Native gold from the Plavica epithermal deposit, Republic of Macedonia

Mineralogical-geochemical studies have shown that gold from the Plavica high sulfidation epithermal deposit (Republic of Macedonia) contains an admixture of Fe and Cu, that the morphology of gold indicates the proximity of the primary source, and that the chemical composition of gold is independent of its morphology. The composition of gold and its morphology are the direct searching criteria, indicating the genetic type of mineralization. Pan sampling and the subsequent study of the typomorphism of gold may serve as an effective method for searching for epithermal high sulfidation deposits. Pan sampling allows us to distinguish and study in detail the chemical composition and morphology of native gold from deposits of this type.     

北京东南郊土壤重金属元素分布及其在表层土壤中的富集特征

通过采集并分析北京东南郊地区表层(0~20 cm)和深层(160~200 cm)土壤样品的重金属元素,查明该地区土壤中元素分布特征,并通过建立半变异函数模型探讨重金属元素的空间自相关性,利用富集系数探讨元素在表层土壤中的富集特征,在此基础上划分出重金属元素显著富集区,并对富集原因进行了深入解释和分析。结果表明:研究区表层土壤Cd、Cu、Hg、Pb、Zn总体含量水平明显高于深层,差距在1.2~3.9倍不等;与北京地区和中国地区土壤重金属元素含量相比,研究区土壤中相对富集Cd、Hg。受成土母质来源差异性和人类活动等诸多因素的影响,表层土壤As、Cr空间自相关性较强,深层土壤Cr空间自相关性较弱,表层和深层其他元素空间自相关性中等。As、Ni、Cr在表层土壤中的富集程度较弱,而Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Hg富集程度较强,富集程度最强的是Hg。以富集系数作为参考依据,圈定出5处重金属元素的显著富集区域,清晰地反映了人类生活、农业种植、工业生产等均是造成重金属元素在表层土壤中富集的重要影响因素;因此,需要密切关注人类居住区、农业种植区、工业企业分布区的土壤元素分布状况,以防止土壤环境恶化和保障生态环境安全。     

青藏高原那曲中部土壤温湿分布特征

青藏高原土壤水热状况对气候变化和植被退化方面的研究具有重要意义,土壤湿度的准确刻画还会影响到数值预报模式对当地及其下游地区降水的模拟能力。为此,采用中国科学院那曲高寒气候环境观测研究站安多观测点2014年1—12月的土壤温度、土壤湿度观测资料以及同期安多气象站观测数据,分析了青藏高原那曲中部不同深度土壤温湿度的分布特征及其与气温、降水量等气象要素的关系。结果表明：土壤温度在浅层为正弦曲线,随着土壤深度的增加,曲线逐渐接近直线。土壤升温迅速而降温过程缓慢。封冻和解冻日期随土壤深度的增加而推迟,封冻期逐渐缩短。不同层次土壤湿度日内变化较小。月变化呈单峰型结构,峰值和谷值基本出现在8月和12月。土壤湿度上升速率较下降速率缓慢。区域尺度上GLDAS-NOAH资料显示出类似的变化特征。土壤温湿度在一年中的变化不一致,但土壤温湿度呈显著正相关。浅层土壤的温度梯度明显大于深层;浅层土壤湿度最大,中间层较大,深层土壤湿度最小。随着干季向湿季的转换,由于太阳辐射的增加,非绝热加热呈增加的趋势。土壤湿度与气象要素在不同时段的相关性存在一些差异,但总体上土壤湿度与气温、降水量和相对湿度呈正相关,与风速、日照时数相关性不显著。     

河北省任丘市表层土壤元素地球化学评价

土壤是重要的自然资源之一,与人们的生活息息相关。笔者等基于任丘市1∶5万比例尺土地质量地球化学调查成果,依据相关标准和规范,对研究区土壤植物生长必需营养元素、重金属环境质量和土壤健康质量的元素进行了评价,为研究区生态环境保护、土地利用规划、特色农业开发、高标准农田建设等提供了科学依据。评价结果表明：(1)土壤养分元素磷、钾、三氧化二铁处于丰富或中等状态,有机质、氮、铜、钼等元素处于较缺乏状态,有效态中有效锰、有效铁较缺乏;土壤总体处于碱性,偏碱性,元素有效态含量与其全量做相关分析得出具有一定的相关性,土壤pH从碱性到强碱性,Cu、Mn、Zn、K元素有效态与其全量的相关性减弱,B、P元素有效态与全量的相关性增强;(2)重金属元素单因子指数法评价,除一个样品Ni元素和两个样品Zn元素超过农用地土壤筛选值外,Cu、Pb、As、Cd、Cr、Hg元素均符合农用地土壤污染风险管控标准;研究区尼梅罗综合污染指数全部小于0.7,说明全部达到了一级水平;研究区8种重金属元素全部符合无公害蔬菜产地的环境质量标准;除个别Cd元素和Pb元素样品不达标外,其他元素水平全部符合土壤《绿色食品产地环境质量标准》;(...     

河北省任丘市表层土壤元素地球化学评价

土壤是重要的自然资源之一,与人们的生活息息相关。笔者等基于任丘市1∶5万比例尺土地质量地球化学调查成果,依据相关标准和规范,对研究区土壤植物生长必需营养元素、重金属环境质量和土壤健康质量的元素进行了评价,为研究区生态环境保护、土地利用规划、特色农业开发、高标准农田建设等提供了科学依据。评价结果表明：① 土壤养分元素磷、钾、三氧化二铁处于丰富或中等状态,有机质、氮、铜、钼等元素处于较缺乏状态,有效态中有效锰、有效铁较缺乏;土壤总体处于碱性,偏碱性,元素有效态含量与其全量做相关分析得出具有一定的相关性,土壤pH从碱性到强碱性,Cu、Mn、Zn、K元素有效态与其全量的相关性减弱,B、P元素有效态与全量的相关性增强;②重金属元素单因子指数法评价,除一个样品Ni元素和两个样品Zn元素超过农用地土壤筛选值外,Cu、Pb、As、Cd、Cr、Hg元素均符合农用地土壤污染风险管控标准;研究区尼梅罗综合污染指数全部小于0. 7,说明全部达到了一级水平;研究区8种重金属元素全部符合无公害蔬菜产地的环境质量标准;除个别Cd元素和Pb元素样品不达标外,其他元素水平全部符合土壤《绿色食品产地环境质量标准》;③反映土壤健康质量的元素F和Se元素整体处于缺乏—较缺乏状态,I元素整体处于适中状态。     

Numerical simulation of surface explosions over dry,cohesionless soil

Numerical modeling of the effects of explosions relies on suitable material models appropriate for large deformation problems. Available results of a wide range of static and dynamic tests on Nevada #120 sand, completed as part of an earlier project (VELACS), were utilized to calibrate a numerical model for sand, suitable for modeling surface explosions. A fully-coupled Euler–Lagrange Interaction was utilized to correctly model pressures created by the explosion simultaneously with the large deformations in the soil. The model was used to study two cases – the first with a 2-D axisymmetric case of crater formation; and the second with a 3-D case of surface explosion above an underground tunnel. The results of numerical analyses were found to closely match those from other analyses, field tests, and centrifuge model tests.     

Geological factors influencing the concentration of trace elements in the Philippi peatland, eastern Macedonia, Greece

Six peat samples obtained from the Holocene and the Weichselian of the Philippi peat deposit, eastern Macedonia, Greece, were analyzed for 48 trace elements by Inductively Coupled Plasma–Mass Spectrometry (ICP–MS). The ash contents of these samples were also determined. Most of the trace elements are associated with the minerals in the peat, while Ge, Mo, Pb, Se, Ta, Tl, U, and W display a greater affinity with the organic matter. Compared with crustal averages (Clarke concentrations), the Philippi peat is enriched in some elements (Ag, As, Au, Cd, Mo, Se, Te, U, and W) because of the respective mineralizations in the area. The Philippi peat is also enriched in Cr, Cu, Mo, Pb, Sc, Sn, T, V, Y, and Zn in comparison with typical fen peats, as well as in As, Cr, Mo, Se, and U in comparison with typical coals. Climatic and hydrogeological conditions strongly influenced the peat-forming environment resulting in a differentiation between Holocene and Weichselian peat. Generally, the Holocene peat contains lower concentrations of trace elements in the northern and southern part of the fen, than the Weichselian one. The opposite trend is observed in the fen area close to the western basin margins.     

北京城区表层土壤多元素分布特征及重金属元素污染评价

采用地统计学和GIS相结合的方法,对北京城区表层土壤样品54项指标的地球化学背景值进行了详细研究,认为微量元素中Ni、Cr和As含量值存在极高值点,具有点源污染特征;Hg、Cd、Zn、Pb和Cu具有面状污染特点。对这5种重金属元素开展研究,统计北京城区五环内每个区域的数据并结合元素含量空间分布特征,指出元素含量平均值由市中心向周边地区逐渐降低。采用内梅罗指数法对表层土壤重金属元素污染进行评价,认为北京市城区表层土壤大部分已经被重金属元素所污染。分析了造成土壤重金属元素污染的可能影响因素,主要包括工业活动、化石燃料燃烧、建筑涂料、机动车尾气等,并提出了污染防控的建议。     

Distribution,chemical speciation and source of trace elements in surface sediments of the Changjiang Estuary

To evaluate biogeochemical characteristics, eco-environmental risks and sources of trace elements (TEs: As, Hg, Se, Sb, Te, Sn, Bi and Ge), their total concentrations and chemical speciation in surface sediments collected from the Changjiang Estuary were determined. Total concentrations for As, Hg, Se, Sb, Te, Sn, Bi and Ge were 4.57–30.20, 0.01–0.40, 0.04–0.38, 0.36–1.48, 0.02–0.10, 0.48–6.58, 0.13–0.64 and 0.83–2.43 μg/g, respectively, with higher values at the estuary. This distribution pattern was attributed to the riverine input and high clay and total organic carbon contents. The sequential extraction suggested that TEs mainly occurred in residual fractions. The risk assessment code suggested that As, Hg and Sn were at low risk, whereas Bi, Se, Sb, Te and Ge were at medium risk. The geoaccumulation index (I _geo) and principal component analysis indicated that Se and Sn mainly came from the natural input (crustal and biological inputs), whereas As, Sb, Hg, Bi and Te came from both of the crustal and anthropogenic inputs via atmosphere and rivers. In addition, Ge possibly came from the natural (crustal and biological inputs) and anthropogenic inputs.     

Environmental risk assessment of some potentially toxic elements in El-Tabbin region (Cairo, Egypt)

As much as 24 soil samples and 6 stream sediments from the River Nile were studied in El-Tabbin region (Great Cairo, Egypt). Twelve chemicals, potentially toxic elements posing potential environmental risk, were the object of concern in this study. Mean contents of analysed elements (in mg kg^?1) in soils and the River Nile stream sediments were the following: As_s 3.6/As_ss 1.5, Cd_s 0.33/Cd_ss 0.12, Cr_s 87.7/Cr_ss 141.5, Cu_s 40.3/Cu_ss 43.8, Hg_s 0.03/Hg_ss 0.13, Pb_s 33.3/Pb_ss 20.2, Zn_s 150/Zn_ss 109, Se_s 0.24/Se_ss 0.05, Ni_s 37.2/Ni_ss 48, Sb_s 1.25/Sb_ss 1, Ba_s 892/Ba_ss 431, V_s 103.3/V_ss 167.8. Furthermore, geochemical background values were derived for soil and stream sediment samples. The values are as follows (in mg kg^?1): As_s 1.33/As_ss 1, Cd_s 0.48/Cd_ss 0.05, Cr_s 54.7/Cr_ss 106.5, Cu_s 23.8/Cu_ss 23, Hg_s 0.025/Hg_ss 0.095, Pb_s 15.3/Pb_ss 13.5, Zn_s 70/Zn_ss 55, Se_s 0.13/Se_ss 0.05, Ni_s 19.5/Ni_ss 32.5, Sb_s 1/Sb_ss 1, Ba_s 266/Ba_ss 275, V_s 50.7/V_ss 119. More than two-thirds of soil and sediment samples exceeded established (based on literature data) risk limit values for non-polluted environment. Based on environmental risk assessment for potentially toxic elements in soils and sediments in more than 45% of total area disturbed environment (I _ER = 1–3) was documented and more than 13% of territory was characterised with highly disturbed environment (I _ER > 3).     

Dwarf copper-gold porphyry deposits of the Buchim-Damjan-Borov Dol ore district, Republic of Macedonia (FYROM)

The metallogenic aspects, tectonic setting, magmatism, structure, and composition of Au- and Ag-bearing porphyry copper deposits in the Buchim-Damjan-Borov Dol ore district and their genetic features are considered and compared with earlier published data. Special attention is paid to supergene gold in heavy concentrate halos of the Borov Dol deposit. The total Cu reserves of the deposits discussed in this paper do not exceed 150 kt. The Buchim deposit likely is the world’s smallest deposit of this type currently involved in mining. A comprehensive study of these dwarf porphyry copper deposits is undertaken to answer questions on the conditions of their formation. How do they differ from formation conditions of giant deposits?     

Zinc-rich and copper-bearing amphiboles from sulfide-free ore occurrences of the Pelagonian Massif,Republic of North Macedonia

Mineralogy and Petrology - This paper describes specific features of isomorphism of unusual amphiboles containing up to 23 wt% ZnO and up to 1.3 wt% CuO from sulfide-free...     

高铝粉煤灰中部分主微量元素的分布规律研究

本文旨在研究部分主微量元素在高铝粉煤灰中的分布规律,从而为其资源化利用提供科学依据。首先根据高铝粉煤灰的物相组成特点采用新的分离方法将之分离为三个相(或相组合):铁质微珠、莫来石-刚玉相以及玻璃相;然后分别用化学分析和ICP-MS测试主微量元素在高铝粉煤灰、铁质微珠以及莫来石-刚玉相中的含量,并结合相关数据计算出这些元素在玻璃相中的含量。结果表明,除Al、Mn外,其他元素均在玻璃相中有不同程度的富集;除Al外,其他元素则在莫来石-刚玉相中有不同程度的贫化;除Ti以外的铁族元素以及除Ga、Pb以外的金属成矿元素均在铁质微珠中富集,其他元素则在其中贫化。     

淮北煤中几种具有环境意义的微量元素分布

通过中子活化法,对淮北煤田主采煤层中和相对应的灰中几种具有环境意义的微量元素含量进行了测试,分析了它们在煤中和灰中的含量分布,并与中国和华北煤田煤中的平均值进行了对比,以便为煤和煤灰的综合利用提供基础资料。     

Heavy metals pollution and the identification of their sources in soil over Xiaoqinling gold-mining region,Shaanxi, China

In order to determine the characteristics of heavy metals’ pollution and identify their sources in the soil over the Xiaoqinling gold-mining region, Shaanxi, China, 133 soil samples were collected over the region, one sample was from a close point as background, and concentrations of Hg, Pb, Cu, and As in all samples were analyzed. Results indicated that the soil was polluted by these heavy metals, as their concentrations in the soil over the studied region were higher than that in the background zone. In addition, the result indicated that these metals had their specific spatial characteristics. Among the samples, those with higher concentrations of Hg, Pb, and Cu were mainly collected from the Shuangqiao river alluvial terrace area, the loess ravine tableland, and the piedmont alluvial–pluvial inclined tableland, which are the areas of gold-mining activities. Meanwhile, the samples with higher concentrations of As were distributed over the loess ravine tableland around Tongguan County, where agricultural activities were conducted intensively. Furthermore, the sources for all the heavy metals Hg, Pb, Cu, and As in the soil over each landscape were determined through analyzing the concentration correlation of these metals and comparing the maps of metal concentration distribution and land-use types. In Yellow river–Weihe river alluvial plain area, these heavy metals were mainly from agricultural activities. In the other landscapes, As was also mainly from agricultural activities; the other metals were contrarily from the gold-related activities. Interestingly, the correlation coefficients of As concentrations with Hg, Pb or Cu concentrations were positive in the samples from Yellow river–Weihe river alluvial plain area, and on the contrary, they were negative in the samples from the other landscapes. This result showed that the correlation can be used as an index to indicate properly the effect of the gold-related or agricultural activities on the heavy metals in the soil and identify their main sources over each landscape. As human activities resulted in the site-specific characteristics in the concentrations and sources of the heavy metals in each landscape, site-specific control strategies should be selected intensively to remedy landscape soil pollution. In Yellow river–Weihe river plain area, effective control strategies should be aimed at remedying As pollution caused by agricultural activities; in the other landscapes, Hg, Pb and Cu pollution caused by gold-mining activities should be considered.     

From inflexible national legislation to flexible local governance: management practices in the Pelister National Park,Republic of Macedonia

The involvement of local people in protected area management a key factor in the sustainable and efficient protection of wildlife, and an economically preferable approach for the effective everyday care and protection of the environment. This paper aims to explore the community participation and protected area management challenges faced by national park authorities in developing countries, through a case study of the Pelister National Park in the Republic of Macedonia. The paper focuses on the multiple social, economic and political expressions of flexibility in national park management at the local scale. These examinations are based on field research in Pelister, executed in the summer of 2006, and involving 20 in-depth interviews with local policy-makers, nature protection experts and local inhabitants, as well as a questionnaire survey of 140 residents of three villages in and around the park (Nizhepole, Malovishta and Brajchino).     

基于KNN机器学习方法对青藏高原唐古拉地区表层土壤水热状况的模拟

利用唐古拉站2004—2012年气象观测资料,基于KNN算法,结合机器学习思想,建立了一个气象回归模型,模拟了2005年唐古拉地区表层土壤水热变化趋势,结合实测数据,将模拟值与观测值进行对比,并对模型模拟效果进行了评估.结果表明:KNN模型能够较好地模拟活动层表层土壤水热状况,各层土壤温度的模拟值与观测值的相关系数均在...