东南极内陆地区和乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川表层雪内NO^—3沉积后过程差异

酸性气体成分（如ＮＯ－３）的强挥发性导致其在雪面沉降后,具有沉积后气／雪交换作用,即其在表层雪内是“可逆”沉降的。通过比较东南极内陆雪坑的ＮＯ－３剖面和乌鲁木齐河源１号冰川表层雪内ＮＯ－３的浓度变化,认为沉积后气／雪交换作用在东南极内陆较显著,而在乌鲁木齐河源１号冰川则不然。表层雪内ＮＯ－３存在方式的不同和沉降机制的差异应是导致两地ＮＯ－３沉积后过程差异的原因所在。     

Observations of Acoustic Aurora in the 1–16 Hz Range

Summary Acoustic aurora have been heard by long-term residents of the artic. They have also been recorded on microbarographs. Acoustic events associated with aurora are now reported in the near infrasonic range (1–16 Hz) at Barrow, Alaska. These observations were made with the aid of a resonant detector achieving a high signal-to-noise ratio similar to that used in extending the rocket-grenade technique to 109km. Over 100 impulsive events of a quasi-repetitive nature were recorded on a patrol basis during January 1970. Acoustic events were correlated with disturbed magnetic conditions and optical aurora but uncorrelated with lower-frequency auroral microbarograph events at College or Inuvik.
It is hoped that these initial observations will persuade interested parties to a more complete study of this phenomena and encourage an explanation of the generation mechanism for auroral infrasonic waves.     

极尖纬度午后极光嘶声的极大发生率

极尖纬度午后区是一个异常等离子体过程区，已发现该区在低地磁扰动条件下，多种空间物理现象活动强度极大（相对邻区）：强的向上场向电流，向下低能电子流极大，向上离子通量极大，Ｆ层电子密度极大等等。导致该区异常的根本原因尚不清楚。本文利用南极点站（磁纬约７５°）的极光嘶声的电场强度进行统计分析，发现该区３１－３８ｋＨｚ波段极光嘶声的发生率极大。本文还分析了该区极光嘶声发生率与地磁活动指数Ａｐ的关系，结果表明，它们之间有明显的相关关系。     

基于北极黄河站观测的日侧极光研究新进展

回顾了基于中国黄河站全天空极光观测对日侧弥散极光与喉区极光研究的最新进展。首先,利用黄河站极光观测,对日侧弥散极光展开系统性分类与统计研究,对这一重要空间物理现象取得新认识,指出日侧弥散极光对研究日侧外磁层冷等离子体的分布、形成及磁鞘粒子进入磁层都具有重要启示作用;同时发现并定义了一种新型分立极光结构——喉区极光,并推断其可能对应磁层顶的局地变形。喉区极光是指发生在电离层对流喉区附近、从极光卵赤道侧向低纬方向延伸出来的分立极光结构。全天空极光观测表明喉区极光走向大致与电离层对流方向一致。之后,观测验证了喉区极光对应磁层顶局地内陷式变形的推测;统计发现喉区极光是一种非常高发的现象,对应的磁层顶变形尺度可达2—3 Re,并指出这种变形最可能由磁鞘高速流冲击磁层顶产生;发现在喉区极光产生过程中还可能触发磁重联;证实伴随喉区极光的产生,磁鞘粒子会进入磁层并诱发产生一种新型弥散极光。通过喉区极光研究,可以将已有的磁鞘瞬态过程研究和触发式磁重联研究有机地结合在一起,对太阳风-磁层耦合过程形成一种新的认识,即:在磁鞘中局地产生(而不是存在于太阳风中)的瞬态过程可以在日下点附近频繁地导致磁层顶局地变形、触发重联、引发系列地球空间效应,可能对太阳风-磁层耦合具有不可忽略的重要性。以此为基础,讨论了日侧极光研究引出的新课题。     

日侧弥散极光对太阳风动压增强的响应

太阳风动压的显著变化能导致沉降进入极区电离层的能量粒子通量以及磁层-电离层电流系发生扰动。磁层高能粒子沉降到极区上层大气并与中性气体碰撞所激发的弥散极光,能够对这种扰动做出相应的响应。基于斯瓦尔巴特（Svalbard）群岛新奥尔松（Ny-?lesund）地区北极黄河站优越的地理优势,我们利用安装在黄河站的极光全天空成像仪观测到了日侧弥散极光对太阳风动压增强的响应。通过2006年1月2日事件观测显示,随着太阳风动压的增强,日侧弥散极光在极光卵赤道向部分首先点亮并逐渐向高纬扩展,同时地磁环境也受到相应扰动影响。我们认为,随着太阳风动压的增强,日侧磁层顶受到压缩,磁层内波粒相互作用导致投掷角散射增强,使得沉降进入极光卵赤道侧电离层的高能粒子数密度增大,进而导致日侧弥散极光强度增强。     

Aurora morphology in the dayside

Day-side aurora phenomena are examined by using TV image data obtained at Ny-Alesund in Svalbard, Godhavn in Greenland and Zhongshan Station,Antarctica. Results are summarized as follows. During the quiet period, in the pre-and post-noon sectors. (1) Weak arc (Sun-aligned arc), (2) Corona aurora and (3) Band aurora are observed in these stations. During disturbed period,Corona aurora and Band aurora are also observed in the pre- and post-noon sectors. However. bright discrete aurora. instead of weak arc (Sun-aligned arc). develops from thc night side oval in the dawn and dusk sectors. Pre-noon corona and post-noon band aurora are observed in the lower latitude as compared with the location of those auroras during the quiet period.     

On aurora australis research

This paper consists of two parts. The first part gives an account of reviewing the work already done for the aurora borealis, dealing with arctic explorers and observing station. since International Geophysical Year (IGY) in Antarctic,together with aurora height, brightness, forms and structures, colors and spectroscopy. The second part enumerates six modern problems of aurora australis to be undertaken for Chinese scientific workers during forthcoming years; these are aurora conjugacy, aurora ovals, aurora substorms, methods of treating large amount of data.study of shock-aurora and comparative planetology.     

Prospect of China' s Auroral Fine-structure Imaging System(CAFIS) at Zhongshan station in Antarctica

A new auroral imaging system is reported which is planned to be deployed at Zhongshan Station in Antarctica in the end of 2009.The system will focus on study of optical auroras in small scales and be called China' s Auroral Fine-structure Imaging System(CAFIS).The project of CAFIS is carried out by support of 'the tenth five-year plan for capacity building' of China.CAFIS will be a powerful ground-based platform for aurora observational experiments.Composing and advantages of CAFIS are introduced in this brief report.Some potential study topics involved CAFIS are also considered.     

日侧极光卵的可见光多波段观测特征——中国北极黄河站首次极光观测初步分析

中国在斯瓦尔巴特(Svalbard)群岛新奥尔松(Ny-Alesund)地区建立了一个永久性科学考察站--北极黄河站。北极黄河站(78．92°N,11．93 °E)的修正磁纬为76．24°。2003年11月黄河站建立了一套多波段(427．8nm,557．7nm,630．0nm)单色极光全天空CCD成像观测系统,并于2003年12月11日-2004年2月25日极夜期开展了首次极光越冬观测,获得了1200多小时的连续观测数据。利用这1200多小时观测数据制作了以时间为横轴的南北向极光活动图,对日侧极光卵的极光活动特征进行了研究。初步分析发现,沿日侧极光卵不论磁静日还是磁扰日,在三个波段上都同时观测到了四个重复出现的极光活动区,即0900MLT(磁地方时)附近的 A区、1330MLT的B区和1630MLT的C区以及1200MLT附近的G区。A区内的极光活动由低纬向高纬运动,强度逐渐变弱,形态由较宽的弧状极光向冕状极光演变;B区内的极光活动由高纬向低纬方向运动,形态呈现为冕状极光向较窄的极光弧的演变,极光强度逐渐增强;C区极光活动向高纬方向展宽,强度逐渐变弱,极光由单弧向多重弧演化;而在A与B之间存在一个纬度范围相对较窄的极光活动区G区,该区的极光呈现暗弱的冕状极光。日侧极光活动随时间从午前、正午到午后呈现出一个系统的光谱变化:绿色-红色-绿色。A区的位置出现在卫星探测的午前极光峰之中;而正午附近极光强度暗弱的G区,可部分地解释卫星观测的所谓“正午极光空白区”;卫星观测到的1500MLT附近的“极光热点”区在地面观测中可以区分为以红色极光为主的B区和以绿色极光为主的C区。     

南极中山站极光与地磁场扰动关系的分析

通过观测的极光与地磁扰动之间关系的分析,初步得出了南极中山站夜间（１１～２４ＵＴ左右）强、中、弱极光出现的频次在时间上的分布规律与地磁场扰动的关系,弱极光１０时开始出现, １５时左右频次达到高峰;中等极光１１时开始,１２到１９时出现的频次平稳, ２１到２２时频次达到高峰;强极光１６时开始, ２０到２１时极光频次达到高峰。各类极光出现的频次在时间上的分布与其所对应的地磁场扰动基本上是一致的,弱极光伴随着地磁场扰动幅度小;强极光伴随着地磁场扰动幅度大。极光的开始时间和地磁场扰动的时间不完全对应,这与极光的变化状态有关,这种变化状态受复杂的空间物理过程控制。     

Atmospheric gravity waves identified by ground-based observations of the intensity and rotational temperature of OH airglow

Spectroscopic observations of OH airglow undertaken on May 2, 2006 at Uji, Japan reveal variations in intensity and rotational temperature related to the passage of an atmospheric gravity wave. The variations exhibit a period of approximately 1 h and magnitudes of 2–6% in intensity and 0.5–2% in rotational temperature. The vertical wavelength and intrinsic frequency of the atmospheric gravity wave were determined from the horizontal wavelength derived by an OH airglow imager, the background horizontal wind velocity obtained by the middle and upper atmosphere (MU) radar, and the dispersion relationship. The observed variations are consistent with the values calculated using the model of Liu, A.Z., Swenson, G.R. [2003. A modeling study of O₂ and OH airglow perturbations induced by atmospheric gravity waves. J. Geophys. Res. 108 (No. D4), 4151. doi:10.1029/2002JD002474].     

Seasonal characteristics of F region in lower solar activity period at Zhongshan Station, Antarctica

Based on data of Digisonde Portable Sounder-4 (DPS-4 ) in 1995 -1997. we have analyzed the seasonal variations of F region at Zhongshan Station (69. 4°S,76. 4°E ). During the summer of Zhongshan Station, F region ionization is mainly controlled by the solar ultraviolet radiation. Similar to the phenomena in mid-latitude area, the value f0F2 is changed with local time. During equinox scasons, soft electron precipitation from the cusp/cleft region seems significant, f0F2 is changed with rnagnetic local time, and shows the magnetic noon phenomenon. In winter. the effect of the solar radiation on the F region is less than that of summer. Instead, F region is affected by particle precipitation from cusp/cleft region as well as polar plasma convection, there fore, the diurnal variation of f0F2 is more complex and shows two peaks. F region occurs all day in summer. and seldom appears at midnight in equinox.In winter, F region shows two minimums, one is at midnight and the other is at afternoon cusp. Further analysis of the F region spread indicates that in winter the aurora oval passes over the Zhongshan Station is at 1100 UT - 1500 UT.     

南极中山站极光形态的统计特征

利用极光全天空摄象机１９９５年和１９９７年在南极中山站观测的极光数据,对中山站上空极光的出现情况进行了统计分析。在南极中山站,午后（磁地方时１４００～１８００ＭＬＴ）和子夜前后（２２００～０３００ＭＬＴ）出现极光的情况比较多,在傍晚（１８００～２２００ＭＬＴ）出现极光的情况要少一些;较强的极光主要也出现在午后和子夜附近。冕状极光主要出现在子夜附近和午后的极向侧和天顶,在傍晚出现很少;带状极光主要出现在午后和赤道侧的傍晚与子夜;极光浪涌主要出现在子夜前后;向日极光弧则主要出现在子夜前后,子夜前比子夜后多,极向和天顶比赤道侧多。除向日极光弧外,其它形态的极光在中山站的出现情况与Ｋｐ指数相关。中山站进入极光带的时间通常在午后,具体时间也与Ｋｐ指数有关     

兰州市南北两山绿地景观格局分析

将景观生态学的理论与兰州南北两山环境绿化工程的实际相结合,运用景观格局分析方法、GIS（ARC/INFO）和数理统计等多种方法,在绿化工程景观评价指标研究的基础上,研究了兰州南北两山环境绿化工程区域按坡度分布的景观格局特征。结果表明：兰州市南北两山各个分级坡度上景观多样性均不高,除0°~9°上的大于1外,其余的均小于1。各个分级坡度上景观格局指数、各指标的组合状况值、景观格局综合指标值总体上符合随坡度增加而减小的趋势。但40°~49°的景观格局指数、各指标的组合状况值、景观格局综合指标值比30°~39°的景观格局指数、各指标的组合状况值、景观格局综合指标值稍大,这是因为40°~49°上的林地和农地的斑块数较30°~39°的多,且占本坡度所有土地面积的比例也大于30°~39°的。兰州市南北两山各个分级坡度上景观格局指数、各指标的组合状况值、景观格局综合指标值在0°~9°上均明显高于其他坡度地区的。     

Subglacial topography of Jutulstraumen outlet glacier,East Antarctica,mapped from ground-penetrating radar,optical and interferometric synthetic aperture radar satellite data

The bed topography of Jutulstraumen is of interest in connection with glaciological modelling for climatic and geological studies. During the Norwegian Antarctic Research Expedition 1996/97 (NARE 96/97) 971 km of bed topography profiles were mapped using ground-penetrating radar (GPR) and a global positioning system (GPS). As additional information to the GPR data for the map compilation, surface features connected to the bed topography were identified in optical satellite images, and relative velocities derived from interferometric synthetic aperture radar (INSAR) data were interpreted using principles of ice flow related to the bed topography. Grids (250 x 250 m) covering the area 73° to 71°S, 0° to 4°E of bed topography and ice thickness were developed. Several observations are confirmed by the independent data sets. The Jutulstraumen outlet glacier shows extreme topography with subglacial plateaus and deep valleys due to faulting. A previously unmapped valley in connection with the fault system is identified. The data sets provide evidence of a grounding line position 6-20 km further inland than previously expected, and a trough occurs 60 km up-glacier from this position.     

南极长城站附近海区浮游植物色素的分离和鉴定

本文对南极长城站附近海区所采集的浮游植物样品 ,利用薄层层析技术进行了色素分离、鉴定。结果分离出浮游植物色素 1 5种 ,根据 Jeffrey(1 96 1 )海洋藻类各种色素的 Rf值 (迁移率 )鉴定出的有 1 3种。并讨论了该海区浮游植物色素的季节变化特点     

南极菲尔德斯半岛微生物总量的调查

在南极菲尔德斯半岛进行了微生物总菌量的调查。共收集样品３５个（以土壤样品为主），从这些样品中计数得到一般细菌总量范围为：１０３－１０６ｃｅｌｓ／ｇ（３０°Ｃ），１０４－１０６ｃｅｌｓ／ｇ（１６°Ｃ），１０４－１０６ｃｅｌｓ／ｇ（４°Ｃ）；一般真菌总量范围为：１０２－１０３ｃｅｌｓ／ｇ（３０°Ｃ），１０２－１０３ｃｅｌｓ／ｇ（１６°Ｃ），１０３ｃｅｌｓ／ｇ（４°Ｃ）。初步鉴定细菌有７个属：微球菌属，葡萄球菌属，节细菌属，黄杆菌属，产碱菌属，假单胞菌属，芽孢杆菌属。真菌有５个属：青霉菌属，金孢霉菌属，枝孢霉菌属，曲霉菌属，散子囊菌属。特别是在绝大多数样品中４°Ｃ下培养的一般细菌与真菌总量明显高于３０°Ｃ下培养的菌量，同时离半岛海岸线近的地区菌量也高于半岛内陆地区的菌量。在该地区，４°Ｃ下培养的低温菌出现率主要是假单胞菌属（６９％），芽孢杆菌属（５４％），青霉菌属（４６％），曲霉菌属（１７％）。     

Comparison of tide model outputs for the northern region of the Antarctic Peninsula using satellite altimeters and tide gauge data

This study compares the common harmonic constants of the O₁, K₁, P₁, Q₁, M₂, S₂, N₂, and K₂ tidal constituents from eight global and four regional tide models with harmonic constants from satellite altimeter and tide gauge data for the northern region of the Antarctic Peninsula (58°S–66°S, 53°W–66°W). To obtain a more representative comparison, the study area was divided into three zones with different physical characteristics but similar maximum tidal amplitude variations: Zone I (north of 62°S), Zone II (south of 62°S and west of the Antarctic Peninsula), and Zone III (between 62°S and 64.3°S, and east of 58.5°W). Root sum square (RSS) values are less than or equal to 3.0, 4.2, and 8.4 cm for zones I, II, and III, respectively. No single model shows superior performance in all zones. Because there are insufficient satellite altimetry observations in the vicinity of Matienzo Base (64.9761°S, 60.0683°W), this station was analyzed separately and presents the greatest values of both root mean square misfit and RSS. The maximum, minimum, and average amplitude values of the constituents that follow in importance after the eight common tidal constituents, and which have amplitudes greater than 1 cm, are also analyzed.     

The separation and identification of phytoplankton pigments from the adjacent waters of Great Wall Station，Antarctica

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Increasing free-air 0°C isotherm height in Southwest China from 1960 to 2010

Based on the radiosonde data observed at 14 stations in Southwest China from 1960 to 2010, as well as the corresponding surface air temperature, the long-term change of free-air 0℃ isotherm height in Southwest China and the relationships between surface air temperature and 0℃ isotherm height are discussed. The results indicated that the spatial distribution of 0℃ isotherm height is generally related with latitude, but the huge massif or plateau may complicate the latitude pattern. The two main regimes influencing the spatial patterns of 0℃ isotherm height in Southwest China are latitude and huge massif. The annual 0℃ isotherm height has increased by 35 m per decade in the recent decades, which is statistically significant at the 0.001 level. Generally, the increasing trend can be examined for each seasonal series, especially in winter （53 m per decade）. The diversity of trend magnitudes for annual and seasonal series can also be detected at a spatial view, but generally 0℃ isotherm height correlated well with surface air temperature.