鄂东南铁山不对称骨节状石香肠构造基质层中的应变测量与分析

鄂东南铁山是亚洲首个发现骨节状石香肠构造的地区。以该区不对称骨节状石香肠构造为研究对象,利用惯量椭圆法对其基质层进行有限应变测量,获得真应变差、运动学涡度等相关参数及有限应变椭圆长轴展布方位的分布图。对所获数据资料研究表明:该不对称骨节状石香肠构造基质层的应变受其能干层控制,有限应变值与其离能干层的距离趋于负相关,且与其矿物颗粒粒径呈负相关,在平行于石香肠构造伸展方向上基质层有限应变分布不均;石香肠体附近与之相近规模的变形构造可使其相应基质中的应变分布紊乱;该不对称骨节状石香肠构造是由早期平行于层面简单剪切叠加晚期平行层面伸长、垂直层面压缩的纯剪切作用形成。与不对称鱼嘴状石香肠构造对比研究表明,两者基质层中简单剪切与纯剪切的分布均分别与其相对增厚与减薄区段对应,而两者形态的不同主要与石香肠体不连续处充填物的能干性不同有关,再次表明两者均是较好的岩石流变学标志。     

一种利用断裂石香肠恢复岩层原始厚度的方法

断裂石香肠的形成是能干层不连续变形和韧性层连续变形共同作用的结果.以湖北铁山麻雀脑产出的断裂石香肠为例,介绍了一种利用断裂石香肠估算岩层有限应变进而恢复其原始厚度的方法.该方法操作非常简便,结果确凿可靠.      

鄂东南铁山不对称鱼嘴状石香肠构造基质层中的应变分析

利用惯量椭圆法对鄂东南铁山不对称鱼嘴状石香肠构造基质层中不同位置的方解石进行二维有限应变测量。运动学涡度以及相关参数的等值线分布图表明:不对称鱼嘴状石香肠构造基质层中的应变分布是不均匀的。基质层中,靠近断开的能干层处的剪切变形中纯剪切占优势,伸长方向趋向于平行剪切方向;而靠近连续的能干层处的剪切变形中简单剪切占优势,伸长方向趋向于垂直剪切方向。     

北京西山和湖北铁山发现骨节状石香肠构造

人们对于石香肠构造的普遍性及其意义早就有所认识。 Lohest于 1 90 9年最早对石香肠构造进行了描述。但直到 Cloos于 1 947年和 Ramberg于1 95 5年对石香肠构造的成因进行初步探讨后 ,人们才逐渐的注意这种构造。根据石香肠构造的连续性 ,将其可分为膨缩石香肠构造 (或藕节状石香肠构造 ) [1]和断裂石香肠构造 [2 ] 。经典的膨缩石香肠都是双凸形。而 Malavieille等 [3] 发现了一种双凹形石香肠 ,并称之为骨节状石香肠。此后不久他们的文章被介绍到中国 ,但这十多年来 ,国内并未见骨节状石香肠的进一步报道。笔者在进行“石香肠构造流变计研究”项目的过程中 ,对北京西山和湖北铁山的石香肠构造进行了研究 ,分别在两地发现了骨节状石香肠构造。北京西山的骨节状石香肠构造发育于震旦系碳酸盐岩建造中。由灰质白云岩组成香肠体 ,白云质灰岩组成基质 ,石英脉充填于香肠体裂口处 (图 1 )。反映出两期垂直层面的压缩和平行层面拉伸的纯剪切变形的叠加。图 1　北京西山第一类骨节状石香肠1石英脉 ;2灰质白云岩 ;3白云质灰岩湖北铁山的骨节状石香肠构造发育于狮子山岩体与围岩的接触热动力变质带上...     

利用石香肠恢复能干层原始厚度的等面积法

在恢复岩层古环境、计算岩石流变学参数时常需要岩层的原始厚度.利用在褶皱地区伴生的肿缩石香肠可恢复岩层的原始厚度.经过沉积、压实作用以后,岩层压实率趋近最终压实率,岩石中矿物颗粒骨架基本上保持不变,则岩层体积保持不变.褶皱一般是受到垂直岩层或平行岩层作用力而形成的,肿缩石香肠在褶皱轴向(b轴)上变形通常很微小,根据体积不变的假设,则石香肠体在褶皱横向剖面(ac面)上变形前后的面积应是相等的,以此来恢复岩层的原始厚度.为了求解肿缩石香肠横向剖面面积,对其边界进行拟合、积分,发现它相当于一些梯形面积之和.运用此方法进行模拟实验并对铁山地区进行计算,并把计算结果与肿缩石香肠的最大厚度比较,发现它更能反映真实情况.     

骨节状香肠构造形成机制研究——以湖北铁山为例

以湖北大冶铁山地区骨节状香肠构造为对象,根据其骨节缝形态、香肠层的剖面形态以及骨节缝填充脉体与香肠形成的期次关系,划分出13种骨节状香肠构造类型;通过对其物质组成的镜下鉴定,认为其形成过程中至少发生两期变形作用,并总结出三种力学机制①两期递进的垂直层面压缩变形叠加;②早期垂直层面压缩与后期平行层面剪切的叠加;③早期垂直层面压缩与后期平行层面挤压的叠加。     

鄂东南铁山梯形石香肠构造基质层中的应变测量与分析

鄂东南铁山是全球第二个梯形石香肠构造的发现点。以该区成层分布、形态相近的梯形石香肠构造为研究对象,利用惯量椭圆法对其基质层进行有限应变测量,获得真应变差、岩层厚度比、运动学涡度分布等。结合梯形石香肠几何形态学、岩石学特征,对所得数据综合分析研究表明:剪切带中垂直剪切方向的厚度比值与其所受真应变差趋于负相关;该梯形石香肠构造是由其上、下相邻基质层厚度差异,基质层中总体上的纯剪切,局部相对集中的简单剪切及相对富集于张裂隙处角岩层中的热液流体等综合作用形成的;发育成层分布且形态相近的梯形石香肠构造所需特征性条件是能干层上、下相邻基质层厚度相差较大,且受总体上持续的平行层面拉伸、垂直层面压缩的纯剪切与局部的简单剪切共同作用。该类石香肠构造是较好的岩石流变学标志。     

鱼嘴构造在相邻能干层能干性估测中的应用

      利用不同类型鱼嘴状石香肠构造恢复能干层原岩的初始厚度,并进一步分析原岩发生在应变椭球Z轴方向和X方向 的线应变,以应变差折射流变计的方法为基础,推导出一种求相同基质中相邻能干层粘度比的估测方法。以湖北大冶铁山 地区采集的两块鱼嘴状石香肠标本为例进行了应用尝试,得到大理岩基质中两层不同的角岩鱼嘴状香肠体的粘度比分别为 3.07和0.75。     

构造弱变形区自动有限应变测量-以石英砂岩为例

有限应变测量是研究岩石变形特征的重要研究内容。为了提高岩石有限应变测量的精度与速度,改变手工测量岩石有限应变耗时、枯燥的状况,应用多重图像限制的自动种子区域生长算法,以大青山地区为例,对如变形区内的石英砂岩有限应变进行了自动测量。该算法综合多个图像、利用色彩信息,不需要特殊设备即可对颗粒进行自动识别。算法还在叠加后的图像中,应用了修改的Canny边缘检测算法增强颗粒边界与内部的对比度。识别结果与手工测量的颗粒,在质心坐标、面积、长轴、短轴、有限应变测量方面具有很大的相似性。      

辽西台里韧性剪切带糜棱岩中眼球状构造的成因分析

台里地区位于华北克拉通北缘东段,隶属于燕山元古代沉降带东南缘—山海关古隆起,该区域内发育一条NNE向的韧性剪切带。通过野外观察和显微分析,韧性剪切带主要由初糜棱岩—糜棱岩组成,发育眼球状构造,主要有σ和δ两种类型,具有左行走滑的特征。研究发现台里地区的眼球状构造并不都是由单个长石斑晶组成,其主要成因有:一种是先期存在的长英质脉体在后期经受拉长剪切变形和石香肠化作用形成的;另一种是原岩中斑晶受拉长剪切作用形成的。对韧性剪切岩石进行有限应变测量(Fry法、剪应变、运动学涡度),明确了剪切应变类型为拉长型,以简单剪切变形为主,岩石类型为LS构造岩。结合前人研究成果,中生代以来,受到太平洋板块的俯冲影响,辽西台里地区经受了强烈的伸展变形,因此,韧性剪切带是在张扭性的构造格局中形成。     

‘Bone-shaped’ boudins in progressive shearing

Some peculiar ‘bone-shaped’ boudins are observed in two areas of progressive shearing. They are characterized by large quartz-filled gashes that separate thinner boudins. These gashes often have a consistent obliquity, suggesting a rotation synthetic to the shear sense. These may be formed by rigid material that crystallizes in tension gashes between the boudins; during further ongoing deformation these behaved as rigid inclusions in a more ductile matrix and show systematic rotations. The sense of rotation of the gashes constitutes a shear criterion.     

Coeval folding and boudinage under plane strain with the axis of no change perpendicular to the layer

Plane-strain coaxial deformation of a competent plasticine layer embedded in an incompetent plasticine matrix was carried out to improve our understanding about the evolution of folds and boudins if the layer is oriented perpendicular to the Y-axis of the finite strain ellipsoid. The rock analogues used were Beck’s green plasticine (matrix) and Beck’s black plasticine (competent layer), both of which are strain-rate softening modelling materials with a stress exponent n=ca. 8. The effective viscosity η of the matrix plasticine was changed by adding different amounts of oil to the original plasticine. At a strain rate of 10⁻³ s⁻¹ and a finite strain e of 10%, the effective viscosity of the matrix ranges from 1.2×10⁶ to 7.2×10⁶ Pa s. The effective viscosity of the competent layer has been determined as 4.2×10⁷ Pa s. If the viscosity ratio is large (ca. 20) and the initial thickness of the competent layer is small, both folds and boudins develop simultaneously. Although the growth rate of the folds seems to be higher than the growth rate of the boudins, the wavelength of both structures is approximately the same as is suggested by analytical solutions. A further unexpected, but characteristic, aspect of the deformed competent layer is a significant increase in thickness, which can be used to distinguish plane-strain folds and boudins from constrictional folds and boudins.An erratum to this article can be found at     

菱形石香肠简单剪切成因模式及其构造流变计

菱形石香肠虽常被作为指示剪切作用的标志,但其形成过程和流变学意义并未完全清楚。纯剪切模式作为一种已被认可的成因模式表明菱形石香肠也可能在简单剪切作用下形成。本文从石香肠与基质的流变差异出发,提出了菱形石香肠的简单剪切成因模式,建立了简单直观的平面模型,即方形石香肠置于方形基质中,后将其简单剪切变形分解为旋转和纯剪变形两步,并利用有限变形几何学知识,计算出理论的菱形石香肠剪切角和层面转动角,其与有限元数字模拟的实验结果还是较接近的。进一步的理论分析给出了利用菱形石香肠几何学参数(剪切角和层面转动角)求取石香肠与基质粘度比的方法,即菱形石香肠构造流变计,并运用它在湖北铁山地区获得石香肠的粘度是基质的4.76倍,菱形石香肠构造流变计扩展了香肠构造流变计的适用范围,提供了在野外快捷测算岩石粘度比的途径。     

Development of bedding-normal boudins in the Pilot Mountains, Nevada

Boudins with long axes (BA) oriented subnormal to bedding and to associated fold axes are observed in folded rocks in a thrust sheet exposed near the base of a regionally extensive allochthon in west-central Nevada, USA. Formation of the boudins is related to development of a regional fold-set coeval with major thrusting. The axes of boudins lie at a high angle to bedding, and in some instances, boudins define tight to isoclinal folds which are geometrically associated with the regional deformation. Quartz c-axis fabrics from oriented thin-sections of the boudins indicate extension parallel to the boudin axes (BA).

These relations and other mesoscopic structural data indicate a complex deformational history for boudin development. The history involves thin layers (to become boudins) deformed in folds disharmonic to major structures within the thrust sheet followed by flattening and associated extension parallel to fold axes. During flattening, arcuation occurred within the deforming mass resulting in rotation of fold axes and boudin axes (BA) toward the axis of finite extension (X). Extension parallel to BA recorded in the petrofabrics of boudins records incremental strain axes oriented at a high angle (50°) to the finite X and is probably related to an early plane-strain state associated with disharmonic folding. The finite extension (X) is down-dip in axial planes of major folds formed during thrusting and indicates a northwest to southeast transport for the thrusts.     

Flüssige Phasen im migmatitisehen Lauterbrunner-Kristallin (Aarmassiv,Alpen)

During boudinage of competent, amphibolitic layers in the Lauterbrunner Crystalline Complex a pegmatitic liquid phase filled the cross-fractures and other areas of reduced pressure (“hetero-kinetic” spaces according toSander, 1950, p. 306) between the boudins. The mobile components were derived from the adjacent incompetent rocks as well as the apatite rich boudins. The habit of the stubby apatite within the amphibolitic boudins is markedly different from the slender apatite needles which grew in the pegmatitic liquid between the boudins. Various authors, on the basis of microscopic observations and experimental work, propose that acicular apatite crystals cannot be used as a criterion for crystallization from a high temperature magmatic phase. Investigations in the Lauterbrunner Crystalline Complex suggest that acicular apatites have grown in a low temperature liquid phase.     

Boudinage structure: some new interpretations based on elastic-plastic finite element simulations

An elastic-plastic finite element method, based on the Prandtl-Reuss equations of plastic flow and involving equivalent stresses and strains, is used to study boudinage structure. Our choice of data for the simulations was guided by published stress-strain curves for marble (matrix) and quartzite (boudin), the essential parameters being yield stress and rock ‘hardness’ (defined by the slope of the stress-strain curve). All models assume an initial fracture and slight separation and therefore only simulate post-fracture behaviour. The simulations suggest that boudin shape is determined by boudin hardness; maximum stresses are concentrated in the corners which therefore shows the most shape modification. Matrix hardness determines the amount of boudin separation. Direct comparison with natural examples is restricted to boudins suffering no significant pre-fracture plastic deformation (i.e. rectangular- and barrel-shaped boudins), although other types are likely to have the characteristics of barrel and pinch-and-swell styles. The simulations do not consider the nature and timing of boudin-defining fractures but these are important in determining the style of boudinage which ultimately develops. Some mechanical problems associated with the infilling of inter-boudin gaps by ductile rock matrix are discussed and two models proposed. The first, based on yielding fracture mechanics, is used to explain boudins with wedge-shaped (or otherwise nonmatching) ends. The second, a hydraulic model, is proposed to account for gaps between rectangular boudins that are filled by ductile rock matrix.