α-萘乙酸钠对温室辣椒产量和内源激素水平的影响

以陇椒2号为试验材料,研究了α-萘乙酸钠对荒漠区日光温室辣椒产量和内源激素水平的影响。结果表明:叶面喷施35 mg·L-1的α-萘乙酸钠显著提高了辣椒生育后期的单果重,降低了辣椒不同生育阶段的落花落果率,改善了辣椒植株的营养条件,加速了辣椒根系和地上部分中后期的生长速率和干物质积累量,提高了辣椒不同生育阶段单株的产量。单果重和单株平均产量较对照分别提高15.76%和43.18%,落花落果率较对照降低19.77%。叶面喷施30～35 mg·L-1的α-萘乙酸钠显著降低了辣椒植株生长过程中叶片内源激素脱落酸（ABA）和吲哚乙酸（IAA）的含量,而且浓度越高,效果越明显;改变了辣椒叶片内源激素赤霉素（GA）和玉米素（ZR）的浓度和分布。辣椒植株的单株产量与叶片内源激素ZR含量正相关,与IAA和ABA的含量负相关,与GA相关性不显著。     

东方百合鳞片生小鳞茎生长过程中的激素变化

应用高效液相色谱仪测定东方百合“索蚌”鳞片繁殖小鳞茎过程中, 母鳞片、小鳞茎和新生根中4种内源激素赤霉素（GA3）、生长素（IAA）、脱落酸（ABA）和玉米素（ZT）的变化。结果发现,小鳞茎形成过程中,4种内源激素中ZT和GA3在母鳞片中含量最高,IAA在新生根中含量最高,ABA在小鳞茎中含量最高。同时,母鳞片和小鳞茎中ZT、GA3、ABA和IAA都呈现不同幅度的上升趋势。小鳞茎形成过程中,母鳞片中的4种激素中的ZT的净增长率最高为109%;小鳞茎的4种激素中IAA的净增长率最高,为102%;在新生根中,除了ABA其他3种激素都呈现上升趋势,其中ZT的净增长率最高,为493%。     

低温对百合鳞茎内源激素含量变化的影响

以东方百合Siberia和Tiber为试验材料,进行恒温和变温的低温处理,采用高效液相色谱法测定在不同冷藏解除休眠时期赤霉素(GA3)、吲哚乙酸(IAA)、脱落酸(ABA)和玉米素(ZT)4种内源激素含量。结果表明,恒温处理Tiber先解除休眠,同样处理同期种植的百合鳞茎,Tiber比Siberia一般早出苗7 d左右;变温处理比恒温处理ABA含量降低,说明变温处理对百合鳞茎解除休眠有促进作用,可以缩短解除休眠需要的时间,一般变温处理的比恒温处理的早8 d出苗,且变温处理有利于百合生长量的增加,Tiber茎粗和株高分别增加了23.1%、10.1%,同时Siberia分别增加了5.9%和16.6%。变温处理GA3含量Tiber高于恒温处理,Siberia低于恒温处理,品种之间对温度处理的响应有差异。百合鳞茎休眠的解除与IAA/ABA、ZT/ABA、GA3/ABA比值有关,变温Siberia和Tiber的3种比值都在60 d后逐渐升高,说明冷藏60 d可作为鳞茎解除休眠的临界点,为进一步研究百合鳞茎的休眠机理提供了重要线索。     

甘肃几种早熟禾内源激素水平及干旱适应性

以甘肃陇西、清水、秦州野生草地早熟禾为试验材料,商用品种午夜2号为对照,采用优化的HPLC法测定了干旱胁迫下草地早熟禾叶片中玉米素(ZT)、脱落酸(ABA)和吲哆乙酸(IAA)含量的变化.结果表明:干旱胁迫后,清水和秦州野生草地早熟禾植株萎蔫死亡,相比较之下陇西野生草地早熟禾和午夜2号却能够较好地适应干旱逆境.与此同时,供试材料的ZT含量均下降,下降幅度59.25%～66.02%;ABA和IAA含量均先上升后下降,但与对照相比ABA含量显著上升,上升幅度为23.63%～59.55%;IAA含量显著下降, 下降幅度为48.34%～53.35%;此外,供试材料的ZT/IAA、ZT/ABA和(ZT+IAA)/ABA均下降,以减少生长量来主动适应干旱胁迫.在激素水平上评价材料的抗旱性大小为陇西野生草地早熟禾>午夜2号>秦州野生草地早熟禾>清水野生草地早熟禾.     

不同供水条件下梭梭幼苗生长动态的研究

 在自然条件下,以梭梭幼苗为研究对象,设计单次供水10、20、40、60 mm和80 mm 5个水分梯度,模拟不同融雪量对幼苗在生长季节内影响变化的情况。结果表明,供水量显著影响了梭梭的幼苗高、根长、苗干重、根干重、基径。在整个生长季的一些阶段,对苗高、根长、苗干重、根干重、基径生长率影响显著,对其根冠比也有显著的影响。在实验供水范围内,供水越多,越有利于梭梭幼苗存活与生长。梭梭幼苗垂直根长大约是株高的3～5倍,梭梭垂直根长增加的速率明显大于高度增长的速率（一般为2～6倍,最大甚至超过10倍）,因此,在干旱期来临之前,幼苗根系的快速生长对其成活起着决定性作用。     

生物炭对岩溶区玉米生长、土壤CO2及岩溶作用的影响

为研究生物炭对岩溶区玉米生长、土壤CO₂体积分数和排放速率及岩溶作用的影响,通过野外盆栽试验,将蔗渣生物炭分别以土壤质量分数为0%（CK）、0.5%（T1）、1%（T2）、2%（T3）和5%（T4）添加到石灰土中,并栽培玉米。测定玉米生育期中土壤CO2体积分数和排放速率、土壤淋溶水中Ca2+和 质量分数;并测试玉米收割后土壤有机碳质量分数和容重及玉米生物量。结果表明,添加生物炭增加土壤有机碳质量分数,显著降低了土壤容重;2%和5%生物炭添加显著增加了玉米秸秆干重、玉米棒干重和玉米根干重;在玉米苗期,5%生物炭添加显著增加了土壤CO₂体积分数和排放速率;在玉米拔节期、抽穗期和成熟期,2%和5%生物炭添加显著增加了土壤CO^₂体积分数、排放速率以及在此期间收集的土壤淋溶水Ca²⁺和 质量分数。由此可见,蔗渣生物炭作为岩溶区石灰土改良剂,在一定程度上改良石灰土性质,促进了玉米生长,提高了岩溶区土壤CO2的体积分数和排放速率,加快了岩溶作用。     

黑麦草幼苗对NaCl和NaHCO3胁迫的光合响应差异

 为了探讨牧草光合功能对盐、碱胁迫的响应差异,采用营养液砂培方法,分别研究了不同浓度（0、50、100、150、200 mmol·L-1）NaCl和NaHCO3胁迫对黑麦草幼苗生长、叶片光合色素含量、气体交换和叶绿素荧光参数、叶绿体Hill反应活力和ATPase活性的影响。结果表明:①随着处理浓度的增加,黑麦草幼苗全株干重、叶片叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量、净光合速率（Pn）、气孔导度（Gs）和蒸腾速率（Tr）明显下降。当NaCl浓度小于100 mmol·L-1时,胞间CO2浓度（Ci）显著降低,气孔限制值（Ls）明显增加,随着NaCl浓度进一步增大,Ci显著增加,Ls显著减小;NaHCO3胁迫下Ci随着处理浓度增大而显著增加,Ls则显著减小。但NaHCO3胁迫下各指标下降或增加的幅度大于NaCl胁迫。②随着NaCl和NaHCO3胁迫强度的增大,黑麦草幼苗荧光参数PSⅡ最大光化学效率（Fv/Fm）、实际光化学效率（ΦPSⅡ）、光化学淬灭（qP）及叶绿体Hill反应和ATPase活性明显下降,非光化学淬灭（NPQ）显著提高,叶片吸收的光能中用于光化学反应的比例（P）显著减小,天线热耗散的比例（D）显著增大。在相同浓度下,NaHCO3胁迫的各荧光参数及Hill反应和ATPase活性的变幅大于NaCl胁迫,说明NaHCO3胁迫对幼苗的伤害程度大于NaCl胁迫。由此表明,黑麦草对碱的耐性低于盐,这可能与碱的高pH值更多引起光合色素含量下降和光合机构受到严重伤害有关。     

外源硒对罗布麻幼苗生长及光合作用的影响

硒是植物生长发育的必需元素,能促进植物生长。采用盆栽试验的方法,研究了施用不同浓度的外源硒对一年生罗布麻幼苗生长及叶绿素荧光参数的影响。研究结果表明：根施（R）和叶面喷施（L）两种施硒方式下,硒浓度与罗布麻一年生幼苗生长及叶绿素荧光参数有极显著相关性,表现为,一定浓度范围内（0～1.5 mg·kg^-1）,随着硒浓度的增加,罗布麻茎干重、叶干重、株高、茎粗、主叶对数和侧枝数均有有不同程度的上升;Fv/Fm、Fv/Fo、Ψo、φEo、PIABS、均随着施硒浓度的增加而增加;V_K、V_J、V_I均随着施硒浓度的增加而逐渐下降,S_m逐渐上升;说明施硒促进了罗布麻叶PSII的活性,提高了PSII反应中心的开放程度,增大其光能利用率。但随着供应浓度的进一步提高,各项生长及荧光指标有所降低,因此过量的硒供应对于罗布麻生长不利,而且有益与有害之间的范围很小,具体罗布麻栽培中要严格控制硒用量在1～3 mg·kg^-1范围内。搜索 #SrsZzqBAngjSTips { Z-INDEX: 999999999; POSITION: absolute; WIDTH: 56px; HEIGHT: 24px; LEFT: 1342177.27em } #SrsZzqBAngjSTips A { POSITION: relative; LINE-HEIGHT: 24px; MARGIN: -32px 0px 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 23px; WIDTH: auto; DISPLAY: block; BACKGROUND: url(http://mat1.gtimg.com/www/sogou/sogou_tips_v1.png) no-repeat 0px 0px; HEIGHT: 24px; COLOR: #000; FONT-SIZE: 12px; TEXT-DECORATION: none } #SrsZzqBAngjSTips A:hover { BACKGROUND-POSITION: 0px -34px; COLOR: #45a1ea }     

陕北地区1960-2013年极端气温指数

以陕北地区1960-2013年的逐日气温数据为基础,运用Mann-Kendall非参数检验法,分析了该区极端气温指数及其变化趋势。结果表明：（1）陕北地区年平均气温、最高和最低气温分别以0.27、0.24、0.28℃/10a的速率显著增加（P<0.05）,各站点气温指标均上升,且冬季变暖幅度最大,春季次之。（2）最低气温极高值、暖夜、暖日分别以0.054℃/10a、1.83d/10a、1.4d/10a显著增大;年日最高气温极高值与生长日长度增幅分别为0.092℃/10a、2.4d/10a;暖日、暖夜各季节亦显著上升;气温日较差以-0.036℃/10a的速率减小。除气温日较差外,其余指数均有50%以上的站点呈上升趋势。（3）最高气温极低值增幅为0.217℃/10a;最低气温极低值、冷日减幅分别为-0.015℃/10a、-0.48d/10a;冷夜以-0.98d/10a的速率显著减小;霜日及冰日分别以2.2/10a、2.4d/10a的速率显著减小。除最低气温极低值及最高气温极低值外,其余指数均有100%的站点呈下降趋势。4）暖指数的增大幅度大于冷指数的减小幅度,夜指数的减小幅度大于昼指数增大幅度。极端气温的两极化分布趋势导致研究区域高温、旱灾及冰冻等灾害的频发。     

1960～2017年华北地区气候生长季变化特征及成因分析

基于华北地区1960~2017年逐日气温数据,运用Mann-Kendall非参数检验、Morlet小波分析和R/S分析等方法,分析了华北地区气候生长季指标生长季开始（GSS）、生长季结束（GSE）、生长季长度（GSL）、生长季内≥10℃活动积温（AT10）及其对应的天数（DT10）的时空变化特征及其影响因素。结果表明:① 华北地区GSS呈显著的提前趋势,变化速率为-2.43 d/10a,GSL呈现出明显延长,AT10和DT10表现为显著增加趋势,变化速率分别为2.95 d/10 a、67.14℃/10a和2.31 d/10a,GSE变化趋势不明显。近60 a来华北地区GSL的延长主要归因于GSS的明显提前。② 生长季指标变化趋势在空间上存在明显差异,其中GSS与GSL,AT10与DT10变化趋势的空间分布格局较为相似。③ 生长季指标普遍在20世纪90年代中后期发生了明显的突变,GSS、GSE和GSL的突变年份为1994~1995年,AT10和DT10的突变年份为1997~1998年。④ 近60 a来华北地区生长季指标变化存在着2~3 a、5~6 a的主周期。生长季指标Hurst指数都大于0.7,表现为较强的持续性,其过去变化趋势将在未来继续延续。⑤ 北大西洋年代际振荡指数（AMO）是影响近60 a来华北地区生长季指标（GSS、GSE与AT10）变化的主要大气环流因子。     

Effects of gibberellic acid on tiller-bulb number and growth performance of Lilium davidii var. unicolor

Lilium davidii var. unicolor(Lanzhou lily) is an important economic crop in the northwest cold and arid regions of China.Effective regulation of tiller-bulb development and plant growth is the key to improving yield and quality of the lily. This study attempted to evaluate the effect of gibberellic acid(GA_3) on tiller-bulb development and plant growth of Lanzhou lily by applying GA_3 at various concentrations(0 mg/L, 10 mg/L, 30 mg/L, 60 mg/L, and 100 mg/L) before planting and in the seedling period. Results showed that the 60-mg/L GA_3 application had an inhibiting effect on tiller-bulb formation and increased the ratios of single and double bulbs but decreased the ratios of bulbs with three or more tiller bulbs, as compared to the control(CK) and other GA_3 treatments. The difference in flower number did not reach significant levels among the treatments. The tillering-related endogenous hormones IAA(indole-3-acetic acid) and Z(zeatin) content decreased, while IAA/Z increased with the 60-mg/L GA_3 treatment during tiller initiation. And also, the shoot-bulb number and total daughter-bulb number decreased significantly with the 60-mg/L GA_3 treatment. Furthermore, the 10-mg/L GA_3 application promoted growth of Lanzhou lily significantly and resulted in an increase in plant height; bulb diameter; bulb circumference; and biomass of shoots, bulbs, fibrous roots, and the whole plant. Therefore, GA_3 application is promising as a new regulation method for inhibiting tiller-bulb development and promoting bulb growth in Lanzhou lily production.     

EDAPHIC PROPERTIES AND FOLIAR ELEMENTAL CONCENTRATIONS FROM SAND PINE (PINUS CLAUSA) POPULATIONS THROUGHOUT FLORIDA

Soil physical and chemical properties, plus foliar elemental concentrations, are reported for surface (5–10 cm) and subsurface (35–40 cm) soil and foliar tissue samples from 20 sand pine (Pinus clausa) populations, 9 from the Choctawhatchee variety on the Florida panhandle and 11 from the Ocala variety on the Florida peninsula. Sand pine occurred exclusively on sandy soils, with mean sand content >97%. Soils generally were low in organic carbon and soil elemental concentrations. Both K and P were below analytic detection limits, whereas Ca and Mg were present at only modest levels. Only soil Al and Fe were relatively abundant. Foliar elemental concentrations indicated pronounced bioconcentration of nutrients by sand pine. Macronutrients (Ca, K, Mg, and P) approached or exceeded levels typical of other southern pine species. Some contrasts in edaphic and foliar tissue properties were apparent between varieties, but contrasts were more pronounced between groups of populations based on both soil color (yellow-sand group) and variety (Choctawhatchee white-sand and Ocala white-sand groups). The yellow-sand group, dominated by inland Choctawhatchee sites on sediments of mixed marine/fluvial origin, possessed less well sorted sand grains, higher clay content, lower pH, and higher levels of soil Al and Fe. The Choctawhatchee white-sand group consisted primarily of coastal dune sites, with well-sorted sands that reflect an eolian substrate. The Ocala white-sand group ranged primarily along the interior sand ridges of central Florida and was intermediate in sedimentological character. Foliar elemental concentrations did not reflect soil elemental patterns. Whereas Ocala samples were significantly higher in P and Mg, Choctawhatchee samples were higher in K, and there were no signficant varietal differences in foliar Ca. [Key words: sand pine, soil elemental concentrations, foliar elemental concentrations, Florida.]     

干旱气候条件下灌溉方式与灌水定额对辣椒生长的影响

以色素辣椒“美国红”为试验材料,研究了干旱气候条件下两种灌溉方式（畦灌和膜下滴灌）和6种灌水定额（30.0、37.5、45.0、52.5、60.0、67.5 mm）对辣椒生长的影响。结果表明：采用畦灌方式时,45.0 mm灌水定额下的辣椒株高、茎粗、地上部干重、产量等指标综合表现较好,最终产量达到12 655.890 kg·hm-2,比52.5、60.0、67.5 mm灌水定额下的产量分别高11.7%、14.2%、27.1%;采用膜下滴灌方式时,45.0 mm灌水定额下的辣椒长势最好,最终产量高达14 843.295 kg·hm-2,比52.5、60.0、67.5 mm灌水定额下的产量分别高10.0%、12.3%、15.4%。相同灌水定额（45.0 mm）下两种灌溉方式比较结果显示,膜下滴灌方式下的辣椒株高、茎粗和产量分别比畦灌方式下高出11.39%、3.79%和17.28%。这说明在干旱气候条件下,色素辣椒全生育期采用“膜下滴灌,45.0 mm灌水定额,灌水五次”的灌溉组合方式较为适宜。     

Foliar carbohydrate differs between Picea crassifolia and Sabina przewalskii with the altitudinal variation of Qilian Mountains, China

Nonstructural carbohydrates(NSC) and nitrogen metabolism strongly influence growth and development in plants. The biosynthesis of cellulose and lignin(structural carbohydrates, SC) depends largely on the supply of NSC. We desire to examine which hypothesis, carbon limitation or growth limitation, best fits the alpine plant response between NSC, SC, carbon(C), nitrogen(N) and altitude. We compared the foliar concentrations of carbohydrates, C and N between the leaves of Picea crassifolia(lower-elevation tree-line species) and Sabina przewalskii(high-elevation tree-line species) in their response to changing elevation. Our site was located in the mid-northern area of Qilian Mountains, China. We found that foliar soluble sugar(SG) concentrations were significantly higher in P. crassifolia than in S. przewalskii at the 2,700–3,400 m level. Foliar NSC levels in P. crassifolia increased at the 2,700–3,100 m level, indicating that growth was limited gradually resulting in a surplus of NSC(to conform to GLH), subsequently decreasing at the 3,100–3,400 m level, the assimilation declined leading to C deficit(to conform to CLH). SC(SC metabolism disorders at 3,100–3,400 m), C, N and starch were significantly lower in P. crassifolia than in S. przewalskii. Conversely, foliar SG concentration shows a fall-rise trend with increasing elevation for S. przewalskii. SC concentration in S. przewalskii leaves decreased with an increase of elevation and has a significantly positive correlation to N concentration marking the assimilation of plants. Therefore, the high-elevation tree-line species(S. przewalskii) utilize or store more foliar SG leading to a decrease of SG concentration for survival and growth/regrowth in an adverse environment, higher total C, N, SC, starch contents and lower NSC level. Also, their change trends along the elevational gradient in leaves of S. przewalskii indicate better assimilation strategies for SG use under environmental stress compared to P. crassifolia. This indicates that foliar C metabolism along the elevation follows the principle of the growth-limitation hypothesis(GLH) or carbon limitation hypothesis(CLH), which depends on the acclimation of different alpine life-forms to the environment.     

5种荒漠短命植物养分再吸收对水氮添加的响应

人类活动和全球气候变化导致的大气N沉降升高和降水格局的变化,将会影响植物-土壤系统的养分循环。研究了5种荒漠优势短命植物在N添加和增加降水处理下,叶片N、P含量变化及叶片N、P的再吸收特征。结果表明:自然情况下,荒漠植物叶N、P含量相对较高(平均值分别为30.1 mg·g^-1、3.6 mg·g^-1),而叶片N:P很低(6.8~10.5);荒漠短命植物叶N再吸收率(NRE,34.08%)低于P再吸收率(PRE,73.03%);叶片养分含量和再吸收率在物种间的差异极显著;N添加对NRE和PRE没有显著影响;N添加使尖喙牻牛儿苗(Erodium oxyrrhynchum)、条叶庭荠(Alyssum linifolium)和卷果涩荠(Malcolmia scorpioides)N再吸收度(NRP)减小,使丝叶芥(Leptaleum filifolium)和齿稃草(Schismus arabicus)的NRP增加,对P再吸收度(PRP)影响很小。不同含量N添加处理对NRE没有显著影响,但对PRE具有显著影响;增加降水对NRE具有显著影响,使NRE增加(丝叶芥除外),对PRE、NRP和PRP没有显著影响,但PRE和NRP增加,PRP变化很小;N添加和增加降水对NRE没有显著交互作用,对PRE具有显著交互作用,但其变化因物种而异。总之,N输入增加和降水格局的变化,显著改变了荒漠短命植物养分状态及再吸收特征,这将对短命植物群落组成及所处荒漠生态系统养分循环产生重要影响。     

荒漠植物叶片碳同位素组成及其水分利用效率

水分通常是影响荒漠植物生长的主要限制因子,然而当前很少有关于荒漠群落中植物水分利用效率的报道。作为指示水分利用效率的可靠指标,叶片稳定碳同位素组成(δ¹³ C值)可以用来探讨植物适应干旱环境的强弱程度。对阜康和金塔同种或同属的植物叶片δ¹³ C的测量结果表明,干旱可使植物叶片δ¹³ C升高:年降水量每增加1mm,叶片δ¹³ C则降低001‰~ 0015‰。阜康荒漠灌木叶片δ¹³ C值明显高于草本,这样的趋势也存在于甘肃金塔主要荒漠植物中,与前人的报道也基本一致。说明灌木可能更适应干旱胁迫,并且这种现象可能是全球荒漠生态系统的一种共性。对阜康四种荒漠代表植物红砂、梭梭、补血草和骆驼刺的SOD活性的测定结果间接地支持了这一结果。进一步的分析表明,藜科、豆科和某些禾本科植物适应干旱环境的能力相对较强。