Egyptian cotton (Gossypium barbadense) flower and boll production as affected by climatic factors and soil moisture status

The information on impact of climatic factors on cotton production is not generally available, or at least not available in the required form. Understanding this impact may help physiologists determine a possible control of the flowering mechanism in the cotton plant. Two field trials were conducted to investigate the relationships between climatic factors, soil moisture status, and flower and boll production of Gossypium barbadense. The climatic factors considered were daily maximum air temperature (°C), minimum air temperature (°C), maximum–minimum temperature (diurnal temperature range) (°C), sunshine duration (h day^?1), maximum relative humidity (%), minimum relative humidity (%), and wind speed (m s^?1). Minimum relative humidity and sunshine duration were the most significant climatic factors affecting flower and boll retention and production. Temperature appeared to be less important in the reproduction growth stage of cotton in Egypt than minimum relative humidity and sunshine duration. The soil moisture status showed low and insignificant correlation to flower and boll production. High minimum relative humidity, short period of sunshine duration, and low temperatures enhanced flower and boll formation.     

Estimation of the monthly and annual mean maximum and mean minimum air temperature values in Greece

In this study, regression equations to estimate the monthly and annual values of the mean maximum and mean minimum air temperatures in Greece are derived. For this purpose, data from 87 meteorological stations distributed all over Greece are used. Geographical parameters, i.e., altitude, latitude, longitude, minimum distance from the sea and an index of terrain morphology, are used as independent variables. These equations explain 79?C97% of the variance of the temperature values and have standard error of estimate between 0.59 and 1.20°C. Data from 37 other meteorological stations are used to validate the accuracy of the equations. Topographic or climatic factors, which could not be introduced into the equations, are responsible for most temperature residuals >0.5°C or <?0.5°C. Moreover, some particular emphasis has been given to the values of the regression coefficient for the altitude, since it is the estimator for the mean lapse rate of air temperature.     

Preparation of frost atlas using different interpolation methods in a semiarid region of south of Iran

In this research, suitability of different kriging and inverse distance weighted (IDW) methods in estimating occurrence date of frost was evaluated. Data included minimum daily air temperature values from 27 meteorological stations of Fars province in southern Iran from 18 to 45 years. Data ranges of 0 to ?1.5, ?1.5 to ?3 and below ?3°C were considered as mild, moderate and severe frost intensities, respectively. Starting with the first day of autumn, iso-occurrence days for the frost intensities and occurrence probabilities (25%, 50%, 75% and 90%) were estimated using ordinary kriging, cokriging, residual kriging type 1 (RK1), residual kriging type 2 (RK2), universal kriging and IDW methods. In these models, the errors of estimated frost intensities at different probabilities were lowest in the RK2 model, but lack of establishment of spatial structure due to long distance between stations caused the predictions not to be acceptable in some cases. In a proposed method (modified inverse distance weighted, MIDW), the trend between the first and last days of frost occurrence with earth elevation was removed, and the reminder values were estimated by (IDW) method. Although, the errors for estimated frost dates by MIDW and RK2 methods were the same, but the MIDW method did not have the spatial establishment shortcoming. Furthermore, the simplicity and practicality of the MIDW method makes it a reasonable selection.     

1961-2015年华东地区极端气温变化研究

基于华东399个气象站点逐日最高、最低气温数据，利用极端气候指数软件RClimdex和线性倾向估计、Mann-Kendall突变检验、概率密度函数等气候统计诊断方法，分析了华东极端气候的时空变化特征。结果表明，1961-2015年期间，华东最低气温极大值和极小值分别以0.2℃/10a和0.6℃/10a的趋势显著增加，最高气温极小值以0.3℃/10a的趋势显著增加，结冰、霜冻、冷夜和冷昼日数分别以0.5d/10a、3.7d/10a、2.0%/10a和0.7%/10a显著减少，夏天日数、热夜日数、暖夜和暖昼日数分别以2.9d/10a、2.8d/10a、1.8%/10a和0.8%/10a显著增加。期间华东最低和最高气温极值均发生升高突变，霜冻和结冰日数、冷夜和冷昼日数分别在20世纪80年代中后期和90年代发生减少突变，夏天日数、热夜日数、暖夜和暖昼日数则在2000年发生增多突变。与1961-1990年期间相比，1991-2015年间华东最低和最高气温极值的概率密度函数分布均右移，峰值多增大；霜冻、结冰、冷夜和冷昼日数的分布函数左移，峰值升高，形状变窄，而夏天日数、热夜日数、暖夜和暖昼日数恰好相反。     

Unprecedented risk of spring frost damage in Switzerland and Germany in 2017

Spring frosts are feared by farmers, fruit growers, and wine growers as they can cause significant damage to crops when they occur during the development of the plants. In the second half of April 2017, following a very warm period that had caused premature vegetation growth, a cold air mass from the Arctic penetrated central and western Europe, causing severe damage to natural and cultivated vegetation over broad areas. Here, we analyze how exceptional this event was in Switzerland and Germany in relation to the accumulated growing degree days (GDD), used as a proxy for plant phenology advancement. Although this damaging frost was not the latest on record in terms of calendar days, our results show that it was, in some regions, unprecedented in relation to the accumulated warmth during the preceding period, at least since the beginning of instrumental temperature records (1864). Our results also highlight how global warming has considerably increased the number of days with mean temperature above 5 °C in late winter and early spring, especially since 1970 (+?16.8?±?4.7 °C days decade^?1). However, in spite of earlier spring phenology due to climate warming, our results suggest that the risk of damaging frost events to vegetation has remained unchanged over the last 150 years in lowlands of Switzerland and Germany, due to the concurring earlier occurrence of the last potentially damaging frosts (about ??20 days since 1864). Our analyses reveal therefore that the April 2017 damaging frost was a true outlier in terms of risk of frost damage to plants.     

Air temperatures in a power line corridor over 10?years following afforestation with Eucalyptus globulus

Over the 10?years following the planting of Eucalyptus globulus on an area of 320?ha in 1998, air temperature was measured in the middle of a power line corridor and compared with temperatures recorded at meteorological stations located 11.2 and 35.7?km away. At these reference stations, the annual means of both daily minimum and daily maximum temperature remained approximately constant. In the power line corridor, annual mean daily minimum temperature also remained approximately constant, but annual mean daily maximum temperature fell by about 3.6°C; in particular, between years 4 and 7 the cooling rate was on average about 0.7°C per year. The resulting sigmoid time course of annual mean daily temperature range may partly reflect the evolution of evapotranspiration from the plantation, but seems to be mainly attributable to the shading of the power line corridor by the growing trees, being closely correlated with solar irradiance at the center of the corridor as estimated from tree growth data using sun charts and standard formulae for clear-sky solar irradiance.     

Spatial modeling of annual minimum and maximum temperatures in Iceland

Bayesian hierarchical modeling is applied to the analysis of annual minimum and maximum temperatures. In both cases the generalized extreme value distribution is selected as the marginal distribution at each site due to its flexibility and theoretical basis. This distribution has three unknown parameters, a location parameter, a scale parameter and a shape parameter. The location and scale parameters are assumed to vary across sites while the shape parameter is assumed to be the same for all sites. The location and the scale parameters are modeled as two independent Gaussian spatial processes which are governed by the Matérn correlation function. These spatial processes play a central role in spatial predictions at unobserved sites. The location parameter is also modeled with a common time effect which includes a linear trend and a linear site effect with altitude, distance to open sea, latitude and longitude as covariates. This model allows for spatial predictions for any set of unobserved sites, the scale of the grid can be as fine as possible as long as the covariates are observed at each of the unobserved sites. Data on the annual minimum and maximum temperatures in Iceland from 1961 to 2009?at 72 sites are analyzed and used to predict the 2nd percentile of the minimum temperature for the 12-month period from July 2011 to June 2012 and the 98th percentile of maximum temperature for the year 2011 for a large set of unobserved sites across Iceland at which the covariates are available. The spatial predictions reveal that the 2nd percentile of minimum temperature for 2011 to 2012 reaches ?35°C in the central part of Iceland and ranges from ?12 to ?22°C around the coast of Iceland with the lowest coastal temperatures in the Northern part and the Northeastern part. The 98th percentile of maximum temperature in 2011 ranges from 10 to 30°C where the warmest areas are found in the Eastern part, the North-Eastern part and the Southern part of the country. The estimated increase in minimum and maximum temperatures over the years 1961 to 2009 is 0.71 and 0.47°C per decade, respectively, while the average annual temperature increased 0.24°C per decade over the same period.     

天津市超高层建筑暖通空调设计气象参数评估

利用255m天津气象塔数据定量评估了建筑暖通空调设计气象参数随高度的变化及其对设计负荷的影响,建立了一种气温垂直模型,明确了该模型可推算超高层建筑室外气温,基于此推算超高层建筑暖通空调室外设计气象参数。结果表明:在5—200m处,供暖设计温度、冬季空调室外设计温度和夏季空调室外设计干球温度均随高度降低,200m与5m高度处相比,分别降低2.0℃、1.4℃和2.8℃,导致供暖和冬季空调设计负荷分别增加5.78%和1.36%,而夏季空调设计负荷减少5.85%。基于气温垂直模型得到的200—500m气温数据计算气象参数,发现从200m到500m,供暖设计温度、冬季空调室外设计温度和夏季空调室外设计干球温度均随高度降低,降幅分别为0.52℃/100m、0.50℃/100m和0.66℃/100m。本研究表明,基于地面2m高观测数据计算的建筑暖通空调设计气象参数无法满足超高层建筑暖通空调设计需求,应充分考虑气象参数的垂直变化,选择合理的气象参数,为超高层建筑暖通空调设计提供基础,以保证室内热舒适环境达标,达到降低建筑能耗的目的。     

苹果花期冻害气象指标和风险评估

花期冻害是影响苹果产量和品质形成的主要气象灾害之一。基于苹果花期冻害发生的地理分布、气象背景数据和已有研究成果,利用最大熵模型和ArcGIS空间分析工具,筛选出影响苹果花期冻害发生分布的暴露性指标和主要致灾气象因子,利用全国1981—2013年2084个气象站资料,评估了苹果主产区花期冻害的风险。结果显示:苹果花期冻害发生的暴露性指标是花前日最高气温大于等于6℃有效积温为420~550℃·d,主要致灾气象因子和高风险阈值按照贡献率大小依次为冻害过程的最大日较差 (大于等于22℃)、极端最低气温 (小于等于-2℃)、降水量 (小于等于5 mm) 和日最低气温小于等于0℃积温 (小于等于-14℃·d)。花期冻害风险较高的区域位于北疆、黄土高原西部和北部及川西高原区,而环渤海湾和黄河故道产区风险相对较低。不同风险区的分布与各地苹果物候期差异和春季冷空气的活动路径有关。     

Observing and modeling the nocturnal park cool island of an arid city: horizontal and vertical impacts

We examined the horizontal and vertical nocturnal cooling influence of a small park with irrigated lawn and xeric surfaces (??3?ha) within a university campus of a hot arid city. Temperature data from 0.01- to 3-m heights observed during a bicycle traverse of the campus were combined with modeled spatial temperature data simulated from a three-dimensional microclimate model (ENVI-met 3.1). A distinct park cool island, with mean observed magnitudes of 0.7?C3.6°C, was documented for both traverse and model data with larger cooling intensities measured closer to surface level. Modeled results possessed varying but generally reasonable accuracy in simulating both spatial and temporal temperature data, although some systematic errors exist. A combination of several factors, such as variations in surface thermal properties, urban geometry, building orientation, and soil moisture, was likely responsible for influencing differential urban and non-urban near-surface temperatures. A strong inversion layer up to 1?m over non-urban surfaces was detected, contrasting with near-neutral lapse rates over urban surfaces. A key factor in the spatial expansion of the park cool island was the advection of cooler park air to adjacent urban surfaces, although this effect was mostly concentrated from 0- to 1-m heights over urban surfaces that were more exposed to the atmosphere.     

1971-2010年河南省霜期的时空分布及其对气温的响应

利用1971-2010年河南省均匀分布的110个地面气象站霜的观测资料,采用线性倾向率和单相关分析法,对近40 a河南省初霜期、终霜期和无霜期的时空分布特征及其对气温的响应进行研究,利用M-K法分析霜期的突变特征。结果表明：1971-2010年河南省平均无霜期为221.3 d,纬度与初霜期（R=-0.806）和无霜期（R=-0.707）均呈显著负相关,与终霜期（R=0.557）呈显著正相关;初霜期以2.6 d/10 a的速率呈明显推迟（p<0.01）,而终霜期的线性变化趋势不明显,无霜期以4.7 d/10 a的速率呈明显延长（p<0.01）;初霜期、终霜期和无霜期的突变点均在1998年。从各地区看,初霜期在各地区呈明显推迟,豫西地区推迟趋势最大（3.5 d/10 a,p<0.01）;终霜期仅在豫西和豫南地区呈显著提前;除豫东地区外,无霜期在其余5个地区均呈明显延长,豫西地区延长趋势最大（7.7 d/10 a,p<0.01）。从各观测站霜期的变化趋势空间分布来看,初霜期显著推后、终霜期显著提前和无霜期明显延长的站点分布在豫西和豫南地区。河南省初霜期与10月、终霜期与3月气温因子相关性较强;初霜期推迟和终霜期提前主要由气温升高引起的,其中平均最低气温是最重要的影响因素。初霜期推迟和终霜期提前导致无霜期延长。     

安徽省冬小麦春霜冻害气象指标的研究

本文根据安徽省12个农业气象观测站冬小麦春霜冻害观测调查数据,针对不同品种(春性和半冬性)冬小麦,全面分析了拔节期前15 d至拔节后20 d的最低气温变化规律,以日最低气温为指标,将春霜冻害等级划分为轻度和重度2个级别,并分时段确定等级。验证结果表明,虽然春霜冻害的发生受地形、土壤等多种因素的影响,但最低气温指标基本能够反映出冬小麦拔节前后不同品种春霜冻害的发生规律,可以在霜冻监测预警业务中应用。用该指标进行霜冻发生风险分析的结果表明,安徽省冬小麦主产区为轻度霜冻频发区、重度霜冻基本不发区,冬小麦春性品种春霜冻高发区比半冬性品种明显偏南,可用于指导冬小麦品种合理布局,减轻春霜冻危害风险。     

An observation of hot air downwelling over Pantelleria Island in the Strait of Sicily

During a period of strong SW winds, a local anomalous hot air mass was observed at sea level on the lee side of Pantelleria Island in the Strait of Sicily. The hot air, some 10 °C above ambient, was produced by downward transport or mixing from an intense inversion layer occurring above 500 m. This rapidly moving layer, associated with a flow from the Libyan Desert, was apparently perturbed by the 836-m high volcanic cone of the island. Laboratory models suggest that such an interaction could produce phenomena, i.e., vortex shedding and lee waves, all of which would mix or advect the upper warm air downward. This, together with the adiabatic heating effect, would produce the hot air phenomena.     

吐鲁番盆地冬季气温变化及特色林果冬季冻害指标分析

利用吐鲁番东坎农业气象试验站和鄯善气象站近52a（1960-2011年）冬季逐日资料,分析入冬期、冬季平均气温、极端最低气温、低温日数、负积温变化特征,以及特色林果葡萄、红枣冻害发生年最低气温的变化特征,探讨冬季气温变化与冻害发生的关系,总结冻害成灾指标,为防止果树冻害提供理论依据。分析结果表明：吐鲁番盆地冬季平均气温和最低气温呈上升趋势,入冬期偏晚,冬季结束时间提早,冬季持续日数缩短;冬季气温在1985年发生突变,存在7a的周期变化。在无稳定积雪的情况下,最低气温负积温较历年平均值低180．0℃以上,日最低气温≤-18．0℃持续15d以上,且日最低气温连续≤-20．0℃持续5d以上,休眠期的红枣、杏树花芽会发生中度冻害;最低气温负积温较常年低200．0℃以上,日最低气温≤-20．0℃持续7d以上,且日最低气温≤-21．0℃持续5d以上,红枣、杏树及无积雪、覆土厚度〈30cm的葡萄会发生严重冻害。     

Changes in ice-season characteristics of a European Arctic lake from 1964 to 2008

The long-term ice record (from 1964 to 2008) of an Arctic lake in northern Europe (Lake Kilpisj?rvi) reveals the response of lake ice to climate change at local and regional scales. Average freeze-up and ice breakup occurred on 9 November and 19 June, respectively. The freeze-up has been significantly delayed at a rate of 2.3 d per decade from 1964 onward (P?<?0.05). No significant change has taken place in ice breakup. Annual average ice thickness has become smaller since the mid-1980s (P?<?0.05). Air temperature during the early ice season significantly affected the ice thickness. The freeze-up date exhibits the highest correlation with the 2-month average daily minimum air temperature centered at the end of October, while the ice breakup date exhibits the highest correlation with the 2-month average daily maximal air temperature centered in mid May. A 1°C increase in the surface air temperature corresponds to a freeze-up later by 3.4?days and an ice breakup earlier by 3.6?days. Snow cover is a critical factor in lake-ice climatology. For cumulative November to March precipitation of less than 0.13?m, the insulating effect of the snow dominated, while higher rates of precipitation favored thicker ice due to the formation of snow ice. Variations in ice records of Lake Kilpisj?rvi can serve as an indicator of climate variations across the northern Europe. The North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) does not significantly affect the ice season there, although both the local air temperatures and winter precipitation contain a strong NAO signal.     

山东省霜冻天气分区客观预报方法

根据山东省霜冻气候概况,把全省分成６个预报区,每个区选取有代表性的测站,应用探空、地面观测资料和逐步回归方法,建立测站的日最低气温和日最低地温的短期预报方程;把ＨＬＡＦＳ数值预报资料代替高空资料代入预报方程,进行最低气温和地温的预报;根据霜冻与气温和地温的关系及分区预报霜冻的标准,判别预报区内有无霜冻。建立了山东省霜冻天气短期分区预报业务系统。     

Spatial and temporal characteristics of minimum temperature in winter in China during 1961–2010 from NCEP/NCAR reanalysis

Based on the surface 2?m monthly minimum temperature from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research reanalysis dataset, the spatial and temporal characteristics of winter minimum temperature during 1961–2010 have been analyzed in China. Results showed that the minimum temperature in China has a significant increasing rate of 0.25° per decade calculated by the Mann–Kendall statistical test, which is consistent with the global warming trend. Empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis reveals that there are three main patterns that can explain more than 57.6% of the total variance of the winter minimum temperature. The EOF1, EOF2, and EOF3 account for 34.8%, 13.5%, and 13.5% of the total inter-annual variance, respectively. The EOF1, EOF2, and EOF3 patterns are synchronous in northern China, central China, and on the Tibetan Plateau. There exist a decrease trend in the corresponding time coefficients of EOF1 and EOF2 and an increase trend in that of EOF3 since the 1960s. Both the corresponding time coefficients of EOF1 and EOF2 have significant positive correlations with the 500?hPa geopotential heights of the Arctic region and negative correlations in the regions lower than 40°N, while a significant positive correlation is found between the corresponding time coefficients of EOF3 and 500?hPa geopotential heights in the low latitudes. This suggests that rapid warming occurs in northern China and on the Tibetan Plateau, while the weakest trend locates in southeast China. Thus, warming in winter is more pronounced at higher altitudes and latitudes. These patterns are tightly connected with the atmospheric circulation.     

CMIP6全球气候模式对中国年平均日最高气温和最低气温模拟的评估北大核心CSCD

选取CMIP6历史模拟试验26个模式数据,以CN05.1数据作为观测资料,对1961~2014年中国年平均最高气温和最低气温变化模拟能力进行评估。结果表明:1961~2014年,中国年均最高气温和最低气温均存在上升的趋势。最高气温增长速率为2.15℃/100 a;最低气温增长速率为3.92℃/100 a,约为最高气温增长速率的两倍。CMIP6模式都能模拟出这种长时间尺度的变化趋势,但不同模式模拟能力存在一定差异,模式间离散度达到0.38℃/100 a(最高气温)和0.41℃/100 a(最低气温)。模式中BCC-ESM1和EC-Earth3模式对这两种趋势的模拟效果最好。CMIP6模式可以较好地模拟出中国范围内的最高气温和最低气温空间分布特征。中国范围内,大部分模式模拟结果与观测呈正相关的格点所占比例分别为82%(最高气温)和97%(最低气温),模拟结果具有明显的地域性。对于气候平均态,CMIP6模式可以较好地模拟出最高最低气温空间分布特征,对于整个中国东部地区,最高最低气温模拟结果的模式间标准差均在3℃以内,一致性较高,在西部地区差异较大,青藏高原地区达到6℃以上。GISS-E2-1-G和MRI-ESM2-0可以很好地模拟出1961~2014年中国最高气温和最低气温经验正交分解(Empirical Orthogonal Function,EOF)主要模态及其时间演变。总体来说,CMIP6模式对中国年均最高气温和最低气温的气候态空间分布以及变化趋势等方面,具备较好的模拟能力。     

辽宁省近50年霜的气候变化特征

主要使用辽宁省35个站点1957—2006年霜的地面观测资料以及相应时间的温度资料分析了该区霜的变化特征及其受气候变暖的影响,得到如下结论:近50年辽宁省初霜日期推迟近10 d,终霜日期提前约17 d,无霜期日数增加约26 d;初、终霜日期和无霜期日数在20世纪90年代初发生突变;从空间分布来看,初霜日期明显推后、终霜日期显著提前、无霜期增多的区域主要分布在辽宁中部、西部以及辽东半岛的部分地区;初霜日期与9月份各温度因子相关性较与其他各月高,终霜日期与4月份各温度因子相关性较强,无霜期主要受4—9月间各温度因子的影响;初霜期推迟、终霜期提前以及无霜期延长都主要是由温度的升高引起的,其中平均最低地面温度、平均最低气温是最重要的影响因素;伴随气候变暖,辽宁省初、终霜发生日期以及无霜期长度的空间分布都显示出由西南向东北方向推移的特点。