Influence of the NAO on Wintertime Surface Air Temperature over East Asia: Multidecadal Variability and Decadal Prediction

In this paper,we investigate the influence of the winter NAO on the multidecadal variability of winter East Asian surface air temperature(EASAT)and EASAT decadal prediction.The observational analysis shows that the winter EASAT and East Asian minimum SAT(EAmSAT)display strong in-phase fluctuations and a significant 60-80-year multidecadal variability,apart from a long-term warming trend.The winter EASAT experienced a decreasing trend in the last two decades,which is consistent with the occurrence of extremely cold events in East Asia winters in recent years.The winter NAO leads the detrended winter EASAT by 12-18 years with the greatest significant positive correlation at the lead time of 15 years.Further analysis shows that ENSO may affect winter EASAT interannual variability,but does not affect the robust lead relationship between the winter NAO and EASAT.We present the coupled oceanic-atmospheric bridge(COAB)mechanism of the NAO influences on winter EASAT multidecadal variability through its accumulated delayed effect of~15 years on the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation(AMO)and Africa-Asia multidecadal teleconnection(AAMT)pattern.An NAO-based linear model for predicting winter decadal EASAT is constructed on the principle of the COAB mechanism,with good hindcast performance.The winter EASAT for 2020-34 is predicted to keep on fluctuating downward until~2025,implying a high probability of occurrence of extremely cold events in coming winters in East Asia,followed by a sudden turn towards sharp warming.The predicted 2020/21 winter EASAT is almost the same as the 2019/20 winter.     

Recent Progress in Studies of the Variabilities and Mechanisms of the East Asian Monsoon in a Changing Climate

Located in a monsoon domain,East Asia suffers devastating natural hazards induced by anomalous monsoon behaviors.East Asian monsoon(EAM)research has traditionally been a high priority for the Chinese climate community and is particularly challenging in a changing climate where the global mean temperature has been rising.Recent advances in studies of the variabilities and mechanisms of the EAM are reviewed in this paper,focusing on the interannual to interdecadal time scales.Some new results have been achieved in understanding the behaviors of the EAM,such as the evolution of the East Asian summer monsoon(EASM),including both its onset and withdrawal over the South China Sea,the changes in the northern boundary activity of the EASM,or the transitional climate zone in East Asia,and the cycle of the EASM and the East Asian winter monsoon and their linkages.In addition,understanding of the mechanism of the EAM variability has improved in several aspects,including the impacts of different types of ENSO on the EAM,the impacts from the Indian Ocean and Atlantic Ocean,and the roles of mid-to high-latitude processes.Finally,some scientific issues regarding our understanding of the EAM are proposed for future investigation.     

Extreme Cold Events from East Asia to North America in Winter 2020/21: Comparisons,Causes, and Future Implications

Three striking and impactful extreme cold weather events successively occurred across East Asia and North America during the mid-winter of 2020/21.These events open a new window to detect possible underlying physical processes.The analysis here indicates that the occurrences of the three events resulted from integrated effects of a concurrence of anomalous thermal conditions in three oceans and interactive Arctic-lower latitude atmospheric circulation processes,which were linked and influenced by one major sudden stratospheric warming(SSW).The North Atlantic warm blob initiated an increased poleward transient eddy heat flux,reducing the Barents-Kara seas sea ice over a warmed ocean and disrupting the stratospheric polar vortex(SPV)to induce the major SSW.The Rossby wave trains excited by the North Atlantic warm blob and the tropical Pacific La Nina interacted with the Arctic tropospheric circulation anomalies or the tropospheric polar vortex to provide dynamic settings,steering cold polar air outbreaks.The long memory of the retreated sea ice with the underlying warm ocean and the amplified tropospheric blocking highs from the midlatitudes to the Arctic intermittently fueled the increased transient eddy heat flux to sustain the SSW over a long time period.The displaced or split SPV centers associated with the SSW played crucial roles in substantially intensifying the tropospheric circulation anomalies and moving the jet stream to the far south to cause cold air outbreaks to a rarely observed extreme state.The results have significant implications for increasing prediction skill and improving policy decision making to enhance resilience in“One Health,One Future”.     

自动气象站出现故障编发报文的几种方法

1引言伊春自动气象站是国家基本站(现改为一级站),每天担负8次天气报,资料参加全球交换。当计算机出现故障时,天气报是否能在规定的时间内准确的编发出是至关重要的。出现故障时,在短时间内准确的手工编发出报文难度很大,容易出现错情或造成迟报等重大错情。为了避免这种情况的发生,总结了以下几种方法进行编发报,降低了出错的几率。     

Forecasting Quasi-stationary Front Rainstorm in Southeast China Using Synthetically Multilevel Analog Forecast Technology

The authors use numerical model integral products in a third level forecast of synthetically multi-level analog forecast technology.This is one of the strongest points of this study,which also includes the re-ducing mean vacant-forecast rate method,which pos-sesses many advantages with regard to filtering the analog term.Moreover,the similitude degree between samples is assessed using a combination of meteorological elements,which works better than that described using a single element in earlier analog forecast studies.Based on these techniques,the authors apply the model output,air sounding,surface observation and weather map data from 1990 to 2002 to perform an analog experiment of the quasi-stationary front rainstorm.The most important re-sults are as follows:(1) The forecast successful index is 0.36,and was improved after the forecast model was re-vised.(2) The forecast precise rate (0.59) and the lost-forecast rate (0.33) are also better than those of other methods.(3) Based on the model output data,the syn-thetically multilevel analog forecast technology can pro-duce more accurate forecasts of a quasi-stationary front rainstorm.(4) Optimal analog elements reveal that trig-gering mechanisms are located in the lower troposphere while upper level systems are more important in main-taining the phase of the rainstorm.These variables should be first taken into account in operational forecasts of the quasi-stationary front rainstorm.(5) In addition,experi-ments reveal that the position of the key zone is mainly decided by the position of the system causing the heavy rainfall.     

巧修虹吸雨量计浮子

地面气象常规仪器的零配件近年来十分紧缺,特别是虹吸雨量计的浮子。浮子是虹吸雨量计中最重要的零件,而浮子又最容易冻坏。例如,牡丹江地区2005年5月6～9日4d内,先是下了雨,后又转雨加雪、雪,绥芬河站的降水量近30mm。温度最低降到1.6℃,虹吸雨量计的安装时间和拆卸时间很难掌握,安装太迟或拆卸太早都可能影响到年度15个时段最大降水量的挑选。由于气候变化和人为因素造成浮子冻坏的现象屡见不鲜,一旦浮子底部冻裂而又没有备份浮子,为了气象资料的完整性可采取巧焊浮子的方法,焊好待用,有了新的浮子再更新。     

江西省2006年1-12月自然灾害公报(摘录)

受气候异常影响,2006年江西自然灾害总体发生水平与常年相比,属偏重发生年份。全省自然灾害主要以台风、暴雨洪涝、雷电、地质灾害、农林生物灾害为主。其中风雹、雷电灾害频繁,雷电死亡人数     

The Sensitive Regions Identified by CNOPs of Three Typhoon Events

In this paper, several sets of observing system simulation experiments (OSSEs) were designed for three typhoon cases to determine whether or not the additional observation data in the sensitive regions identified by conditional nonlinear optimal perturbations (CNOPs) could improve the short-range forecast of typhoons. The results show that the CNOPs capture the sensitive regions for typhoon forecasts, which implies that conducting additional observation in these specific regions and eliminating initial errors could reduce forecast errors. It is inferred from the results that dropping sondes in the CNOP sensitive regions could lead to improvements in typhoon forecasts.     

秋天

风就那么轻轻地扇了一下,整个荒原就着了火,不停奔忙的救火人却面带微笑。站在垄上,我的心在随着他们的韵律激动地博跳。金黄色玉米,黄金样水稻,所有的稼禾都积极地     

我国近30年龙卷风研究进展

从3方面总结了龙卷风研究成果:①研究概况,最初的龙卷风灾后调查到开展天气气候特征分析至近年来开展龙卷风本体结构、产生机制的探讨,获得了丰硕成果;②研究方法提高,从事实调查到利用统计方法,从利用台站常规观测资料到运用卫星、多普勒雷达、风廓线仪等非常规资料开展分析,近年数值模式WRF、ARPS等也被用来研究龙卷风,研究的方法手段不断得到改进;③龙卷风研究、预报面临的困难和未来展望。     

河西走廊农业区春季气溶胶光学特性

为研究干旱农业区农耕季节气溶胶的基本光学特性,2014年4月利用地面气溶胶移动集成系统在甘肃武威黄羊镇农场开展气溶胶综合观测试验。结果表明,河西走廊黄羊镇农场PM2.5和PM1.0的散射系数以及PM2.5的吸收系数分别为98.2±38.3、74.6±29和8.8±6.3 Mm-1,均小于中东部地区观测值。气溶胶单次散射反照率为0.90±0.03,PM2.5和PM1.0的Angstrom指数分别为1.31±0.29和2.10±0.24。散射系数和吸收系数的日变化具有明显的双峰特征,单次散射反照率在散射系数出现峰值的时间段出现谷值。黄羊镇农场受人为气溶胶影响较大,西、西南和东南方向来的气溶胶散射系数和吸收系数值较大,西北方向传输过来的气溶胶主要是农业生产活动产生的。     

2006年中国气候概况

2006年，全国年平均气温较常年偏高1.09℃，为1951年以来最暖的一年；与此同时，全国平均年降水量较常年略偏少。2006年，我国气象灾害频发，各类气象灾害中，热带气旋所造成的直接经济损失和死亡失踪人数最多，干旱造成的受灾人口和农作物受灾面积最多。总的来看，2006年我国气象灾害造成的经济损失为1999年以来最重。     

武汉市气候变暖与极端天气事件变化的归因分析

根据武汉市1951—2007年间年平均、最高、最低气温与8类年极端天气日数的序列,计算分析其变化趋势及年平均气温与极端天气日数的相关性,引入格兰杰因果性检验法,探讨气候变暖与极端天气事件之间的因果关系。结果发现:(1)近57年来武汉市年平均最低气温增幅为0.45℃/10a,明显高于年平均最高气温0.19℃/10a的增幅,可见气候变暖主要是由夜间气温升高所致;(2)高温和闷热天气事件为增多趋势,其中闷热天气事件最明显,达到2.8 d/10a,而年雷暴、降雪、低温、大风、雾日则均为下降趋势,雷暴、雾和低温事件降幅明显,每10年减少3.0 d、4.0 d和2.1 d。大风和降雪事件,每10年减少1.8 d和1.5 d。暴雨事件波动幅度较小。(3)年平均气温与当年及超前、滞后1～2年的极端天气事件具有高相关性;(4)格兰杰因果性检验结果发现,气候变暖是闷热天气增多和降雪事件减少的原因,同时亦是大风和低温减少的结果。这种因果关系的存在对极端天气事件预测和预估有重要的价值。     

Current activities in aerobiology in Japan

A brief review of the research activities of Japanese scientists in aerobiology, which is one of the interdisciplinary sciences closely related to atmospheric turbulence and diffusion as well as to biology, is presented in order to make contacts with interested scientists in other countries.     

Meteorology in watershed research in Alberta

A preliminary investigation of monthly rainfall patterns analysed from 24‐hour computer forecasts of precipitation was performed. These patterns are compared with the observed precipitation and long‐term normal patterns. Recommendations are made to incorporate the method into a verification program for the computer product.     

城市气象研究进展

中国数十年来在城市气象研究这一新兴学科领域开展了大量研究并获得了多方面的丰硕成果。文中从城市气象观测网与观测试验、城市气象多尺度模式、城市气象与大气环境相互影响、城市化对天气气候的影响等4个方面论述了城市气象的主要研究进展:中国各大城市已建立或正在完善具有多平台、多变量、多尺度、多重链接、多功能等特点的城市气象综合观测网;北京、南京、上海等地开展了大型城市气象观测科学试验,被世界气象组织列入研究示范项目;成功开展了风洞实验、缩尺度外场实验研究;建立了多尺度城市气象和空气质量预报数值模式,并应用于业务;在城市热岛效应、城市对降水影响、城市气象与城市规划、城市化对区域气候及空气质量的影响、城市气象与大气环境相互作用等研究领域取得长足进展。最后指出,未来需要重点从新观测技术及观测资料同化应用、城市系统模式研究、城市化对天气气候的影响机理、城市化对大气环境和人体健康的影响、城市水文气象气候与环境综合服务等方面开展科学研究与应用,为中国城市化、生态文明建设、防灾减灾和应对气候变化等国家需求提供科技支撑。      

夏季全国降水EOF展开与黑龙江省降水的关系

用EOF对全国160个站夏季降水展开，取前5个特征向量进行分析，发现全国主要有4种雨型分布，依次呈“＋－＋”、“＋－”、“－＋－”、“－“型。与黑龙江省降为第1种，即东北区及黄河下游多雨，江浪少雨， 长江中下游流域多雨；夏末雨带南退至长江以南，华南多雨，而中国中部为广大的少雨区。     

我国东部地区冬季模式边界层探空效果评估

应用中尺度气象模式MM5对2006年和2007年12月东部地区进行逐日模拟,并用地面常规观测资料及南京和安庆12h一次的逐日探空资料对模拟的地面及边界层内气象要素进行检验,计算地面和边界层内不同高度的温度、湿度、风向和风速等要素的多种常用统计参数;并分别评估雾发生前和发生时边界层探空的模拟效果。结果表明:(1)MM5模式模拟的地面温度和湿度均较理想,但风速误差较大。温度、相对湿度、风速的观测与模拟的偏差概率分布均呈近正态分布,峰值中心分别为-1.52℃、4.59%和1.92m·s-1,白天模拟效果优于夜间。(2)以南京、安庆两站为例,模拟的08:00(北京时,下同)和20:00边界层内探空基本可靠,但20:00的效果比08:00好;模拟效果均随高度上升而变好;且南京站边界层内温度、湿度的模拟效果优于安庆站,但安庆站风的模拟效果优于南京站。(3)以南京站为例,雾发生前和发生时温度、湿度模拟效果较平均情况差,风速模拟较其他模拟时段无明显变化。(4)南京、安庆冬季近地层逆温发生频率都比较高,常见多层逆温,MM5模式能再现近地层逆温,但有高估的倾向,且对边界层中上部逆温模拟效果不佳。此外,敏感性试验的结果表明,模拟方案中地面负的温度偏差不是由近地层高垂直分辨率所致。