Wisconsinan Late-glacial environmental chage in New Brunswick: A regional synthesis

A synthesis is presented of the history of deglaciation, vegetation cover and climate in New Brunswick, Canada, during that part of the Wisconsinan Late-glacial period (12-9 ka BP) for which detailed records exist. Curves of inferred temperature variations in the region during this period are presented based upon qualitative interpretations of plant records and quantitative estimates based upon fossil chironomid assemblages.     

Wisconsinan Late-glacial environmental change in Nova Scotia: A regional synthesis

A synthesis of the interpreted vegetational and climatic history of Nova Scotia during the Wisconsinan Late-glacial period (14-9 ka BP) is presented and described in 500-year intervals. The concomitant regional deglaciation history of the region is also described. A synthesis chart is provided which includes a qualitative curve of temperature reconstructions for the Lateglacial period.     

A review of the environmental history of Iceland, 13 000-9000 yr BP

A synthesis of the main environmental changes that are interpreted to have occurred in Iceland during the period 13-9 ka BP is presented. Most of the evidence available relates to variations in the position of ice margins, although some limited information on vegetation history and soil stability is also referred to. Only qualitative and limited climatic inferences can be made for this period because of the lack of detailed evidence. A summary curve of the relative extent of ice cover is presented.     

The Würmian Late-glacial in Iowland Switzerland

A synthesis is provided of Late-glacial (14-9 ka BP) environmental changes in lowland Switzerland (the ‘Swiss Plateau’). The chronology of deglaciation and subsequent developments in vegetation cover in the area are summarised. The sequence of climatic variations experienced in the region during the Late-glacial is then described and a curve representing the main palaeotemperature variations is presented.     

长江三角洲南部平原古河谷充填沉积物特征及古地理意义

利用典型钻孔P5孔沉积物的岩性、测年、孢粉和有孔虫的分析结果，探讨了末次冰消期以来长江三角洲东南部古河谷区记录的气候波动和海平面阶段性上升过程及其控制下的古河谷沉积模式。研究发现本区古河谷末次冰消期（15～10 ka BP）以淡水湖沼相沉积为主，4 m厚的泥炭可能是新仙女木事件的反映。10～9 ka BP 发育滨海相粉细砂、粉砂沉积，反映此时海平面较为稳定。9～8 ka BP发育溺谷相泥质粉砂、粉砂质泥沉积，厚达11 m，反映海平面快速上升作用下的高速率充填。至全新世大暖期，古河谷区沉积顶界已和长江三角洲平原的第一硬土层埋深大致相同，反映古河谷已基本被填平。     

利用多年冻土区湖相沉积物中埋藏植物稳定碳同位素组成重建大气CO2浓度

沉水植物碳同位素分馏同水中溶解无机碳浓度有一定的关系，因而可以通过青藏高原多年冻土区的湖相沉积物中埋藏沉水植物－－龙须眼子菜（Potamogeton pectinatus)植物屑的碳同位素组成重建该地大气CO2浓度的变化情形，研究结果表明，该地在9．17－6．77ka BP间，大气CO2浓度是整个研究时间段中最低的，其后在6．77－4．56ka BP时期大气CO2浓度增加，在4．56－2．17ka BP之间，大气CO2浓度是整个研究时间内CO2浓度最高的阶段，植物屑的碳同位素组成反映了溶解无机碳浓度的变化，从而可用以重建大气CO2浓度的变化情况。     

鄱阳湖地区晚更新世古环境变迁

晚更新世期间鄱阳湖北部地区,九江、湖口、彭泽一带发育风沙-黄土-湖沼相交互地层序列。本文通过对该序列5个露头剖面多环境代用指标分析,研究了该地区晚更新世环境变迁和季风变化过程。研究表明:约147-129.6kaBP,以较强的冬季风控制的气候为主,季风降水很少,气候偏冷干;129.6-76kaBP,早期,夏季风逐渐增强,至120kaBP后,夏季风进入强盛阶段,103kaBP后,夏季风较弱,97kaBP后,夏季风又一次增强,这一时段内古气候阶段性非常清楚,早中期暖湿程度较高,后期较弱,在暖湿的背景上存在110-106、103-92kaBP等冷事件;76-55kaBP,为强盛的冬季风时期,气候冷干;55-25kaBP,夏季风又一次增强,气候温暖湿润,中间有冷波动;25-16kaBP,气候变冷干,后期冬季风有所减弱;16kaBP后,夏季风明显增强,气候变温湿,13.0kaBP后,气候有变干的趋势.      

青藏高原秋里南木湖原生硼砂、芒硝韵律层的发现及气候环境意义

湖泊沉积物中沉积韵律是个普遍现象,但盐类矿物组成的韵律现象比较少见。盐类矿物多出现在干旱的环境中,芒硝是干冷环境下沉积的盐类矿物。本文主要根据芒硝层厚度的变化,结合原生硼砂、粘土、孢粉、碳酸盐等环境指标,讨论了秋里南木湖27.8~4.97 ka BP的气候环境演化并进行了区域对比,为青藏高原是气候变化敏感区的观点提供了盐类矿物学方面的证据。研究认为,27.8~20.5 ka BP湖区气候相对温暖潮湿,20.5~11.4 ka BP气候寒冷,其中20.5~17.5 ka BP气候极端干冷,为末次盛冰期在秋里南木湖的反映,17.5~17.1 ka BP、15.9~15.2 ka BP和14.1~13.4 ka BP气候条件略微好转;11.4~10.1ka BP气候温暖,10.1~7.5 ka BP气候寒冷,其中8.1~7.9 ka BP的冷气候为“8.2 ka BP冷事件”的反映;7.5~4.97 ka BP气候相对温暖,但波动频繁。原生硼砂的存在说明,27.8 ka以来秋里南木湖水温度不高,湖水较浅,水动力条件稳定。     

青藏高原东北部共和盆地风成沉积地球化学特征及其揭示的气候变化

通过对共和盆地东部风成沉积的地球化学分析,并结合14C和OSL年代,重建了区域末次盛冰期以来气候变化过程。21 ka BP之前气候寒冷偏湿,21～15.82 ka BP为末次盛冰期(LastGlacial Maximum,LGM),气候极为寒冷干燥;15.82～9.5 ka BP气候转暖且偏干,其中14.5～13.6ka BP和11.9～9.5 ka BP气候明显冷干,分别为老仙女木时期(Oldest Dryas,OD)和新仙女木时期(Younger Dryas,YD),而15.82～14.5 ka BP和13.6～11.9 ka BP(BФlling-AllerФd暖期,B/A)相对温暖;9.5～7.2 ka BP暖湿程度明显提高,7.2～5.1 ka BP气候波动频繁,相对冷干和相对暖湿多次更替。5.1～2.7 ka BP暖湿程度基本稳定,之后气候趋于寒冷但湿度明显较大。这些气候变化过程与青藏高原大量的古气候信息记录具有良好的一致性,表明共和盆地气候变化与青藏高原气候变化的高度一致性。     

The Holocene environmental changes revealed from the sediments of the Yarkov sub-basin of Lake Chany,south-western Siberia

Lake Chany is the largest endorheic lake in Siberia whose catchment is entirely on the territory of Russia. Its geographical location on the climate-sensitive boundary of wet and dry landscapes provides an opportunity to gain more knowledge about environmental changes in the West Siberian interior during the Holocene and about the evolution of the lake itself. Sediment cores obtained from the Yarkov sub-basin of the lake in 2008 have been comprehensively studied by a number of approaches including sedimentology and AMS dating, pollen, diatom and chironomid analyses (with statistical interpretation of the results), mineralogy of authigenic minerals and geochemistry of plant lipids (biomarker analysis.). Synthesis of new results presented here and published data provides a good justification for our hypothesis that Lake Chany is very young, no older than 3.6 ka BP. Before that, between 9 and 3.6 ka BP, the Chany basin was a swampy landscape with a very low sedimentation rate; it could not be identified as a water body. In the early lake phase, between 3.6 and 1.5 ka BP, the lake was shallow, 1.2–3.5 m in depth, and it rose to its modern size, up to 6.5 m in depth, during the last millennium. Our data reveal important changes in the understanding of the history of this large endorheic lake, as before it was envisioned as a large lake with significant changes in water level since ca. 14 ka BP. In addition to hydrology, our proxies provide updates and details of the regional vegetation and climate change since ca. 4 ka BP in the West-Siberian forest-steppe and steppe. As evolution of the Chany basin is dependent on hydroclimatic changes in a large region of southern West Siberia, we compare lake-level change and climate-change proxies from the other recently and most comprehensively studied lakes of the region.     

内蒙古安固里淖-泊江海子全新世中晚期湖泊沉积及其气候意义

与全新世海面变化相比,内陆封闭湖泊沉积在气候变化研究中更具有优势。对安固里淖和泊江海子两个湖泊的钻孔剖面进行了沉积学分析,结果表明：8400 a BP以来,研究区经历了全新世大暖期的增温阶段（8400～7300 a BP）、鼎盛阶段（7300～6200 a BP）、气候波动阶段（5500～5000 a BP）、亚稳定湿润阶段（5000～3000 a BP）和降温阶段（3000 a BP至今）,这与全国其他地区的环境演变过程基本一致;270 a BP（1680 A.D.）以来,研究区气候略向湿润方向转化;本世纪50年代以来,又向干旱化方向发展。     

柴达木盆地察尔汗古湖贝壳堤剖面沉积地球化学与环境变化

通过对柴达木盆地察尔汗古湖贝壳堤剖面沉积物中总有机碳、有机质碳同位素及碳酸盐含量、碳氧同位素的分析, 并结合粒度数据, 将研究剖面所记录的古湖泊环境演化过程划分为5个阶段.其中254 (连续古湖泊沉积开始与第八层底部) ~210cm (距今39.7~35.8ka BP之间) 为湖泊发育期.210~185cm (距今35.8~33.6ka BP之间), 185~112cm (距今33.6~27.2ka BP之间) : TOC、CaCO₃含量较高、δ18 O值偏正, δ13 C_org偏负, Mz值较低, 反映了当时温度较高, 湖水水位较高; 而112~55cm (距今27.2~22.3ka BP之间) 和55~0cm (距今22.3~17.5ka BP之间) : TOC、CaCO₃含量较低、δ18 O值偏负, δ13 C_org偏正, Mz值较高, 表明了温度相对较低(但气候仍较温暖), 湖水水位较低, 湖泊处于退缩时期.其间分别在距今32.2~32.4ka BP、30.4~29.8ka BP和28.4~27.2ka BP出现了3次较大的退缩过程, 约22ka BP出现了一次气候突变.贝壳堤剖面揭示在39.7~18.5 14C ka BP之间柴达木盆地气候较温暖湿润, 形成高湖面.从18.2ka BP开始, 湖泊进入退缩阶段.到17.5ka BP快速形成盐壳, 高湖面持续历史结束.      

太湖平原碟形洼地沉积物记录的距今8000年以来植被、气候与地貌演变

利用DGY孔沉积物的岩性、粒度及孢粉分析资料,探讨了太湖平原碟形洼地沉积物记录的8000年以来植被演化、气候波动,流域地貌环境的演变及其对海平面波动的响应。孢粉记录表明:本区距今8000~5000年木本植被由以落叶阔叶乔木和针叶乔木为主变为落叶阔叶乔木和常绿阔叶乔木为主,气候由温和略干转为暖热湿润;距今5000~4000年森林退缩,气候温和偏干;距今4000年左右出现低温事件;距今4000~3,000年木本植被以常绿阔叶乔木为主,气候温暖湿润;距今3000年以来木本植被主要为常绿阔叶乔木、落叶阔叶乔木和针叶乔木,气候总体温暖湿润,有波动变凉干趋势。岩性、粒度及孢粉记录综合显示本区距今8000~5000年发育潟湖相泥质粉砂,反映流域环境开放、与海连通;距今5000~4000年发育淡水沼泽,未受海水作用,反映水域缩小、流域环境封闭;距今4000~3000年水域扩大,并出现海水倒灌,反映内低外高的碟形洼地已经形成;距今3000年以来,发育湖沼平原,发生数次海水倒灌,反映碟形洼地地貌的进一步发育。     

太湖平原碟形洼地沉积物记录的距今8 000年以来植被、气候与地貌演变

利用DGY孔沉积物的岩性、粒度及孢粉分析资料,探讨了太湖平原碟形洼地沉积物记录的8 000年以来植被演化、气候波动,流域地貌环境的演变及其对海平面波动的响应。孢粉记录表明：本区距今8 000～5 000年木本植被由以落叶阔叶乔木和针叶乔木为主变为落叶阔叶乔木和常绿阔叶乔木为主,气候由温和略干转为暖热湿润;距今5 000～4 000年森林退缩,气候温和偏干;距今4 000年左右出现低温事件;距今4000～3000年木本植被以常绿阔叶乔木为主,气候温暖湿润;距今3 000年以来木本植被主要为常绿阔叶乔木、落叶阔叶乔木和针叶乔木,气候总体温暖湿润,有波动变凉干趋势。岩性、粒度及孢粉记录综合显示本区距今8 000～5 000年发育潟湖相泥质粉砂,反映流域环境开放、与海连通;距今5 000～4 000年发育淡水沼泽,未受海水作用,反映水域缩小、流域环境封闭;距今4 000～3 000年水域扩大,并出现海水倒灌,反映内低外高的碟形洼地已经形成;距今3 000年以来,发育湖沼平原,发生数次海水倒灌,反映碟形洼地地貌的进一步发育。     

The Devensian/Weichselian Late-glacial in northwest Europe (Ireland,Britain, north Belgium,The Netherlands,northwest Germany)

A synthesis of environmental changes during the Devensian (Weichselian) Lateglacial period (14-9 ka BP) is presented for an area extending from Ireland in the west to northwest Germany in the east. Following a brief reference to the problems of chronology, the principal changes in geomorphology and soils, vegetation history and climate experienced in the region during the Late-glacial are described. Reconstructions of thermal variations during the Late-glacial period are attempted independently for Ireland, England and Wales, Scotland (Highlands and Islanads), north Belgium, The Netherlands and northwest Germany. The collective palaeotemperature data, based mainly uppoln pollen data but also in Britain and The Netherlands on coleopteran data using the ‘mutual climatic range’ approach, provide an overview of regional differences along an east-west transect in northwest Europe.     

Stable carbon isotope variations in northwest Europe during the last glacial–interglacial transition

Stable carbon isotope data that span part of the last glacial–interglacial transition (ca. 14-9 ka ¹⁴C BP; ca. 15–11 ka cal. BP), and which derive from organ-specific plant macrofossils recovered from two lake sediment profiles in the UK and one in Norway, are compared. The recorded temporal variations show similar trends, which, over a millennial time-scale appear to parallel the main drift in δ¹⁸O as determined for the GRIP ice-core. It is postulated that some smaller scale variations in the δ¹³C profiles may reflect the shorter term oscillations in δ¹⁸O values evident in the GRIP record, although this is less certain. Overall, however, the results suggest that stable carbon isotope measurements based on organ-specific terrestrial plant macrofossils may provide (i) a means for establishing correlations between terrestrial successions and (ii) additional paleoenvironmental information, as the apparent ‘shadowing’ of the GRIP record indicates a common forcing mechanism for both Greenland δ¹⁸O and northwest European δ¹³C variations. From the evidence available we suggest that the recorded δ¹³C variations reflect fluctuations in air temperature and/or changes in water vapour pressure in the atmosphere. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Vegetation and climate changes in northwestern Russia during the Lateglacial and Holocene inferred from the Lake Ladoga pollen record

The new pollen record from the upper 12.75 m of a sediment core obtained in Lake Ladoga documents regional vegetation and climate changes in northwestern Russia over the last 13.9 cal. ka. The Lateglacial chronostratigraphy is based on varve chronology, while the Holocene stratigraphy is based on AMS ¹⁴C and OSL dates, supported by comparison with regional pollen records. During the Lateglacial (c. 13.9–11.2 cal. ka BP), the Lake Ladoga region experienced several climatic fluctuations as reflected in vegetation changes. Shrub and grass communities dominated between c. 13.9 and 13.2 cal. ka BP. The increase in Picea pollen at c. 13.2 cal. ka BP probably reflects the appearance of spruce in the southern Ladoga region at the beginning of the Allerød interstadial. After c. 12.6 cal. ka BP, the Younger Dryas cooling caused a significant decrease in spruce and increase in Artemisia with other herbs, indicative of tundra‐ and steppe‐like vegetation. A sharp transition from tundra‐steppe habitats to sparse birch forests characterizes the onset of Holocene warming c. 11.2 cal. ka BP. Pine forests dominated in the region from c. 9.0 to 8.1 cal. ka BP. The most favourable climatic conditions for deciduous broad‐leaved taxa existed between c. 8.1 and 5.5 cal. ka BP. Alder experiences an abrupt increase in the local vegetation c. 7.8 cal. ka BP. The decrease in tree pollen taxa (especially Picea) and the increase in herbs (mainly Poaceae) probably reflect human activity during the last 2.2 cal. ka. Pine forests have dominated the region since that time. Secale and other Cerealia pollen as well as ruderal herbs are permanently recorded since c. 0.8 cal. ka BP.     

Stone Age settlement and Holocene shore displacement in the Narva‐Luga Klint Bay area,eastern Gulf of Finland

Based on geological and archaeological proxies from NW Russia and NE Estonia and on GIS‐based modelling, shore displacement during the Stone Age in the Narva‐Luga Klint Bay area in the eastern Gulf of Finland was reconstructed. The reconstructed shore displacement curve displays three regressive phases in the Baltic Sea history, interrupted by the rapid Ancylus Lake and Litorina Sea transgressions c. 10.9–10.2 cal. ka BP and c. 8.5–7.3 cal. ka BP, respectively. During the Ancylus transgression the lake level rose 9 m at an average rate of about 13 mm per year, while during the Litorina transgression the sea level rose 8 m at an average rate of about 7 mm per year. The results show that the highest shoreline of Ancylus Lake at an altitude of 8–17 m a.s.l. was formed c. 10.2 cal. ka BP and that of the Litorina Sea at an altitude of 6–14 m a.s.l., c. 7.3 cal. ka BP. The oldest traces of human activity dated to 8.5–7.9 cal. ka BP are associated with the palaeo‐Narva River in the period of low water level in the Baltic basin at the beginning of the Litorina Sea transgression. The coastal settlement associated with the Litorina Sea lagoon, presently represented by 33 Stone Age sites, developed in the area c. 7.1 cal. ka BP and existed there for more than 2000 years. Transformation from the coastal settlement back to the river settlement indicates a change from a fishing‐and‐hunting economy to farming and animal husbandry c. 4.4 cal. ka BP, coinciding with the time of the overgrowing of the lagoon in the Narva‐Luga Klint Bay area.     

中晚全新世科尔沁沙地沉积物化学特征及其气候变化

科尔沁沙地位于我国沙漠-黄土边界带和北方农牧交错带,深受东亚季风的影响,对全球气候变化反应非常敏感,是研究全球气候变化的理想区域。TL剖面磁化率、粒度和地球化学元素氧化物及其比值变化分析表明:中晚全新世研究区气候极不稳定,可以大致划分为:① 6.0～4.2 ka BP,气候暖湿,夏季风逐渐增强,并占据主导,冬季风较弱,与全新世大暖期对应,但存在百年尺度的气候波动,其中:6.0～5.6 ka BP,5.5～5.4 ka BP,4.9～4.7 ka BP,4.5～4.2 ka BP气候暖湿;5.6～5.5 ka BP,5.4～4.9 ka BP,4.7～4.5 ka BP气候相对冷干。② 4.2～1.3 ka BP,气候相对暖湿,与上一阶段相比夏季风有所减弱,其间也存在次一级波动,4.2～3.63 ka BP,3.57～3.4 ka BP气候相对干冷;3.63～3.57 ka BP,3.4～1.3 ka BP,气候相对暖湿。③ 1.3～0.65 ka BP以来,气候波动频繁,后期有向暖湿发展的趋势。这些气候变化与区域和全球变化具有良好的对应关系,反映该区气候变化与全球气候变化具有高度一致性。     

Late Saalian and Eemian palaeoenvironmental history of the Bol''shoy Lyakhovsky Island (Laptev Sea region, Arctic Siberia)

Palaeoenvironmental records from permafrost sequences complemented by infrared stimulated luminescence (IRSL) and [Formula: See Text]Th/U dates from Bol'shoy Lyakhovsky Island (73°20'N, 141°30'E) document the environmental history in the region for at least the past 200 ka. Pollen spectra and insect fauna indicate that relatively wet grass-sedge tundra habitats dominated during an interstadial c. 200-170 ka BP. Summers were rather warm and wet, while stable isotopes reflect severe winter conditions. The pollen spectra reflect sparser grass-sedge vegetation during a Taz (Late Saalian) stage, c. 170-130 ka BP, with environmental conditions much more severe compared with the previous interstadial. Open Poaceae and Artemisia plant associations dominated vegetation at the beginning of the Kazantsevo (Eemian) c. 130 ka BP. Some shrubs (Alnus fruticosa, Salix, Betula nana) grew in more protected and wetter places as well. The climate was relatively warm during this time, resulting in the melting of Saalian ice wedges. Later, during the interglacial optimum, shrub tundra with Alnus fruticosa and Betula nana s.l. dominated vegetation. Climate was relatively wet and warm. Quantitative pollen-based climate reconstruction suggests that mean July temperatures were 4-5°C higher than the present during the optimum of the Eemian, while late Eemian records indicate significant climate deterioration.