力平衡加速度计在线动态测试方法的实验研究

为了提高强震观测系统中力平衡加速度计动态测试的效率并降低成本，本文提出了利用力平衡加速度计内的自标定机构进行在线动态测试的方法。通过对比力平衡加速度计的绝对测试和在线测试实验结果，证明自标定机构可以代替超低频标准振动台来进行力平衡加速度计的动态测试。     

力平衡加速度计强震记录仪器误差的校正

数字式强震加速度仪,例如美国Ｋｉｎｅｍｅｔｒｉｃｓ公司生产的ＰＤＲ－１、ＳＳＡ－１、ＳＳＲ－１型强震仪和我国生产的ＳＣＱ－１型强震仪,这些强震仪的拾振器都选用了力平衡加速度计（如ＦＢＡ－１或ＲＪＬ－１型）．我国使用上述数字式强震仪已经获取了较多强震记录,但在强震记录数据处理方面,力平衡加速度计强震记录仪器误差校正问题目前尚无解决办法．本文在简要回顾力平衡加速度计工作原理的基础上,利用振动反应数值分析连锁公式的反演算法,提出一种仪器误差校正的方法,并给出实际算例．     

高温加速度传感器关键技术研究

为了满足深井和核电站强震动观测需求,研制一种能在100℃ 130℃环境下有效连续工作的力平衡反馈加速度计,并重新设计其电路方案,主要利用高温分立元件重新设计检波及前后级放大电路,并对其余电路进行升级改造.样机实验结果表明:设计方案满足要求,具有一定的实用性.     

力平衡加速度计传递函数和标定方法分析

介绍了MBA-30型力平衡加速度传感器的工作原理,通过分析它的机电结构,来推导其传递函数;对标准振动台和标定线圈分别测得的加速度计幅频特性数据进行对比分析.定性的给出了采用标定线圈来标定加速度计幅频特性时的相对误差.     

中国RJL—1力平衡加速度计的实验分析

本文给出哈尔滨国家地震局工程力学研究所制造的中国力平衡加速度计(RJL-1)的理论和实验分析。研究发现,此传感器的传递函数与美国的力平衡加速度计(FBA-1)相同。同时观察到,用单自由度粘滞阻尼体系表示感传器的反应,对于接近于和高于自振频率的频率是不适当的。     

力平衡式加速度计仪器响应误差的校正方法

本文通过对数字强震仪系统使用的力平衡加速度计的仪器响应误差进行分析,提出了一个校正仪器响应失真的处理方法(微分-微分方法),即对未校正记录做低通滤波后运用近似理想微分器做两次微分得到校正加速度记录。针对大亚湾核电站地震仪表系统(K IS)给出了仪器校正示例,并编制了相应计算软件。该方法适用于我国强震动台网数字强震仪获取的加速度记录的仪器响应误差校正处理。     

六自由度地震动测量方法及其误差分析

根据无陀螺捷联惯导原理,提出一种用八支力平衡加速度计测量六自由度地震动的方法,并对该测量方法的误差进行了分析。     

强震动观测仪器面临的机遇和挑战

本文介绍了国内外强震仪、力平衡加速度计、烈度计、MEMS加速度仪等强震动观测仪器的发展历史与现状,概述了强震动记录中典型异常波形产生的原因和力平衡加速度计的仪器响应误差及校正,建议了解决强震仪器缺陷的措施,分析了强震仪在强震动观测发展中面临的机遇和挑战。研究结果如下:① 进行强震动记录异常波形的研究是有针对性改进现有强震仪存在问题的很好途径;② 早期数字强震仪（力平衡加速度计频带范围0至30Hz）获取的强震动记录应进行仪器校正;③ 应跟踪强震动观测新方法和相关领域新技术,发展MEMS加速度仪和光纤加速度仪等新型仪器。     

SLJ型宽频带大动态力平衡三分向加速度计的设计与研制

文中详尽介绍了三分向力平衡加速度计的技术性能、工作原理和理论计算，给出了技术指标鉴定实测结果和获取地震记录的时程曲线。     

基于精确权函数的仪器响应失真校正方法与算例

当前,经仪器响应失真校正后,加速度计有效观测频带通常为0至1倍自振频率,这限制了强震仪应用领域的延拓。有鉴于此,本文提出一个基于精确权函数的仪器响应失真校正方法并给出一个验证算例。分析表明:较之现有方法,新方法兼有高精度和高效率的优点,并可以将力平衡式加速度计的有效观测频带至少延拓3倍,对于拓展强震仪的应用领域具有重要意义。     

Global force balance of region 1 current system

At times of strong solar wind forcing such as those that produce major magnetic storms, the region 1 current system dominates over the Chapman–Ferraro current system in mediating the transfer of force between the solar wind and the terrestrial system. The global force balance can be broken into two components, one involving the high-altitude part of the region 1 current system that is in contact with the solar wind (labeled here the HRS) and the other involving the low-altitude part of the region 1 current system that lies in the ionosphere (the LRS). Both communicate their J×B force to the geomagnetic dipole via a gradient in the magnetic field that they generate. In the HRS case the force acts to push the dipole away from the sun. This is the region 1 analog of the Chapman–Ferraro mechanism for transmitting the solar wind's force to the Earth. However, in the LRS case, the force (which is much stronger than in the HRS case) acts to push the dipole toward the sun, seemingly paradoxically. The LRS balances the ‘paradoxical’ sunward force on the dipole with an opposite force on the atmosphere. This paper uses MHD simulations to demonstrate the presence of both the normal force-transmitting gradient generated by the Chapman–Ferraro and the counter-Chapman–Ferraro gradient in the magnetic field generated by the region 1 current system.     

The Effect of Stage on Flow and Components of the Local Force Balance

Flow fields and water and bed surface topography were measured at two different stages as flow shoals over a submerged mid-channel bar in a straight reach downstream of a bend in Solfatara Creek, Wyoming. The data allow calculation and comparison of the magnitude of the component terms in the downstream and cross-stream force balance at the different stages. At the lower stage, corresponding to a discharge that is 30 per cent of the bankfull discharge, the convective acceleration terms in the equations describing the force balance are important, particularly the terms associated with the cross-stream transport of momentum. These terms are large because of the large accelerations and cross-stream flow forced by the shallow flow over the bar. At the higher stage, corresponding to a discharge that is 45 per cent of the bankfull discharge, flow is more directly downstream and cross-stream velocity is generally less in most of the channel. Downstream flow velocities at the higher stage are larger, but the acceleration is more gradual. Consequently, the convective accelerations at the higher stage tend to be less important than at the lower stage. Results from the two different stages suggest that some of the difference in conclusions reached by various workers on the significance of the various terms in the governing equations may be associated with the relative depth of flow. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A holistic computational model for prediction of clay suspension structure

The formation of clay suspensions involves complex interactions among clay particles subjected to the geochemical environment during the sedimentation process. The structural characteristics have a major influence on the physical and mechanical behavior of the suspension. A modeling framework involving a Discrete Element Method (DEM) model with customized particle mechanical interactions is proposed in this paper for the holistic prediction of the physical structure of clay suspensions. The particle interaction force model is based on the Derjaguin, Landau, Verwey, and Overbeek (DLVO) theory that accounts for electrostatic repulsion, van der Waals attraction, contact repulsion, etc. Kaolinite is used as the model clay to demonstrate the model performance. The surface charge density of kaolinite is obtained through Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) force measurement and is implemented in the particle interaction force model in the subsequent simulations. Influencing factors, such as centrifugal acceleration, ionic concentration, platy structure of particles, and particle size, on the formation of kaolinite suspensions are studied with the numerical model and compare favorably well with the experimental data. This work lays down a unique framework consisting of computational modeling and microscale characterization of clay particles to holistically predict the characteristics of clay suspensions, which paves the basis to model and predict their bulk physical and mechanical behavior.     

Generation of electromotive force in igneous rocks subjected to non-uniform loading

When one end of an air-dry igneous rock block was uniaxially loaded in laboratory, there appeared an electromotive force that made electric currents flow from the stressed volume to the unstressed volume. Quartz-free rocks such as gabbro also generated this force, stronger than quartz-bearing rocks such as granite. This indicates that the piezoelectric effect of quartz and the electrokinetic effect of pore water do not make a large contribution toward generating the electromotive force. We focus on peroxy bond that is one of the abundant lattice defects in igneous rock-forming minerals. When mechanical loading deforms the lattice structure around this defect and breaks its bond, its energy levels change and act like an accepter. As an electron is trapped at this defect from a neighbor O^2- site, a positive hole is activated there. They attempt to diffuse toward the unstressed volume through the valence band and are simultaneously affected by the attractive electric force with the electrons trapped in peroxy bonds. This leads to a polarization in the stressed volume and the generation of electromotive force between the stressed and unstressed volumes. Similar electromotive force may be generated in the Earth's crust where inhomogeneous stress/strain is changing.     

Dynamic force control with hydraulic actuators using added compliance and displacement compensation

A new approach to dynamic force control of mechanical systems, applicable in particular to frame structures, over frequency ranges spanning their resonant frequencies is presented. This approach is implemented using added compliance and displacement compensation. Hydraulic actuators are inherently velocity sources, that is, an electrical signal regulates their velocity response. Such systems are therefore by nature high‐impedance (mechanically stiff) systems. In contrast, for force control, a force source is required. Such a system logically would have to be a low‐impedance (mechanically compliant) system. This is achieved by intentionally introducing a flexible mechanism between the actuator and the structure to be excited. In addition, in order to obtain force control over frequencies spanning the structure's resonant frequency, a displacement compensation feedback loop is needed. The actuator itself operates in closed‐loop displacement control. The theoretical motivation, as well as the laboratory implementation of the above approach is discussed along with experimental results. Having achieved a means of dynamic force control, it can be applied to various experimental seismic simulation techniques such as the effective force method and the real‐time dynamic hybrid testing method. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

X形和三角形钢板阻尼器的阻尼力模型(Ⅰ)--基于双线性本构关系

利用软钢的双线性本构关系，依据经典力学原理推导建立了X形和三角形钢板阻尼器的阻尼力滞回模型。首先，导出了单调加载下钢板阻尼器的力与位移关系及其渐近曲线；其次，对于软钢材料本构关系分别考虑在理想弹塑性和双线性强化模型基础上，推导建立了钢板阻尼器的阻尼力模型；最后，将钢板阻尼器的阻尼力模型及其参数与试验结果进行了比较，验证了理论模型的有效性，并分析了误差存在的原因。     

强震观测用MEMS型加速度计研究

强震观测中记录的加速度时程是城市大型建筑抗震设计的重要依据,为城市抗震设防提供可靠的数据支持。因此,对加速度计在稳定性、线性度、动态范围和直流响应等性能方面有着很高的要求。提出利用静电力反馈控制技术与传感器技术相结合形成闭环力平衡式MEMS加速度计,使之具有良好的低频特性。并采用四阶ΣΔ调制器完成低噪声信号采样,确保其动态范围高于140 dB,完全满足现有强震观测规范对该项指标的要求。     

X形和三角形钢板阻尼器的阻尼力模型（Ⅱ）——基于R-0本构关系

利用软钢的Ramberg-Osgood本构关系(R-O模型)，依据经典力学原理推导建立了X形和三角形钢板阻尼器的阻尼力滞回模型。首先，给出了循环加载下软钢材料的应力-应变R-O本构关系；其次，推导建立了基于R-O本构关系的钢板阻尼器的阻尼力模型；最后，将该阻尼力模型及其参数与试验结果和双线性强化模型进行了比较，验证了R-O理论模型的有效性，并分析了误差存在的原因。     

电厂直接空冷风机系统扰力测试研究

为了确定直空冷风机系统产生的扰力,运用无线动态应变测试技术对风机轴进行动应变测试,准确地测出了风机在不同工况下运行时产生的对桥架的扰力,为国内空冷自主化设计提供了参考。风机扰力由四个主要成份组成:1.由转子质量偏心引起的扰力;2.由扇叶平面外振动引起的扰力;3.由空气反作用力引起的扭矩;4.由空气反作用引起的竖直向下的轴向力。     

Numerical simulation of incipient particle motion

A two-dimensional(2 D) computational model for simulation of incipient sediment motion for noncohesive uniform and non-uniform particles on a horizontal bed was developed using the Discrete Element Method(DEM).The model was calibrated and verified using various experimental data reported in the literature and compared with different theories of incipient particle motion.Sensitivity analysis was done and the effects of relevant parameters were determined.In addition to hydrodynamic forces such as drag,shear lift and Magnus force,the particle-particle interaction effects were included in the model.The asymptotic critical mobility number was evaluated for various critical particle Reynolds numbers(R*) in the range of very small and very large R*.The obtained curve is classified into four regions.It was found that in the linear region,the drag force has the principal role on the initiation of motion.Moreover,the critical mobility number is independent of particle diameter.A procedure for estimating the critical shear velocity directly from the information on particle diameter and roughness height was developed.Finally,the mechanism of incipient motion for the different regions was studied and the effect of different forces on the incipient particle motion was obtained.It was found that the maximum effects of lift and Magnus forces were,respectively,less than ten and twenty percent of the total force.The drag force,however,was typically the dominant force accounting for majority of the net hydrodynamic force acting on sediment particles at the onset of incipient motion.