随机扩散水质模型研究

考虑湖泊中影响总磷沉积过程的众多生态因子的变化过程,假定湖泊中总磷沉积过程由标准布朗运动驱动,建立了一个总磷浓度的随机扩散方程,推广确定性富营养化Vollenweider水质模型为随机扩散模型,获得了总磷浓度过程的解析解,进而求出了总磷浓度过程的均值和方差,指出了一种依据沉积系数调控湖泊中总磷浓度的方法。模型被应用于巢湖总磷浓度过程的模拟。     

河流污染带的随机模拟方法

根据随机理论，推导了一个描述污染带变化的概率模型，并采用Ｍｏｎｔｅ－Ｃａｒｌｏ抽样法对其求数值解。该随机模型的解是一个随机物，实例计算表明，它的解能够反映任一计算点的浓度变化趋势及范围，并能够给浓度等值线附加上概率的意义，表现了在不确定因素的影响下，污染带随机变化的情况。     

随机输入情况下汇流计算方法的探讨

大量的实测资料表明,在汇流过程中存在着许多难以预料和控制的不确定性因素。为了更合理的描述汇流过程,建模时应用随机微分方程替代确定性常微分方程。初步探讨了有白噪声输入情况下的线性随机汇流系统,在获得初始条件的随机特性后可以得到汇流模型的解析解和数值解,计算实例表明,在汇流模型建模中引进随机微分方程理论值得深入研究。     

西湖总磷浓度对引水配置布局的响应

根据实测资料,分析了西湖原有引水配置布局变化使得全湖总磷浓度趋于均匀化的效果。建立了西湖平面二维水动力水质数值模型,对西湖实测总磷浓度的平面分布进行了验证,在此基础上对西湖多个进水、出水口的布局和不同引水方案引起的西湖水域流场及总磷浓度改善效果做了预测分析。     

江淮丘陵区典型农业小流域磷素输出时程变化特征

以安徽省滁州市花山流域为例,开展水量与地表径流磷素浓度同步监测,研究了江淮丘陵区典型农业小流域总磷浓度和输出负荷的时程变化特征和不同连续天数最大输出负荷占全年负荷的比例特征。研究结果表明:花山流域总磷浓度年内变化对于降雨径流过程存在响应关系,年内总磷浓度汛期普遍高于非汛期;流域总磷输出负荷在年中呈现脉冲式输出特点,且输出主要集中在夏季汛期的雨洪时段,在不到全年10%的时段内,花山流域的总磷输出负荷占到全年输出负荷的50%以上。     

水体叶绿素二维生态动力学模型研究

针对边界曲折复杂的河川型水库,以质量平衡方程为基础,以各生态变量的生态动力过程为核心,并结合水库的二维水动力学模型,建立了曲线坐标系下的水体叶绿素二维生态动力学模型,该模型结合水动力学条件,考虑了富营养化过程中的生物、化学和物理变化,给出了更为详细的富营养化信息,适用于计算区域复杂的水体。结合隔河岩水库的实测数据,用矩阵追赶法给出了模型的数值解,从而得到水库中总氮、总磷和叶绿素a的分布。经验证,模型的计算结果与实测值吻合较好。     

裂隙岩体中的对流扩散研究

揭示一个基于代数拓扑理论的裂隙网络中物质弥散模型，还给出了应用于网络中的对流扩散的对应性原理的证明。应用拓扑理论给出的框架，使其起了一个数据结构的组织者的作用，由此得到网络中每一个分支上的浓度的解。这个解是在拉普拉斯空间上的解析解。网络中任意点在任何时刻的浓度可以很方便地用数值拉氏反变换求出。     

地下水模型的Neumann展开Monte-Carlo随机有限元法

讨论了求解地下水模型(水流模型和水质模型)的Neumann展开Monte-Carlo随机有限元法。从基本的随机变量入手,避免了过程中随机变量的增多问题,给出结点水头(浓度)的均值、方差和水头在某区间的概率计算方法;改进了矩阵求逆的效率,对输入随机变量较多、随机变量变异较大的非稳定地下水问题特别有效。同时选取二维承压地下水水流问题(有解析解)作为例子,进行了随机数值模拟实验。      

可估子空间上一般随机效应模型的比较

对于具有已知对称非负定协方差阵的一般随机效应模型,通过比较回归系数和参数线性可估函数的最优线性无偏估计方差的大小,给出了一个随机效应模型至少与另一个随机效应模型一样好的定义,并在可估空间的子空间上对两个随机效应模型进行比较,通过利用矩阵的广义逆理论和方法,得到了一个随机效应模型至少与另一个随机效应模型一样好的充分必要条件,为统计建模过程中模型选择奠定了理论依据.     

强弱风浪扰动下太湖的营养盐垂向分布特征

在一次风速12m/s的强风浪过程中及在连续多天弱风浪之后,对太湖梅梁湾一浅水区营养盐、悬浮物等的垂向分布进行了观测和分析。结果表明,在水底沉积物约20cm的情况下,强风浪期间与弱风浪期间相比,湖水中悬浮物浓度提高了10倍,总磷浓度提高了3 6倍。而强风浪期间与弱风浪期间的水体溶解性总磷(DTP)、溶解性活性磷(SRP)的浓度无显著差异。说明尽管强风浪过程引起沉积物大量悬浮,水体悬浮颗粒态营养盐显著增高,但是由于悬浮过程营养盐释放与沉降机制作用十分复杂,活性营养盐的浓度未必能提高。无论强风浪还是弱风浪期间,水体的表层至水土界面上50cm层的悬浮物浓度、营养盐浓度没有明显的分层现象,但明显低于水土界面上50cm内的悬浮物浓度和总磷浓度。无论是强风浪期间还是弱风浪期间,表层到底层水体SRP浓度无显著差异。     

总磷对黏土物理力学性质影响的试验研究

通过室内试验,考察了去离子水及不同浓度总磷溶液对黏土物理力学性质的影响,并通过土体矿物成分含量及微观形貌分析,对总磷溶液与黏土作用机制进行了初步探讨。结果表明,总磷对土体物理力学性质影响明显：黏土塑性指数随着总磷溶液浓度的增大而减小,有效黏聚力先增大后减小,有效内摩擦角则随着溶液浓度的增大而增大;各浸泡条件下,黏土应力-应变关系曲线变化规律基本一致,均呈应变硬化现象,土体剪切峰值随总磷溶液浓度的增大先增大后减小;总磷溶液与土体间相互作用主要包括离子交换作用、胶结作用及微生物分解作用,并同时受到孔隙液介电常数及黏滞性的影响,这些作用通过改变黏土的矿物成分含量,使其微观形貌及孔隙特征发生明显变化,最终导致土体的宏观力学特性改变。     

Nutrient modeling of an urban lake using best subset method

Lakes are functionally integral and biologically complex freshwater ecosystems which provide a vast array of ecosystem goods and services to society. Nowadays aquatic ecosystems are being used, misused and abused by diverse anthropogenic activities at an unprecedented rate. The management of lake water quality is usually directed to resolution of conflicts between maintenance of desirable water quality and human-induced degradation of aquatic environment. Nutrients play a decisive role in determining lake’s environmental state through regulation of its primary production. The present study on Saheb Bundh Lake located in Purulia District, West Bengal, India, was undertaken to assess the status of nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) subject to certain anthropogenic activities, and to construct models using best subset method which could be adopted as a nutrient management tool. The water samples were monitored for different physicochemical parameters adopting standard methods. It was found that the set of variables including turbidity, temperature, pH, redox potential and total hardness has been championed as the best subset of water quality explaining the dynamics of total phosphorus concentration of freshwater Saheb Bundh Lake. The suite of factors comprising dissolved oxygen, pH, temperature, turbidity and total hardness has been proved as the best subset for estimating total nitrogen concentration. The models developed have been validated for total phosphorus and total nitrogen concentration. For total phosphorus, the model values were found to be very close to the measured values but the values varied widely for total nitrogen, championing the former as a very potent down-to-earth model.     

Removal of phosphorus from water using scallop shell synthesized ceramic biomaterials

This study describes the development of scallop shell synthesized ceramic biomaterial for phosphorus removal from water. The synthesized biomaterial was characterized by scanning electron microscope, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller and X-ray diffractometer methods. The influences of contact time, initial phosphate concentration, initial solution pH, co-existing ions and temperature for phosphorus removal were investigated by batch experiments. The results indicated that the equilibrium data can be fitted by the Langmuir isotherm model at temperatures ranging from 15 to 55 °C, with the maximum sorption capacity of 13.6 mg/g. Sorption kinetics followed a pseudo-second-order kinetic equation model. The sorption process was optimal at a wide range of solution pH (above 2.4), with a relatively high sorption capacity level. Phosphorus sorption was slightly impeded by the presence of F^?, HCO₃ ^? and NH₄ ⁺ ions, and significantly inhibited by Cl^?, SO₄ ^2? and NO₃ ^? ions. Sorption process appeared to be controlled by a chemical precipitation processes. The mechanism may be attributed to ion complexation during subsequent sorption of phosphorus on scallop shell synthesized ceramic biomaterial.     

基于随机理论的Nash汇流模型初探

在Nash模型中引入随机微分方程理论,分别假定模型具有随机输入和随机参数的情况,对汇流过程的随机性进行了分析和探讨,并将随机汇流模型应用到沿渡河流域,取得了满意的效果.在Nash模型中引入随机理论,不仅可以给出汇流系统输出的数学期望,而且可以同时给出输出的均方差.这样就能够正确地反映出随机性因素对汇流过程的影响.     

风浪扰动引起湖泊磷形态变化的模拟试验研究

为了解一次完整的大风浪过程(包括风浪扰动及扰动后的静风期)水体中各形态磷的变化情况及其影响因素,进行了室内模拟风浪扰动的试验研究。结果显示大风浪扰动初期水体中悬浮物(SS)、总磷(TP)、颗粒态磷(PP)和溶解性总磷(DTP)的浓度大幅增加,扰动持续半天后水体SS、TP、PP的浓度均达到最大值,扰动停止后,至少需要10d时间水体中SS、TP、PP的浓度才能回复到扰动前水平;扰动期间水体DTP浓度居于高值,但风浪停止后立即降低;整个风浪过程水体中溶解性反应磷(SRP)浓度变化不大。试验表明,扰动初期沉积物中Fe、Mn结合态磷能快速释放到水体中,但随着扰动的持续,水体复氧,释放到水体中的溶解性活性磷又能与Fe、Mn结合随悬浮物沉降到水底。扰动期间及随后静置1d时间内,水体中悬浮颗粒物的中值粒径连续下降,意味着悬浮颗粒物对磷的吸附能力在不断增强。但水体静置较长时间后,扰动引起的悬浮物几乎全部沉降,絮凝等作用导致水体颗粒物粒度增大。本研究说明虽然大风浪扰动初期能引起浅水湖泊中颗粒态和溶解态营养盐浓度的迅速提高,能够为水华蓝藻的快速生长提供大量可直接利用或酶解的营养盐,但随着风浪扰动的持续,由于水体复氧、水中颗粒物粒度不断细化、颗粒物中的有机成分比例不断增高等,悬浮颗粒物对活性磷的吸附能力也相应提高,两种作用相互削减使得风浪扰动后期水体活性磷浓度的增幅并不明显。     

Nutrient contents in bottom sediment samples from a southern Brazilian microbasin

The nutrients, carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus, significantly affect the quality of aquatic environments, especially when present at concentrations above natural levels. In this context, the sedimentary column can act as an environment for storage or accumulation of these nutrients and for the reprocessing of such substances in the water column and aquatic biota. In this context, this study aimed to estimate the concentration of total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), inorganic phosphorus (IP) and organic phosphorus (OP) in seven sediment samples that were collected from the Marrecas Stream microbasin (Caxias do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil). The relationships among the sediment nutrient concentrations and the levels of organic matter (OM), fine material (silt–clay) and the concentration of the metal species, Al, Fe and Mn, as well as the possible nutrient sources to the stream studied were also evaluated. The data set suggest that the TOC and IP appear to have a direct correlation with the vast riparian vegetation present in areas adjacent to the sampling points and to the physico-chemical properties of the water and sedimentary column. Moreover, the results obtained for TN suggest that its concentration possibly suffers interference from the temperature of the water and its oxygenation, in addition to other biological activities. On the other hand, one cannot rule out human interference, mainly in the levels of OP, possibly due to the inflow of domestic sewage to the stream.