CH4,CH4组分明显减少;气体吸附引起的煤层膨胀量可以抵消部分有效应力引起的压缩变形,由于CH4-CO2二元气体较单一CH4引起的煤层吸附膨胀量大,二氧化碳注入煤层后可以缓解煤层的压缩变形;不同孔隙压力条件下,吸附膨胀与孔隙压力两者竞争作用引起的煤层净变形不同,而净变形也控制着煤层孔隙压力和渗流率的变化,煤层渗透整体呈现先降后升,模拟进行到4.66×107 s时煤层渗透率发生反弹。     

煤层瓦斯含量计算方法探讨

煤层瓦斯含量作为煤层瓦斯摹本参数之一，准确测定有重要意义：目前常用的煤层瓦斯含量计算方法是根据已知的煤层瓦斯压力和实验室测出煤样干燥无灰基的吸附常数计算，需水分、灰分系数校正，在实践中我们采用煤样空气干燥基的langmuir体积和langmuir压力来计算煤层吸附瓦斯含量，获得了更为简化适用的公式。     

Carbon Dioxide in igneous petrogenesis: I

A number of experimental CO₂ solubility data for silicate and aluminosilicate melts at a variety of P- T conditions are consistent with solution of CO₂ in the melt by polymer condensation reactions such as SiO _4(m ^4? +CO_2(v)+Si _n O _3n+1(m) ⁽²ⁿ⁺¹⁾ ?Si _n+1O _3n+4(m) ^(2n+4)? +CO _3(m ^)2? . For various metalsilicate systems the relative solubility of CO₂ should depend markedly on the relative Gibbs free change of reaction. Experimental solubility data for the systems Li₂O-SiO₂, Na₂O-SiO₂, K₂O-SiO₂, CaO-SiO₂, MgO-SiO₂ and other aluminosilicate melts are in complete accord with predictions based on Gibbs Free energies of model polycondesation reactions. A rigorous thermodynamic treatment of published P- T-wt.% CO₂ solubility data for a number of mineral and natural melts suggests that for the reaction CO_2(m) ? CO_2(v)

1. CO₂-melt mixing may be considered ideal (i.e., { \(a_{{\text{CO}}_{\text{2}} }^m = X_{{\text{CO}}_{\text{2}} }^m \) );
2. \(\bar V_{{\text{CO}}_{\text{2}} }^m \) , the partial molal volume of CO₂ in the melt, is approximately equal to 30 cm³ mole^?1 and independent of P and T;
3. Δ C _p ⁰ is approximately equal to zero in the T range 1,400° to 1,650 °C and
4. enthalpies and entropies of the dissolution reaction depend on the ratio of network modifiers to network builders in the melt. Analytic expressions which relate the CO₂ content of a melt to P, T, and \(f_{{\text{CO}}_{\text{2}} } \) for andesite, tholeiite and olivine melilite melts of the form

$$\ln X_{{\text{CO}}_{\text{2}} }^m = \ln f_{{\text{CO}}_{\text{2}} } - \frac{A}{T} - B - \frac{C}{T}(P - 1)$$ have been determined. Regression parameters are (A, B, C): andesite (3.419, 11.164, 0.408), tholeiite (14.040, 5.440,0.393), melilite (9.226, 7.860, 0.352). The solubility equations are believed to be accurate in the range 3<P<30 kbar and 1,100°<T<1,650 °C. A series of CO₂ isopleth diagrams for a wide range of T and P are drawn for andesitic, tholeiitic and alkalic melts.     

二氧化碳洗井中相关问题的探讨

二氧化碳洗井方法具有设备简单、用时少,效果好的特点,但随着钻孔深度和孔径加大,井管材料的更新换代,有时也会难以出现壮观的井喷场面,达不到理想的洗井效果,使用范围受到限制的问题。总结多年的洗井经验,依据二氧化碳洗井原理,运用洗井过程中起动压力和用气量的计算公式,进而对洗井深度和影响用气量的因素进行了分析,结果表明:1该方法比较适用于井深300m左右、孔径Φ325mm以内、泥浆相对密度小于1.1g/cm3的新打水井,对大于300m的深井,可采用分层洗井法或压风机引喷法进行洗井。2井喷形成时的二氧化碳气体用量,与瓶内气体的压力、钻杆的下入深度、环空体积、地面管路的长度与直径、钻杆内径、钻井液的密度等成正比,而与水温、气温等成反比;当井的含水层的水柱高度低于70m时,一般不易形成井喷。3二氧化碳洗井适用于井内下入钢管、铸铁管等抗压强度较高的井。对水泥管、塑料管等强度较低的井管则要视情况具体分析。     

超临界二氧化碳压裂技术研究进展

对于低渗透油页岩矿藏的开发,超临界二氧化碳（SC—CO2）压裂技术有效规避了水力压裂会引起的地层伤害、诱发地震和环境污染等问题,且由于其在起裂压力、沟通微裂缝、形成复杂缝网上的优势,是目前一项热门的无水压裂技术。本文详细介绍了SC—CO2压裂技术的技术特点和近年来SC—CO2压裂的实验与数学模型研究。从裂缝扩展规律性实验、在SC—CO2作用下的岩性变化实验、SC—CO2压裂液体系的研制以及SC—CO2流体携砂流动、井内温度场、裂缝起裂扩展数学模型的相关研究中,探讨目前SC—CO2压裂技术的研究进展与不足,并在增粘剂的设计、裂缝有效性的评价、填砂裂缝网络提高油页岩储集层传热和渗流能力等方面的研究提出了建议,对SC—CO2压裂技术的未来发展具有参考意义。     

Diurnal Variations of Carbon Dioxide, Methane, and Nitrous Oxide Vertical Fluxes in a Subtropical Estuarine Marsh on Neap and Spring Tide Days

Measuring fluxes of greenhouse gases (GHGs) is fundamental to estimating their impact on global warming. We examined diurnal variations of carbon dioxide (CO₂), methane (CH₄), and nitrous oxide (N₂O) vertical fluxes in a tidal marsh ecosystem. Measurements were recorded on neap and spring tide days in April and September 2010 in the Shanyutan wetland of the Min River estuary, southeast China. Here, we define a positive flux as directing into the atmosphere. CH₄ fluxes on the diurnal scale were positive throughout, and CH₄ emissions into the atmosphere on neap tide days were higher than on spring tide days. CH₄ releases from the marsh ecosystem on neap tide days were higher in the daytime; however, on spring tide days, daily variations of CH₄ emissions were more complex. The marsh ecosystem plays a twofold role in both releasing and assimilating CO₂ and N₂O gases on the diurnal scale. Average CO₂ fluxes were positive on the daily scale both on neap and spring days and were greater on the neap tide days than on spring tide days. Diurnal variations of N₂O fluxes fluctuated more. Over the diurnal period, soil temperature markedly controlled variations of CH₄ emissions compared to other soil factors, such as salinity and redox potential. Tidal water height was a key factor influencing GHGs fluxes at the water–air interface. Compared with N₂O, the diurnal course of CO₂ and CH₄ fluxes in the marsh ecosystem appeared to be directly controlled by marsh plants. These results have implications for sampling and scaling strategies for estimating GHGs fluxes in tidal marsh ecosystems.     

煤层气井造穴射流破岩试验研究

通过水射流造穴进行洞穴完井是煤层气井重要的完井方式。为了优选造穴射流工具的喷嘴,提高射流造穴直径和效率,通过制备相似煤岩试样,采用室内试验的方法,进行了连续射流和空化射流的破岩效果试验,并在现场造穴施工中进行了应用。结果表明：自由射流条件下,连续射流在喷距为200 mm时破岩效果最好,空化射流在喷距为300 mm时破岩效果最好。淹没射流条件下,连续射流未能冲蚀煤岩试样;空化射流的冲蚀直径则呈先增加后减小并趋于稳定的状态,在淹没深度为200 mm时冲蚀直径达到最大,冲蚀深度随着淹没深度的增加而增加,在淹没深度为300 mm以后,冲蚀深度趋于稳定缓慢减小。研究结果为造穴射流工具的喷嘴选型及结构优化设计提供了依据。     

煤层甲烷浅气藏形成条件分析

含煤地区有机质在热演化过程中生成的天然气,由于区域地质条件不同而形成不同类型的天然气资源。全面认识它们的形成条件,有利于我们根据具体地质条件预测某一地区最可能的天然气聚气类型,以便开展针对性的勘探工作,达到提高勘探效率的目的。     

岩溶泉补给地表溪流二氧化碳脱气作用研究

碳酸盐岩风化作用(即岩溶作用)能够吸收大气二氧化碳(CO_2),形成溶解无机碳(DIC,dissolved inorganic carbon),被认为是一种重要的陆地碳汇,其在全球碳收支平衡和未来陆地增汇中可能会有重要贡献。然而,目前对岩溶碳汇的稳定性还存在争议,一些学者认为岩溶地下水出露地表后会发生CO_2脱气,对岩溶碳汇通量估算带来不确定性。本文以广西桂林长流水表层岩溶泉补给的溪流(约2.7km长)为例,利用水化学和同位素质谱仪测试技术,研究了溪水水化学指标和溶解无机碳同位素(δ~(13)C_(DIC))沿流程变化,探讨了溪流CO_2脱气过程、通量及其影响因素,以更好地了解岩溶碳汇的稳定性。结果表明:从泉口向下游,在陡坡地段(C1～C14段,长约270m,坡度约10°),溪水pH值、方解石饱和指数和δ~(13)C_(DIC)沿流程分别升高了0.9、0.9和1.8‰,而CO_2分压、电导率、Ca~(2+)浓度和DIC浓度分别下降了85%、34μS/cm、0.2mmol/L和0.7mmol/L,说明溪水发生了显著的CO_2脱气,并伴随碳酸钙沉淀。而在平缓地段(C18～C26段,长约2.1km,坡度1°),溪水各水化学指标和δ~(13)C_(DIC)变化较小,指示CO_2脱气作用较弱。这些发现表明溪流CO_2脱气受到了地形决定的水动力条件控制。另外,在下游渠段,受支流汇入影响,溪水pH值和方解石饱和指数有所降低,在一定程度上抑制了CO_2脱气。溪流CO_2脱气能够抵消部分岩溶作用固定的大气CO_2量,但是在长流水这一高地势、低流量且有碳酸钙沉积的环境下,其抵消的量也仅占29%。对于在低缓地区受流量很大的岩溶泉/地下河补给的河流,其CO_2脱气作用对岩溶碳汇的影响有限,加之受可能增强的水生光合生物固碳效应影响,岩溶碳汇应具有很高的稳定性。     

多相介质煤岩体力学实验研究

基于自然煤样,水饱和煤样和气,水饱和煤样的三轴对比力学实验得出;自然煤样的弹性模量,抗压强度和体积压缩系数大于饱和水煤样的,饱和水煤样的又大于气,水饱和煤样的,而泊松比则正好相反;平行层理方向的应变大于垂直层理方向的应变;煤吸附气,水介质后,体积发生膨胀,煤体强度和机械能降低,指出了在地面开发煤层气过程中,随着气,水介质的排出,煤基质发生收缩,煤体强度提高,泊松比减少。上覆重力在煤储层水平方向的分量降低,煤储层渗透率得到改善。     

吐哈盆地低煤阶煤层气地质特征与成藏控制因素研究

我国低煤阶煤层气资源丰富,气煤以下的低煤阶煤层气资源量15.13×1012m3。迄今为止尚无成功开发先例,地质成藏基础研究亟待加强。论文通过对吐哈盆地煤层气成藏条件、成藏特征分析,探讨了地质构造、聚煤作用、煤系特征、生物气形成与保存等低煤阶煤层气成藏控制因素,初步确定了吐哈盆地煤层气成藏类型及其分布特征,把吐哈盆地煤层气成藏模式划分为盆内凹陷成藏模式、盆缘陡坡成藏模式和盆缘缓坡成藏模式3种类型,根据成藏过程的匹配特征把煤层气藏类型划分为储-逸型低压逸散式、储-运-逸型运移储集式两种类型,该划分方案有助于指导低煤阶煤层气成因研究与资源勘探开发。     

松辽盆地北部火山岩CO2脱气参数及其对CO2资源量估算的意义

为了定量评价火山岩脱CO2气量的潜力，选择松辽盆地北部火山岩进行了低温脱气实验。将火山岩加热到250℃时，脱出挥发份总量为0.0299～0.0790ml/g；其中CO2脱出量为0.0218～0.0706 ml/g（0.429～1.387wt％）。脱挥发份总量与其中CO2量具有良好的正线性相关；挥发份以CO2气为主，其次是Ｎ2气，还伴有H2、CO、CH4等还原性气体，以及更少量的低碳烷烃；基性火山岩比中、酸性火山岩脱出CO2数量较多。火山岩吸附大量CO2气，成为充足气源，火山岩脱出的吸附气主要是辗转而来的深源气，火山岩成为探索幔源气成藏的主要源岩，尤其是基性火山岩。估算CO2资源量，可将250℃时火山岩挥发份含量作为岩石挥发份及残余CO2量的下限值，而全岩分析的总碳含量可作为CO2脱出量的上限值。