Estimation of the elastic earth parameters using slr data for the low satellites STARLETTE and STELLA

In this paper we present estimated values for the global elastic parameters (k ₂, k ₃) and (h ₂, l ₂) derived from the analysis of Satellite Laser Ranging (SLR) data. We analyse SLR data for two low satellites, STARLETTE and STELLA, collected over a period of two years, from 1 January 2005 to 1 January 2007, from 18 globally distributed ground stations. We carry out a sequential analysis for the two satellites jointly, and study the stability of the estimates as a function of the length of the data set used. The adjusted final values of (k ₂, k ₃) and (h ₂, l ₂) for STARLETTE and STELLA are compared to, and are largely found to support, the estimates we previously published based on data for two high satellites LAGEOS 1 and LAGEOS 2. A major discrepancy between the two solutions was only found for the Shida number l ₂.     

Centimeter-level precise orbit determination for the HY-2A satellite using DORIS and SLR tracking data

The HY-2A satellite is the first ocean dynamic environment monitoring satellite of China. Centimeter-level radial accuracy is a fundamental requirement for its scientific research and applications. To achieve this goal, we designed the strategies of precise orbit determination (POD) in detail. To achieve the relative optimal orbit for HY-2A, we carried out POD using DORIS-only, SLR-only, and DORIS + SLR tracking data, respectively. POD tests demonstrated that the consistency level of DORIS-only and SLR-only orbits with respect to the CNES orbits were about 1.81 cm and 3.34 cm in radial direction in the dynamic sense, respectively. We designed 6 cases of different weight combinations for DORIS and SLR data, and found that the optimal relative weight group was 0.2 mm/s for DORIS and 15.0 cm for SLR, and RMS of orbit differences with respect to the CNES orbits in radial direction and three-dimensional (3D) were 1.37 cm and 5.87 cm, respectively. These tests indicated that the relative radial and 3D accuracies computed using DORIS + SLR data with the optimal relative weight set were obviously higher than those computed using DORIS-only and SLR-only data, and satisfied the requirement of designed precision. The POD for HY-2A will provide the invaluable experience for the following HY-2B, HY-2C, and HY-2D satellites.     

叠前地震数据弹性参数反演及反演策略浅析

反演本质上具有不适定性,在反演过程中采用一定的策略很有必要.本文采用反射率法正演、共轭梯度法反演的正反演体系,从不同频带数据的最佳收敛步长、目标函数的组成等方面对反演的影响进行了探讨.在此基础上采用分频反演、分层反演及变权重目标函数的策略,利用海上测井弹性参数模型对地震叠前波形数据进行了弹性参数反演试验.通过对反演结果的分析指出对反演的中间结果进行质量评估和质量控制的必要性.     

Estimation of heterogeneous aquifer parameters from piezometric data using ridge functions and neural networks

Inverse modeling aims to estimate transmissivity and other parameters needed by distributed aquifer models, using piezometric measurements. While these parameters are highly variable in space, the two-dimensional aquifer area is essentially empty of measurements (curse of dimensionality). To address this problem, a representation of the two-dimensional transmissivity map based on ridge functions and neural networks is introduced and applied to inverse aquifer modeling. The proposed representation has good expressive power, i.e. it is concise and convergences quickly as the number of parameters are increased, and it is expected to express complex transmissivity variations with relatively few parameters which can be estimated from the piezometric measurements. A simple regularization that can dampen erratic high frequency terms in the estimated parameters is suggested. Several examples indicate that the proposed parameterization can handle diverse types of transmissivity variations while it is particularly suited when the true transmissivity map exhibits specific sorts of heterogeneity with large anisotropies or abrupt changes along lines.     

The synthetical elastic characteristic parameters of earth tide and its abnormal precursor evolution

This paper intends to analyze synthetically a physical property of the crust using tidal observations. We regarded Love number that can describe both micro deformation and elasticity of the crust in tidal observation as a physical and mechanical parameter. Synthetically inverse and calculate Love number on the earth surface using actual tide data included tidal linear strain, plane strain, volumetric strain, tilt, gravity and water level. Research seismic mechanical process and its precursory abnormality of a region based on the variation of Love number. In this paper, a feasible way and method to synthetically calculate the second-step Love number on the earth surface is discussed and determined by tidal theory. Love number h ₂ in the boundary region of Sichuan and Yunnan province is practically calculated using tidal observations, and the precursory anomalous variation of the Lijiang earthquake (M _s=7.0, February 9, 1996) is analyzed. The result shows that large-scale Love number anomaly in the Sichuan-Yunnan region began from 1994. The anomaly moves from south to southeast, north and northwest in the region, and the epicenter is an anomalous empty. Finally, the anomalous area was concentrated to Lijiang and Yongsheng located northwestern Sichuan-Yunnan region on December 1995, and the epicenter area in future is drawn out clearly. This study is supported by the project of State Science and Technology Commission of China during the “Ninth Five-Year Plan”. Project No. 96-913-01-01-05.     

二维叠后地震数据的平稳随机介质参数估计

随机介质参数估计是随机介质理论应用于地震勘探的关键.本文提出了一种从二维叠后地震数据中估计平稳随机介质参数的方法.文中阐述了二维叠后地震数据与随机介质波阻抗模型的关系,以及随机介质自相关函数参数的估计原理和方法,并结合实例详细介绍了应用功率谱法进行随机介质参数估计的具体步骤;通过多个二维理论模型的估计试验,验证了方法的可行性和正确性;还对实际地震数据进行了随机介质参数的估计试验,结果表明,随机介质参数可以为三角洲沉积相的进一步划分提供参考,反映了该方法有较好的应用前景.相比前人的研究,本文所提出的随机介质参数估计方法是一种真正的二维算法,特别是能给出自相关角度θ的估计,这种基于功率谱的估计方法具有直观且高效率的优点,但也存在着误差较大的问题,需要进一步的改进和完善.     

应用叠前反演弹性参数进行储层预测(英文)

本文是利用叠前弹性参数反演结果进行致密性含气砂岩储层预测的一个实例研究。随着油气勘探开发的发展,叠前地震数据及其反演结果的应用研究已经广泛用于实际生产中。叠前地震数据的特有属性研究,不仅包括简单的AVO特性,还包括其他的弹性属性的变化特性。本文通过对含气砂岩岩芯弹性属性参数响应特征的分析,发现特定弹性属性参数或其组合可以作为流体检测因子。因此,可以利用叠前地震反演得到不同的弹性属性参数结果,进行储层解释和储层描述。该叠前反演方法是基于Zoeppritz方程的Aki—Richard简化公式建立起来的,根据测井数据和地质解释结果建立初始反演模型,反演的地震数据为叠前时间或深度偏移的共反射点道集数据,反演结果可以是不同的弹性属性参数及其组合。通过对一实际的致密性含气砂岩储层进行叠前弹性属性参数反演,并将反演结果与其它预测结果进行对比分析发现弹性属性参数λ和λρ, λ/μ,以及K／μ能够很好地预测含气储层,而且反演结果很好展现出储层中的含气特性。     

Deformation and stresses in different earth models with a rigid core having varying elastic parameters

Summary In the present paper the small strain theory has been applied to find the stresses and deformation in the interior of the earth models corresponding to different non-uniform density distributions when the elastic parameters are not constant. The case of uniform density distribution in the interior of the earth assumed to be a self-gravitating isotropic sphere has also been considered in the light of the same theory.     

基于扩展方位弹性阻抗的裂缝参数及地应力参数预测方法

裂缝参数及水平应力差异比（DHSR）的准确估测对于裂缝预测及水力压裂具有重要意义.扩展弹性阻抗是一种预测弹性参数及物性参数的有效方法,但其并未考虑各向异性的影响,本文将其推广到水平横向各向同性（HTI）介质中,提出一种基于扩展方位弹性阻抗的裂缝参数及DHSR预测方法.首先推导HTI介质中的扩展方位弹性阻抗方程及傅里叶系数方程,分析表明扩展方位弹性阻抗的二阶傅里叶系数与裂缝参数及DHSR相关性较好.其次,提出一种柯西稀疏约束和平滑模型约束正则化的贝叶斯地震反演来估测截距阻抗、梯度阻抗及曲率阻抗.最终,结合最优的旋转角和扩展方位弹性阻抗的二阶傅里叶系数实现裂缝参数及DHSR预测.模型测试和实际应用表明,该方法能够得到合理可靠的裂缝参数及DHSR预测结果,有助于指导裂缝发育区域及有利压裂区域的横向识别.

     

Estimation of Nash's IUH parameters using stochastic search algorithms

In rainfall–runoff studies, it is often necessary to change the duration of a given unit hydrograph. Nash's Instantaneous Unit Hydrograph (IUH) is an ideal method that eliminates the hydrograph duration. This paper presents the results of the application of search algorithms, namely a genetic algorithm and hill climbing, to develop the IUH that minimizes the error between the observed and generated hydrographs. Also the performance of these methods has been compared with that of the classical method used for estimation of IUH, namely the method of moments. The genetic algorithm is a popular search procedure for function optimization that applies the mechanics of natural genetics and natural selection to explore a given search space. Hill climbing is an optimization technique that belongs to the family of local search and algorithms can be used to solve problems that have many solutions, with some solutions better than others. The results obtained from both the genetic algorithm and hill climbing algorithm for estimation of Nash's IUH parameters were compared with the results obtained by the method of moments for storms from two river basins that are located in different climatic regions. It was found that both the genetic algorithm and hill climbing provided improved and consistent results. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Estimation of the Free Core Nutation parameters from SG data: Sensitivity study and comparative analysis using linearized least-squares and Bayesian methods

The Free Core Nutation (FCN) is investigated with the help of its resonance effect on the tidal amplitudes in Superconducting Gravimeter (SG) records of the GGP network. The FCN resonance parameters are combined in a resonance equation involving the Earth's interior parameters. The sensitivity of the FCN parameters to the diurnal tidal waves demonstrates that the quality factor of the FCN is strongly dependent on the accuracy of the imaginary part estimates of the gravimetric factors close to the resonance. The weak amplitude of Ψ₁ tidal wave on the Earth, which is the closest in frequency to the FCN, in addition to errors in ocean loading correction, explains the poor determination of the quality factor Q from surface gravimetric data. The inversion of tidal gravimetric factors leads to estimates of the period, Q and resonance strength of the FCN. We show that, by inverting log(Q) instead of Q, the results using the least-squares method optimized using the Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm are in agreement with the Bayesian probabilistic results and agree with the results obtained from VLBI nutation data. Finally, a combined inversion of 7 GGP European SG data is performed giving T = 428 ± 3 days and 7762 < Q < 31,989 (90% C.I.). An experimental estimate of the internal pressure Love number is also proposed.     

高阶神经网络在储层分布参数定量预测中的应用

文中介绍了高阶神经网络的原理和方法,提出把高阶神经网络应用于储层分布参数的定量预测方法,并给出双河Ⅳ4（5-9）油组顶层孔隙度与深度的预测算例,并讨论了不同的储层分布参数的预测方法的优缺点     

Estimation of shear wave velocity of earth dam materials using artificial blasting test

The objective of this study is to estimate the shear wave velocity of earth dam materials using the vibration generated from artificial blasting events, and to verify its applicability. In this study, near-field artificial blast testing and monitoring were carried out at the Seongdeok dam, Korea, as the first blasting tests to be carried out on an existing dam in Korea. Vibrations were induced by four different types of blasting, using various explosive charge weights and depths of blasting bore-holes. During the tests, acceleration time histories were measured at the rock outcrop adjacent to the point of the explosion, and at the crest of the dam. The fundamental frequency of the target dam was computed from the frequency analysis of measured acceleration histories. Numerical analyses were carried out, varying the shear modulus of the earth fill zone and using the acceleration histories measured at the rock outcrop as input ground motions. From a comparison between the fundamental frequencies calculated by numerical analyses and those of measured records, the shear wave velocities with depth, which are closely related to shear moduli, could be estimated. It is found that the effect of different blasting types on shear wave velocity estimation for the target dam materials is negligible, and that shear wave velocity can be consistently evaluated. Furthermore, by comparing the evaluated shear wave velocity with empirical formulae from previous research, the applicability of the method was verified. Therefore, in cases of mid-to-small earth dams, where the earthquake record is not available, the shear wave velocity of earth fill materials can be reasonably evaluated using blasting vibration records obtained at the site adjacent to the dam.     

Estimation of petrophysical parameters by linearized inversion of angle domain pre-stack data

We describe a linear Bayesian inversion method to estimate the relevant petrophysical properties of the media forming a reflecting interface from the observations of amplitude variation with incidence angle. Three main steps characterize the proposed approach:
– information from borehole logs are statistically analysed to estimate the empirical models that describe the functional relationship between petrophysical (e.g. porosity, saturation, pressure or depth) and seismic variable(P and S velocities and density);
– the pure-mode (PP) reflection coefficient is parameterized in terms of the relevant petrophysical variables and is linearized in order to implement the linear inversion;
– the sought petrophysical parameters are estimated from the seismic reflected amplitudes by applying the linearized inversion where a priori information, data and model errors and solutions are described by probability density functions.
We test the method on synthetic and real data relative to reflections from a shale/gas-sand interface where the amplitude versus angle response, besides the lithological contrast, is mainly controlled by the saturation and porosity of the sand layer. The outcomes of the linearized inversion are almost identical to those obtained by a previously developed non-linear inversion method demonstrating the applicability of the linear inversion. It turns out that the gas-sand saturation in the range 0%–95% is a poorly resolved parameter while the porosity is the best resolved parameter. The issues of robustness and resolution of the inversion are discussed either through singular value decomposition analysis or the observation of the a posteriori probability density functions.
The linear inversion algorithm, compared with the previously developed non-linear method, reduces significantly the computation time allowing for more extensive applications.     

用地震资料估算珊溪水库岩层孔隙度和饱和度

本文首先从室内岩石力学实验数据出发,利用Biot-Gassmann方程和Pride模型建立的岩石骨架与岩石基质体积模量函数关系式求出珊溪水库区岩石基质模量和固结系数,然后分别利用联合地震波走时方程组和多台和达曲线求得P波速度和波速比,最后以流纹斑岩为例,计算了岩石饱和度、孔隙度,并分析了地震中造成的饱和度和孔隙度的变化。结果表明:(1)地震过程中岩石饱和度均大于99%,且大多为100%,即地震中岩石处于水饱和或接近水饱和状态,波速和波速比的变化主要由岩石孔隙度的变化引起。(2)珊溪水库震中区流纹斑岩孔隙度的上限值为6.6%~15.5%,下限值为3.6%~4.2%。下限值与地震前由实验室测得的孔隙度相近。如果实验室测得的流纹斑岩孔隙度是其初始值,则地震中岩石孔隙度增大了3.2%~12.09%。(3)2008年1月地震以后震中区岩石孔隙度逐渐闭合,直到2014年8月孔隙度开始迅速增大,9月15日起原震区再次发生一组新的地震活动,震群活动前岩石出现了扩容现象。     

GRACE和SLR观测的地球动力学扁率最大熵谱及小波相关分析

卫星重力测量技术的实现为测定地球动力学扁率提供了新的方式和途径,GRACE卫星是目前最新的重力测量卫星,据其恢复的低阶重力场较以往精度得到大大提高,然而其观测地球动力学扁率（二阶项）却与卫星激光测距（SLR）结果相差较大.本文采用最大熵谱和小波分析方法对GRACE和SLR观测的地球动力学扁率时间序列信号进行定量比较分析,结果表明：GRACE观测的地球动力学扁率年际周期变化振幅仅为SLR观测结果的25%,并且目前GRACE观测的地球动力学扁率数据中含有系统输入信息和相位差,但前者较后者包含有较强的短周期（2～6月）信息.造成这种差异的主要原因可能来自于GRACE与SLR全球观测数据时空分布不同.     

Distributions of density and elastic parameters in the Earth

The velocity curve previously obtained for P waves in the Earth is used to determine the distributions of the density and elastic parameters. The density distribution in the new model differs from that in the standard PREM model only in the inner core. The distributions of the bulk and shear moduli can differ, depending on physical processes in the Earth. In particular, the bulk modulus can have a negative jump at the outer-inner core boundary, whereas the shear modulus can differ from zero in the lower part of the outer core.     

储层弹性与物性参数地震叠前同步反演的确定性优化方法

储层弹性与物性参数可直接应用于储层岩性预测和流体识别,是储层综合评价和油气藏精细描述的基本要素之一.现有的储层弹性与物性参数地震同步反演方法大都基于Gassmann方程,使用地震叠前数据,通过随机优化方法反演储层弹性与物性参数;或基于Wyllie方程,使用地震叠后数据,通过确定性优化方法反演储层弹性与物性参数.本文提出一种基于Gassmann方程、通过确定性优化方法开展储层弹性和物性参数地震叠前反演的方法,该方法利用Gassmann方程建立储层物性参数与叠前地震观测数据之间的联系,在贝叶斯反演框架下以储层弹性与物性参数的联合后验概率为目标函数,通过将目标函数的梯度用泰勒公式展开得到储层弹性与物性参数联合的方程组,其中储层弹性参数对物性参数的梯度用差分形式表示,最后通过共轭梯度算法迭代求解得到储层弹性与物性参数的最优解.理论试算与实际资料反演结果证明了方法的可行性.     

Estimation of water cloud model vegetation parameters using a genetic algorithm

Abstract

The water cloud model is used to account for the effect of vegetation water content on radar backscatter data. The model generally comprises two parameters that characterize the vegetated terrain, A and B, and two bare soil parameters, C and D. In the present study, parameters A and B were estimated using a genetic algorithm (GA) optimization technique and compared with estimates obtained by the sequential unconstrained minimization technique (SUMT) from measured backscatter data. The parameter estimation was formulated as a least squares optimization problem by minimizing the deviations between the backscatter coefficients retrieved from the ENVISAT ASAR image and those predicted by the water cloud model. The bias induced by three different objective functions was statistically analysed by generating synthetic backscatter data. It was observed that, when the backscatter coefficient data contain no errors, the objective functions do not induce any bias in the parameter estimation and the true parameters are uniquely identified. However, in the presence of noise, these objective functions induce bias in the parameter estimates. For the cases considered, the objective function based on the sum of squares of normalized deviations with respect to the computed backscatter coefficient resulted in the best possible estimates. A comparison of the GA technique with the SUMT was undertaken in estimating the water cloud model parameters. For the case considered, the GA technique performed better than the SUMT in parameter estimation, where the root mean squared error obtained from the GA was about half of that obtained by the SUMT.

Editor D. Koutsoyiannis; Associate editor L. See

Citation Kumar, K., Hari Prasad, K.S. and Arora, M.K., 2012. Estimation of water cloud model vegetation parameters using a genetic algorithm. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 57 (4), 776–789.     

基于GRACE卫星重力数据确定地球重力场模型WHU-GM-05

基于卫星轨道运动的能量积分方程,可导出利用卫星跟踪卫星数据求解地球重力场的实用公式.本文在Jekeli给出的公式基础上导出了基于能量守恒方程利用两颗低-低卫星跟踪的扰动位差求解重力位系数的严密关系式.基于两颗GRACE卫星的观测数据,采用本文导出的严密能量积分方法求解得到120阶的GRACE地球重力场模型,命名为WHU-GM-05;将WHU-GM-05模型与国际上同类重力场模型EIGEN-GRACE系列和GGM02S分别在阶方差和大地水准面高等方面作了比较,并与美国和中国的部分地区GPS水准观测值进行了精度分析.结果表明基于本文推导的严密双星能量守恒方程得到的WHU-GM-05重力场模型精度与国际上同类重力场模型的精度相当.