云台凤凰山太阳光谱最佳观测时间讨论

将一年中可以进行光谱观测的时间相对最多,同时太阳成像质量相对较好的月份作为光谱观测最佳时间。为此我们统计了光谱仪1976年到1987年的观测资料,初步分析得出云台凤凰山太阳光谱最佳观测时间的年分布情况,相对好一些的是9月份,其次是3～4月份。     

几种气象因素对云台太阳光谱仪成像质量的影响规律

在多年的太阳光谱观测中，通过观察各种天气条件的变化对光谱仪成像质量的影响，初步总结出使像质优良的几条规律1)在连续刮风过程中当风突然停止或减弱的短暂时间内像质明显变好；2)当夜间通宵有风而次日天气晴朗时像质变好；3)多云过后的短暂晴天成像优良；4)接连阴雨几天后的开始晴天像质较好。     

几种气象因素对云台太阳光谱仪成像质量的影响规律

在多年的太阳光谱观测中，通过观察各种天气条件的变化对光谱仪成像质量的影响，初步总结出使像质优良的几条规律：1）在连续刮风过程中当风突然停止或减弱的短暂时间内像质明显变好；2）当夜间通宵有风而次日天气晴朗时像质变好；3）多云过后的短暂晴天成像优良；4）连接阴雨几天后的开始晴天像抽较好。     

云台凤凰山太阳光谱最佳观测时间讨论

将一年中可以进行光谱观测的时间相对最多，同时太阳成像质量相对较好的月份作为光谱观测最佳时间。为此我们统计了光谱仪1976年到1987年的观测资料，初步分析得出云台凤凰山太阳光谱最佳观测时间的年分布情况，相对好一些的是9月份，其次是3～4月份。     

云南天文台水平式多波段太阳光谱仪的技术改造

本文报告云南天文台太阳多波段光谱仪通过技术改造,把传统光谱仪优点和二维成像光谱仪的优点结合起来,采用高精度扫描方法同时获得10波段光谱,使之发展成为一种新型的光谱仪——太阳三维光谱仪的研制过程。这种三维光谱仪的优点是可同时得到活动区中每一条谱线轮廓,从而可以得到它的物理量场,并且可以观测这些物理量场的时间和空间上的演化。 文中介绍太阳多波段快速扫描光谱仪的光学系统和为实现三维观测而研制的可控制高精度45°镜转台,具有不同画幅面的专用照像机以及微机控制的自动化电器系统,望远镜电控系统。     

云南天文台1m望远镜暗天体分光仪和照相机

云南天文台1m望远镜终端之一的暗天体分光仪和照相机具有4种运行模式:缩焦照相机、无缝多目标光谱仪、有缝光谱仪和星冕仪。这4种运行模式能在几分钟的时间内相互转换,高效快速和灵活方便。该仪器的光学质量优秀,光学系统消像差,特别是消色差。由于光学系统消色差,所成像的低色散光谱在404.6～766.5nm全波段尖锐平直。在多色测光时,各测光波段的像面位置不变,同时兼有大视场的优点,可提高测光精度和测光效率。     

云南天文台1m望远镜暗天体分光仪和照相机

云南天文台1m望远镜终端之一的暗天体分光仪和照相机具有4种运行模式：缩焦照相机、无缝多目标光谱仪、有缝光谱仪和星冕仪。这4种运行模式能在几分钟的时间内相互转换，高效快速和灵活方便。该仪器的光学质量优秀，光学系统消像差，特别是消色差。由于光学系统消色差，所成像的低色散光谱在404．6～766．5nm全波段尖锐平直。在多色测光时，各测光波段的像面位置不变，同时兼有大视场的优点，可提高测光精度和测光效率。     

太阳光谱仪用探测器的研究

观测太阳光谱所使用的探测器,在选型与使用上有其特殊性。结合云南天文台太阳光谱仪,首先建立了太阳光谱仪分光流量的计算机模型,并通过观测实验对该模型进行了检验。利用该模型计算了云南天文台太阳光谱仪各可见光及近红外波段的太阳光谱分光流量,在此基础上,详细讨论了太阳光谱仪用探测器的选型方案,以及观测中的注意要点。     

南京大学光谱观测概要(英文)

南京大学太阳塔于1979年在南京郊区建成,1988年参加了全国联测,它的主要性能如下: 定天镜口径:46cm 成象镜口径:33cm 太阳象直径:20cm 多波段光谱仪可观测谱线:H_α,H_β,H_γ,H_(9-12),CaⅡ H, K 光谱观测时间分辨率:～10~s 光谱仪色散度:1.2-1.5mm/A 表1列出了1988年联测期间成功观测到的耀斑光谱(表1见下页)。     

第十届国际天文奥赛理论题答案

试题原文请参阅《天文爱好者》2006年第2期“奥赛专版”。1～3为低年组和高年组共做的题目。1.熊。在北极点上,日落一年之中只发生一次,就是在接近秋分的时候。在北极点上的观测者可以看到,黄道与地平圈的夹角为23.5度。日落时,太阳向地平圈下降的角距离为它的视直径,即32角分。在此期间,太阳在黄道上运动的距离为:φ=32′/sin23.5°,则日落的时间为 t=φ/v。此处 v为太阳在黄道上的运动速度:v=360°/365.25天。通过计算得出:t=(32/60)°/(360°/365.25天)/sin23.5°=1.36天=32.5小时。显然,要观测这样一次日落,北极熊要在北极点转上490度!若要使日落时间延长,可以利用降低物理地平的     

On the origin of the solar system and the exceptional position of the Sun in the Galaxy

The solar system's position in the Galaxy is an exclusive one, since the Sun is close to the corotation circle, which is the place where the angular velocity of the galactic differential rotation is equal to that of density waves displaying as spiral arms. Each galaxy contains only one corotation circle; therefore, it is an exceptional place. In the Galaxy, the deviation of the Sun from the corotation is very small — it is equal to ΔR/R _⊙≈0.03, where ΔR=R _c ?R _⊙,R _c is the corotation distance from the galactic center andR _⊙ is the Sun's distance from the galactic center. The special conditions of the Sun's position in the Galaxy explain the origin of the fundamental cosmogony timescalesT ₁≈4.6×10⁹ yr,T ₂?10⁸ yr,T ₃?10⁶ yr detected by the radioactive decay of various nuclides. The timescaleT ₁ (the solar system's ‘lifetime’) is the protosolar cloud lifetime in a space between the galactic spiral arms. The timescaleT ₂ is the presolar cloud lifetime in a spiral arm.T ₃ is a timescale of hydrodynamical processes of a cloud-wave interaction. The possibility of the natural explanation of the cosmogony timescales by the unified process (on condition that the Sun is near the state of corotation) can become an argument in favour of the fact that the nearness to the corotation is necessary for the formation of systems similar to the Solar system. If the special position of the Sun is not incidental, then the corotation circles of our Galaxy, as well as those of other galaxies, are just regions where situations similar to ours are likely to be found.     

Perturbations by the oblateness of the Earth and by the planets in the motion of the Moon

Perturbations in the motion of the Moon are computed for the effect by the oblateness of the Earth and for the indirect effect of planets. Based on Delaunay's analytical solution of the main problem, the computations are performed by a method of Fourier series operation. The effect of the oblateness of the Earth is obtained to the second order, partly adopting an analytical evaluation. Both in longitude and latitude are found a few terms whose coefficient differs from the current lunar ephemeris based on Brown's theory by about 0.01. While, concerning the indirect effect of planets, several periodic terms in the current ephemeris seem to have errors reaching 0.05.As for the secular variations of and due to the figure of the Earth and the indirect effect of planets, the newly-computed values agree within 1/cy with Brown's results reduced to the same values of the parameters. Further, the accelerations in the mean longitude, and caused by the secular changes in the eccentricity of the Earth's orbite and in the obliquity of the ecliptic are obtained. The comparison with Brown shows an agreement within 0.3/cy² for the former cause and 0.02/cy² for the latter. An error is found in the argument of the principal term for the perturbations due to the ecliptic motion in the current ephemeris.Proceedings of the Conference on Analytical Methods and Ephemerides: Theory and Observations of the Moon and Planets. Facultés universitaires Notre Dame de la Paix, Namur, Belgium, 28–31 July, 1980.     

On the model of the accumulation of the moon compatible with the data on the composition and the age of lunar rocks

It is suggested that the overall early melting of the lunar surface is not necessary for the explanation of facts and that the structure of highlands is more complicated than a solidified anorthositic ‘plot’. The early heating of the interior of the Moon up to 1000K is really needed for the subsequent thermal history with the maximum melting 3.5 × 10⁹ yr ago, to give the observed ages for mare basalts. This may be considered as an indication that the Moon during the accumulation retained a portion of its gravitational energy converted into heat, which may occur only at rapid processes. A rapid (t < 10³ yr) accretion of the Moon from the circumterrestrial swarm of small particles would give necessary temperature, but it is not compatible with the characteristic time 10⁸ yr of the replenishment of this swarm which is the same as the time-scale of the accumulation of the Earth. It is shown that there were conditions in the circumterrestial swarm for the formation at a first stage of a few large protomoons. Their number and position is evaluated from the simple formal laws of the growth of satellites in the vicinity of a planet. Such ‘systems’ of protomoons are compared with the observed multiple systems, and the conclusion is reached that there could have been not more than 2–3 large protomoons with the Earth. The tidal evolution of protomoon orbits was short not only for the present value of the tidal phase-lag but also for a considerably smaller value. The coalescence of protomoons into a single Moon had to occur before the formation of the observed relief on the Moon. If we accept the age 3.9 × 10⁹ yr for the excavation of the Imbrium basin and ascribe the latter to the impact of an Earth satellite, this collision had to be roughly at 30R, whereR is the radius of the Earth, because the Moon at that time had to be somewhere at this distance. Therefore, the protomoons had to be orbiting inside 20–25R, and their coalescence had to occur more than 4.0x10⁹ yr ago. The energy release at coalescence is equivalent to several hundred degrees and even 1000 K. The process is very rapid (of the order of one hour). Therefore, the model is valid for the initial conditions of the Moon.     

On the theory of the oblateness of the Sun

In this paper we first emphasize why it is important to know the successive zonal harmonics of the Sun's figure with high accuracy: mainly fundamental astrometry, helioseismology, planetary motions and relativistic effects. Then we briefly comment why the Sun appears oblate, going back to primitive definitions in order to underline some discrepancies in theories and to emphasize again the relevant hypotheses. We propose a new theoretical approach entirely based on an expansion in terms of Legendre's functions, including the differential rotation of the Sun at the surface. This permits linking the two first spherical harmonic coefficients (J ₂ and J ₄) with the geometric parameters that can be measured on the Sun (equatorial and polar radii). We emphasize the difficulties in inferring gravitational oblateness from visual measurements of the geometric oblateness, and more generally a dynamical flattening. Results are given for different observed rotational laws. It is shown that the surface oblateness is surely upper bounded by 11 milliarcsecond. As a consequence of the observed surface and sub-surface differential rotation laws, we deduce a measure of the two first gravitational harmonics, the quadrupole and the octopole moment of the Sun: J ₂=−(6.13±2.52)×10⁻⁷ if all observed data are taken into account, and respectively, J ₂=−(6.84±3.75)×10⁻⁷ if only sunspot data are considered, and J ₂=−(3.49±1.86)×10⁻⁷ in the case of helioseismic data alone. The value deduced from all available data for the octopole is: J ₄=(2.8±2.1)×10⁻¹². These values are compared to some others found in the literature. Supplementary material to this paper is available in electronic form at http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005238718479     

Accounting for the viscosity of the fluid core in the problem of the physical libration of the moon

A two-component theoretical model of the physical libration of the Moon in longitude is constructed with account taken of the viscosity of the core. In the new version, a hydrodynamic problem of motion of a fluid filling a solid rotating shell is solved. It is found that surfaces of equal angular velocity are spherical, and a velocity field of the fluid core of the Moon is described by elementary functions. A distribution of the internal pressure in the core is found. An angular momentum exchange between the fluid core and solid mantle is described by a third-order differential equation with a right-hand side. The roots of a characteristic equation are studied and the stability of rotation is proved. A libration angle as a function of time is found using the derived solution of the differential equation. Limiting cases of infinitely large and infinitely small viscosity are considered and an effect of lag of a libration phase from a phase of action of an external moment of forces is ascertained. This makes it possible to estimate the viscosity and sizes of the lunar fluid core from data of observations.     

On some problems concerning the calculation of the form of the magnetopause and the electric field on the magnetopause in the framework of the continuum medium model

In order to understand the reason of the existence of the electric field in the magnetosphere, and for the theoretical evaluation of its value, it is necessary to find the solution of the problem of determination of the magnetosphere boundary form in the frameworks of the continuum medium model which takes into account part of the magnetospheric plasma movement in supporting the magnetospheric boundary equilibrium. A number of problems for finding the distribution of the pressure, the density, the magnetic field and the electric field on the particular tangential discontinuity is considered in the case when the form of discontinuity is set (the direct problem) and a number of problems for finding the form of the discontinuity and the distribution of the above-mentioned physical quantities on the discontinuity is considered when the law of the change of the external pressure along the boundary is set (for example, with the help of the approximate Newton equation). The problem which is considered here, which deals with the calculation of the boundary form and with the calculation of the distribution of the corresponding physical quantities on the discontinuity of the 1st kind for the compressible fluid with the magnetic field with field lines which are perpendicular to the plane of the flow in question, concerns the last sort of problems. The comparison of the results of the calculation with the data in the equatorial cross-section of the magnetosphere demonstrates that the calculated form of the boundary, the value of the velocity of the return flow and the value of the electric field on the magnetopause, agree satisfactorily with the observational data.