Observed changes of temperature extremes during 1960�C2005 in China: natural or human-induced variations?

The purpose of this study was to statistically examine changes of surface air temperature in time and space and to analyze two factors potentially influencing air temperature changes in China, i.e., urbanization and net solar radiation. Trends within the temperature series were detected by using Mann-Kendall trend test technique. The scientific problem this study expected to address was that what could be the role of human activities in the changes of temperature extremes. Other influencing factors such as net solar radiation were also discussed. The results of this study indicated that: (1) increasing temperature was observed mainly in the northeast and northwest China; (2) different behaviors were identified in the changes of maximum and minimum temperature respectively. Maximum temperature seemed to be more influenced by urbanization, which could be due to increasing urban albedo, aerosol, and air pollutions in the urbanized areas. Minimum temperature was subject to influences of variations of net solar radiation; (3) not significant increasing and even decreasing temperature extremes in the Yangtze River basin and the regions south to the Yangtze River basin could be the consequences of higher relative humidity as a result of increasing precipitation; (4) the entire China was dominated by increasing minimum temperature. Thus, we can say that the warming process of China was reflected mainly by increasing minimum temperature. In addition, consistently increasing temperature was found in the upper reaches of the Yellow River basin, the Yangtze River basin, which have the potential to enhance the melting of permafrost in these areas. This may trigger new ecological problems and raise new challenges for the river basin scale water resource management.     

大气污染对中国重点城市地面总辐射影响的时空特征

利用2000年6月\_2003年12月全国33个重点城市的PM10日监测数据与地面总辐射日观测数据, 结合总云量、 降水量等气象观测数据, 定量分析了人类活动排放的污染物质与地面总辐射的关系, 并分析了人类活动影响下的地面总辐射减少的时空分布特征。结果表明： 各观测站点的总辐射随着PM10浓度的增大而减小; 其空间特征表现为西北、 华北和华中地区的重点城市所受的影响较大, 而华南、 西南地区的重点城市所受影响较小; 其时间特征表现为春、 秋季影响较大, 而夏、 冬季影响相对较小\.总的来说, 在2001\_2003年人类活动产生的气溶胶使我国晴天地面总辐射减少20.1±1.9 W·m-2。     

Assessing the impact of climate changes on the potential yields of maize and paddy rice in Northeast China by 2050

Northeast China is the main crop production region in China, and future climate change will directly impact crop potential yields, so exploring crop potential yields under future climate scenarios in Northeast China is extremely critical for ensuring future food security. Here, this study projected the climate changes using 12 general circulation models (GCMs) under two moderate Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) scenarios (RCP 4.5 and 6.0) from 2015 to 2050. Then, based on the Global Agro-ecological Zones (GAEZ) model, we explored the effect of climate change on the potential yields of maize and paddy rice in Northeast China during 2015–2050. The annual relative humidity increased almost throughout the Northeast China under two RCPs. The annual precipitation increased more than 400 mm in some west, east, and south areas under RCP 4.5, but decreased slightly in some areas under RCP 6.0. The annual wind speed increased over 2 m/s in the west region. The annual net solar radiation changes varied significantly with latitude, but the changes of annual maximum temperature and minimum temperature were closely related to the terrain. Under RCP 4.5, the average maize potential yield increased by 34.31% under the influence of climate changes from 2015 to 2050. The average rice potential yield increased by 16.82% from 2015 to 2050. Under RCP 6.0, the average maize and rice potential yields increased by 25.65% and 6.34% respectively. The changes of maize potential yields were positively correlated with the changes of precipitation, wind speed, and net solar radiation (the correlation coefficients were > 0.2), and negatively correlated with the changes of relative humidity, minimum and maximum temperature under two RCPs. The changes of rice potential yields were positively correlated with the changes of precipitation (correlation coefficient = 0.15) under RCP 4.5. Under RCP 6.0, it had a slight positive correlation with net solar radiation, relative humidity, and wind speed.     

华南地区太阳能资源评估与开发潜力

利用华南地区观测站1981—2010年的总曝辐量数据及日照时数数据,对该地区太阳能资源的丰富程度和稳定程度进行评估。结果表明:华南地区总体太阳能资源价值呈现为海南最高,广东其次,广西最低。华南地区最佳倾斜面太阳总辐射年曝辐量为1291 kW·h·m-2,比水平面高3%,总体处于资源丰富等级以上。稳定度评估结果表明:华南地区大部分面积处于稳定等级以上,其中海南2/3以上的面积处于很稳定的等级。结合地形数据和土地覆盖数据,分别以90 m×90 m和1 km×1 km的分辨率对华南地区太阳能资源的开发适宜性进行区划和可利用潜力进行分析,结果显示:90 m×90 m分辨率下可开发利用的Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ类地区的面积占华南地区总面积的80%以上,但其中裸地和灌木、草地仅占总面积的13.9%,而耕地和林地所占面积比例超过60%。受数据分辨率及获取年代差异的影响,1 km×1 km分辨率下太阳能开发适宜性区划结果与90 m×90 m分辨率的结果不尽相同,从而导致开发潜力也存在较大差异,在制定太阳能开发规划时应根据实际工程规模选择合理的数据。     

河西走廊太阳辐射时空分布特征及太阳能资源评估研究

利用1961—2020年河西走廊3个太阳辐射站和19个气象站资料,推算河西走廊各站太阳总辐射量,得出该地区太阳总辐射空间分布和时间变化特征,进一步采用相关系数法分析了太阳总辐射的气候影响因素。结果表明：(1)太阳总辐射空间分布在年及春、夏、秋季呈西北向东南递减,冬季呈西北向东南增加。(2)太阳总辐射在月际和季节分布上呈单峰型,5月最强,12月最弱,夏季最强,冬季最弱。(3)年太阳总辐射呈增加趋势,其线型倾向率为6.3 MJ/(m²·10 a),其中夏、秋、冬季总辐射呈减少趋势,夏季下降最明显,而春季呈明显增加趋势。(4)年、季总辐射都表现出2～3、5～6 a短周期及8～10 a长周期振荡。(5)太阳总辐射量与相对湿度、降水量、总云量、低云量及浮尘、扬沙、沙尘暴日数总体呈负相关,与气温和日照时数呈正相关。(6)河西走廊太阳能资源丰富程度和稳定度表现一致,都呈现为由西北向东南递减的趋势,资源相对丰富的地区稳定度也相对较高。     

利用CAM5.1模拟中国东部大规模城市化对东亚地区夏季大气环流及降水分布的影响

利用CAM5.1大气环流模式研究中国东部大规模城市化对东亚夏季大气环流及降水分布的影响。通过在模式中修改中国东部地区(22～42°N,110～125°E)城市比重的方法,探讨东亚地区夏季大气环流与降水等气象要素在一般城市化及极端城市化两种情景下的响应。结果表明:(1)CAM5.1模式能够很好地模拟出东亚地区夏季大气环流形势及降水分布。(2)城市比重增大后,晴空时地面吸收的净辐射增多,近地层气温升高,低层增温中心上空的大气由于受热产生上升运动,35°N以南的气流向增温区辐合,东亚夏季风出现增强的趋势,大量暖湿水汽往北输送,导致降水在中国北方地区增多而南方减少。(3)城市化的发展程度越高,它所产生的气候效应对各气象要素的影响就表现得越明显。     

甘肃马衔山区陆面过程与降水的研究

采用定西的麦田微气象观测,定西、兰州的辐射观测和马衔山区34个气象、水文和雨量站的气候资料,结合NOAA-16卫星的AVHRR资料以及反演的地表植被盖度和反射率,并用SEBAL算法推导出夏季地表净辐射、感热、潜热、土壤热通量密度的区域分布特征,并分析陆面过程对降水的影响。结果表明:本区降水的空间分布与夏季植被盖度对应最好,相关系数高达0.722,其次是土壤热通量和潜热通量,相关系数分别为-0.65和0.615。这表明森林通过降低地表反射率和表面温度,不仅增加地表净辐射,而且减少其用于感热和土壤热通量的消耗。由于林区地表水分多,从而将接收较多的太阳辐射能主要用于蒸散,增加边界层中的水汽。故林区降水远大于植被稀疏的半干旱黄土梁。     

我国住宅区日照标准下墙面晴天太阳辐射分析

为研究我国不同地区住宅通过垂直墙面上的窗口实际接受到的太阳辐射量空间分布特征,以卡斯特洛夫公式为基础,建立了各朝向墙面晴天太阳总辐射和直接辐射小时总量的计算方案。使用水汽压和海拔高度拟合了公式中的参数,计算了我国各地满足国家标准对住宅间距要求下的水平面和垂直墙面辐射量,并绘制了分布图。研究发现:大寒日各朝向墙面晴天最大2 h辐射量空间分布受纬度和大气透明度共同影响,青藏高原为全国高值中心,川黔地区为低值中心。在我国东部地区,与水平面辐射量随纬度增加而降低的规律相反,同样是辐射量最大的2 h日照时间,纬度越高的地区南墙面接受的太阳辐射量就越大。与南墙相比,东、西墙面接收的最大2 h辐射量明显偏小,不能发挥阳光对健康和卫生的作用。上述结果表明,从大寒日建筑底层南墙面接收的最大2 h辐射量上看,适当放宽北方地区日照间距标准具有一定可行性。     

东北夏季降水年代际、年际变化的区域差别

采用REOF方法对我国东北夏季降水异常进行了区划,并通过周期分析等方法分析了各分区降水年代际、年际变化特征。结果表明:东北夏季降水异常可划分为南部、中部、东部、西南部、西北部和北部6个区域,东南部(包括前3个区域)的年代际变化高于西北部(后3个区域)。50 a来东北全区夏季降水没有明显变干或变湿的倾向,但存在明显的年代际变化。其中,南部与全区旱涝在两种时间尺度上(特别在年代际尺度上)的相关均较高;东部与全区的相关也主要表现在年代际尺度上,而中部、西南部主要表现在年际尺度上。     

Regionalization-based spatiotemporal variations of precipitation regimes across China

Daily precipitation data from 595 stations are analyzed based on regionalization to investigate changing properties of precipitation regimes across the entire China. The results indicate that the northwestern China is characterized by increasing monthly precipitation. The abrupt increase of precipitation is after early 1980s and early 1990s in the western arid zone and Qinghai-Tibet plateau, respectively. Other climate zones are dominated by decreasing precipitation regimes in autumn and increasing precipitation regimes in winter, and it is particularly true in the southwestern, southern and central China, showing seasonal shifts of precipitation changes. Besides, weak precipitation regimes are decreasing and strong precipitation regimes are increasing, and it is particularly the case in the southwestern, southern and central China, implying intensifying hydrological cycle reflected by precipitation changes in these regions. This study steps further into different hydrological responses within different regions of China to climate changes and will be relevant in regional management of agriculture development and water resources.     

Changes in Surface Energy Partitioning in China over the Past Three Decades

Surface energy balance and the partitioning of sensible heat flux(SHF) and latent heat flux(LHF) play key roles in land–atmosphere feedback. However,the lack of long-term observations of surface energy fluxes,not to mention spatially extensive ones,limits our understanding of how the surface energy distribution has responded to a warming climate over recent decades(1979–2009) at the national scale in China. Using four state-of-the-art reanalysis products with long-term surface energy outputs,we identified robust changes in surface energy partitioning,defined by the Bowen ratio(BR = SHF/LHF),over different climate regimes in China. Over the past three decades,the net radiation showed an increasing trend over almost the whole of China. The increase in available radiative energy flux,however,was balanced by differential partitioning of surface turbulent fluxes,determined by local hydrological conditions. In semi-arid areas,such as Northeast China,the radiative energy was transferred largely into SHF. A severe deficiency in near-surface and soil moistures led to a significant decreasing trend in LHF. The combined effect of increased SHF and decreased LHF resulted in significant upward trends in the BR and surface warming over Northeast China. In contrast,in the wet monsoon regions,such as southern China,increased downward net radiation favored a rise in LHF rather than in SHF,leading to a significant decreasing trend in the BR. Meanwhile,the increased LHF partly cancelled out the surface warming. The warming trend in southern China was smaller than that in Northeast China. In addition to impacts on heat-related events,the changes in the BR also reflected recent cases of extreme drought in China. Our results indicate that information regarding the BR may be valuable for drought monitoring,especially in regions prone to such conditions.     

1961-2007年云南太阳总辐射时空变化特征

根据云南省7个辐射站太阳总辐射资料和113个台站日照百分率资料,建立了1961-2007年全省太阳总辐射时间序列,运用旋转主分量方法将全省分为4个区,并在此基础上研究云南太阳总辐射的时空分布和变化特征。结果表明：云南太阳总辐射呈中部多,西南部次之,东部及西北部少的分布特征。1961-2007年呈波段减少的变化趋势,线性倾向率为-0.64%/10a,其中中部及东部显著减少,西南部略有增加。其间出现两次突变,一次是1986年的显著减少,另一次是1993年以后的回升。分析表明,相对湿度和云量是影响太阳总辐射变化的主要气象因子。     

青藏高原地面感热对北半球大气环流和中国气候异常的影响

在青藏高原地面感热通量的基本气候特征以及异常变化的空间结构和时间演变趋势研究的基础上,进一步就高原地面感热异常对北半球大气环流和中国气候异常的影响进行诊断研究,并利用IAP2-LAGCM对青藏高原地面感热异常的影响进行了数值试验.结果表明:冬季地面感热在青藏高原西部、藏南谷地、横断山地区异常偏强,中、东部异常偏弱时,可使北半球500 hPa高度场表现出较明显的EU型和PNA型;高原西部、青海中北部异常偏弱,高原中部及东南部异常偏强时,使北半球100 hPa高度场的年际差异加强;西部、南部为正,柴达木及青海东部地区为负时,则新疆南部、西北东部及江南地区少雨,全国大部地区气温偏高.夏季高原地面感热通量距平特征为西南、藏南谷地、横断山区偏强,高原大部(中心在青海南部)异常偏弱时,则500"a高度场上青藏高原南部(孟加拉湾)高度偏高,高原北部高度偏低,负值区在帕米尔;当感热通量距平特征为高原西南、藏南谷地、横断山区偏弱,高原大部异常偏强时,有利于南亚高压的建立与维持;当地面感热通量呈南正北负距平差异时,长江上游、黄河源头及西北地区东部和东北部分地区降水量比常年偏多,气温偏低,中国东部、南部降水偏少,气温偏高.通过数值模式进行的敏感性试验证实了大气环流及区域气候变化对青藏高原地面感热总体异常的响应.       

中国不同时间尺度地表太阳总辐射估算研究

利用全国95个气象站点逐日地表太阳总辐射和日照时数资料,通过最小二乘法拟合回归建立地表太阳总辐射气候学计算模型。通过对比分析以日值和月值为起点的地表太阳总辐射计算模型的精度,确定了全国不同省份和区域的不同时间尺度（月、季节、生长季和年）地表太阳总辐射计算模型,并探讨了经验系数a、b值的分布及变化特征。结果表明,以日值和月值为起点建立的月、四季、生长季和年地表太阳总辐射计算模型精度无显著性差异,相对误差均低于8.5%,但以日值为起点的计算模型a、b值变异性更小。在以日值为起点建立计算模型的前提下,全国各地a、b值自西北部向南部减小,且从四季到生长季再到年尺度,随着时间尺度增大,a、b值振幅减小。根据不同省份年地表太阳总辐射计算模型经验系数a、b值,全国可划分为新甘蒙地区、青藏高原地区和中东部地区3个区域,分别确定了每个区域四季、生长季和年尺度下地表太阳总辐射计算模型。各区域不同时间尺度地表太阳总辐射计算模型均通过了显著性检验（p<0.01）,其中青藏高原地区和新甘蒙地区模型相对误差低于8.0%,模拟精度较高。     

我国近20年太阳辐射时空分布状况模式评估

利用NCAR/PSU联合研发的第5代中尺度气象模式(MM5),结合最优插值方法,模拟获得高时空分辨率的我国太阳辐射分布特征。MM5模式模拟中采用敏感性分析方法挑选参数化方案,结合1975—1997年辐射日平均值资料验证模拟效果,采用最优插值方法优化辐射的模拟效果,并导入GIS平台进行统计分析。分析表明:最优插值后辐射模拟平均标准绝对误差由原来的24.4%下降到8.5%,平均标准偏差由20.6%下降到3.5%。模拟获得的全国平均年太阳辐射总量为5648.6 MJ·m~(-2),空间分布上,呈现以内蒙中西部—宁夏—甘肃西北部—四川西部—云南西北部为分界线的西高东低特征,分界线以西太阳辐射在6000 MJ·m~(-2)以上,东部以华北太阳辐射为最高;1975—1997年年太阳辐射总量呈现上升—下降—上升的变化趋势,1978年太阳辐射最高,1989年最低。此外,基于Arc GIS 8.3统计获得各省份平均年太阳辐射总量,对各省份太阳辐射丰富程度进行等级划分,统计结果表明:西藏、青海、新疆是太阳辐射最丰富的省份,其中,西藏平均年太阳辐射总量在6900MJ·m~(-2)以上。     

Solar radiation management and ecosystem functional responses

Geoengineering such as solar radiation management (SRM) can be an emergent option to avoid devastating climatic warming, but its ramifications are barely understood. The perturbation of the Earth’s energy balance, atmospheric dynamics, and hydrological cycling may exert unexpected influences on natural and human systems. In this study, I evaluate the impacts of SRM deployment on terrestrial ecosystem functions using a process-based ecosystem model (the Vegetation Integrative Simulator for Trace gases, VISIT) driven by the climate projections by multiple climate models. In the SRM-oriented climate projections, massive injection of sulphate aerosols into the stratosphere lead to increased scattering of solar radiation and delayed anthropogenic climate warming. The VISIT simulations show that canopy light absorption and gross primary production are enhanced in subtropics in spite of the slight decrease of total incident solar radiation. The retarded temperature rise during the deployment period leads to lower respiration, and consequently, an additional net terrestrial ecosystem carbon uptake by about 20%. After the SRM termination, however, along with the temperature rise, this carbon is released rapidly to the atmosphere. As a result of altered precipitation and radiation budget, simulated runoff discharge is suppressed mainly in the tropics. These SRM-induced influences on terrestrial ecosystems occurr heterogeneously over the land surface and differed among the ecosystem functions. These responses of terrestrial functions should be taken into account when discussing the costs and benefits of geoengineering.     

近50年我国西部地区气象要素的变化特征

利用1951-2000年全国194站地面观测资料和高空观测资料,对近50年我国西部地区的气候变化特征进行分析。结果表明:从20世纪70年代开始,我国西部地区年平均气温呈上升趋势,其中河套区和新疆区气温上升最为明显,其次为青藏高原区和河西区,西南区气温增幅最不明显,地表温度变化与气温的变化基本同步,但地温变化要比气温变化更加剧烈一些。西南区的地温从70年代中期开始回升,但始终未达到50年代初期的水平,因此从线性变化上表现为下降趋势。西部地区除了河套区外,其他4个区的年平均降水量均增加,增加最明显的是新疆区和青藏高原区。我国整个西部地区年平均总云量和低云量均呈线性减少趋势,减少最明显的是西南区和河套区。在辐射变化上,我国西部总辐射呈减少趋势,青藏高原区减少最多;西南区的散射辐射呈增加趋势,其他4个区减少,其中新疆区和青藏高原区散射辐射减幅明显。散射辐射的大小与天空中云量和气溶胶含量的多少成正比,西南区散射辐射呈增加趋势,而总云量和低云量呈下降趋势,可以推测是气溶胶含量增加导致了散射辐射的增加。     

中国西北东部近50 a降水异常分布及变化特征

基于主成分分析和旋转主成分分析方法,应用陕、甘、宁、青4省（区）170个测站的降水量观测资料,分析了西北东部1961-2010年降水量区域分布、地域相关和年际变化特征。结果表明：西北地区东部降水异常在空间上主要表现为较高的整体一致性,其次表现为东西相反和南北相反的变化趋势。西北地区东部降水异常存在4个基本相关的区域：陇东南和陕西中南部区、陇中宁夏和陕北区、青海高原区和河西走廊区。近50 a来,陇中宁夏和陕北区、河西走廊区各年代降水呈反位相变化;陇东南和陕西中南部区、青海高原区1961年以来的前40 a各年代变化趋势一致,本世纪初的10 a变化相反。河西走廊区、青海高原区则向湿转变,陇中宁夏和陕北区、陇东南和陕西中南部区干旱程度更为明显。     

近几十年青藏高原与华北地区地表太阳辐射变化特征及其影响因素的对比分析

地表太阳总辐射具有较大的时空变化特征,不同地区的影响因素也存在显著差异。本文利用1961—2016年青藏高原与华北地区的地表太阳总辐射资料,在进行严格的质量控制和均一化处理的基础上,深入分析了两个地区总辐射的年际变化趋势,同时结合云量和气溶胶光学厚度观测资料,探讨了两个地区总辐射变化的影响因素。结果表明:(1)1961—2016年青藏高原和华北地区总辐射总体呈下降趋势,但2008年后青藏高原西部和东部地区总辐射变化趋势相反,而华北地区站点总辐射均呈上升趋势。(2)青藏高原西部地区总辐射的下降主要受到云量变化的影响,而东部地区低云量和气溶胶的下降是总辐射上升的重要原因。(3)在2006—2016年,华北地区总辐射的变化受气溶胶的影响更加显著。     

地球大气纬向风系、副热带高压和太阳较差自转的形成机制

利用N S(Navier Stokes)方程和一个基本假设推导出星体大气平均纬向风和平均气压公式,根据公式讨论了地球大气纬向风系和平均气压以及副热带高压的成因并进行了数值模拟。结果发现,地球大气纬向风是大气微团密度与基准大气密度存在差异而形成的,大气微团的密度大于（小于）基准密度,则为西风（东风）;密度的差距越大,风速越强。在中高纬度地区大气微团吸收的太阳辐射少而向空间辐射多,导致其密度变大,因此在中高纬度盛行西风;而在低纬度地区,因为吸收的太阳辐射多使大气微团密度变小而盛行东风。夏季（冬季）太阳辐射增强（减弱）使得大气微团密度变小（增大）,进而导致中高纬度地区西风减弱（增强）和低纬度地区的东风加强（减弱）。风速的大小还与纬度的余弦成正比,这就使得最大西风带位于中纬度地区而不是大气微团密度最大的极地附近;也使得最大的东风不是发生在太阳直射点附近而是靠近赤道一侧。根据气压公式和大气密度的经向差异可以得出中高纬度区域气压随纬度的升高而减小的分布特征,而太阳辐射所造成低纬地区密度的减小是该区域气压大于中高纬度的主要原因;在赤道上纬度的正弦为零,使得气压在赤道上存在极小值,导致了赤道槽和副热带高压的形成,且太阳辐射越强、副热带高压越强。因为纬度正弦因子的存在,使得副高脊线总是位于太阳直射点的向极一侧。在假定太阳大气为理想气体的情况下,由N S方程推导出太阳大气自转角速度随纬度的变化公式,由此解释了太阳较差自转的成因在于低纬地区的大气微团密度大于高纬度,并且在赤道上大气微团的密度最大。该公式与观测得到的经验公式在略去高阶小项后一致。由此认为,太阳大气的运动在形成机制上与地球大气没有区别,不同的是在太阳表面没有象地球表面那样受太阳辐射的影响,N S方程是所有星体（包括恒星、行星）大气共同遵守的动力方程。