控制吸力循环荷载下非饱和黏性土的弹塑性双面模型

建立非饱和土在动态荷载作用下的本构模型有助于解决相关的工程问题。在塑性增量流动理论框架内,将BBM(BarcelonaBasicModel)模型与笔者提出的塑性硬化准则相结合,考虑控制吸力的循环荷载作用,建立了一个描述非饱和黏性土的弹塑性双面模型。该模型包含一个边界面和一个几何相似的加载面,二者结合记忆中心的概念,共同描述应力路径周期性改变加载方向时非饱和土的非线性、循环塑性和变形累积特性。采用动三轴剪切试验确定了一种非饱和粘质粉土的动态力学特性,分析了吸力、净围压和动应力幅值对循环塑性的影响。模型预测与非饱和土在静、动态加载下的试验结果的对比显示,二者吻合较好,表明所建弹塑性双面模型能够模拟非饱和土在控制吸力循环荷载作用下的力学行为。     

控制吸力循环荷载下非饱和黏性土的弹塑性双面模型

建立非饱和土在动态荷载作用下的本构模型有助于解决相关的工程问题。在塑性增量流动理论框架内,将BBM(Barcelona basic model)模型与笔者提出的塑性硬化准则相结合,考虑控制吸力的循环荷载作用,建立了一个描述非饱和黏性土的弹塑性双面模型。该模型包含一个边界面和一个几何相似的加载面,二者结合记忆中心的概念,共同描述应力路径周期性改变加载方向时非饱和土的非线性、循环塑性和变形累积特性。采用动三轴剪切试验确定了一种非饱和黏质粉土的动态力学特性,分析了吸力、净围压和动应力幅值对循环塑性的影响。模型预测与非饱和土在静、动态加载下的试验结果的对比显示,二者吻合较好,表明所建立的弹塑性双面模型能够模拟非饱和土在控制吸力循环荷载作用下的力学行为。     

考虑温度影响的非饱和土本构模型

首先建立了反映温度对非饱和土前期固结压力影响的加载-升温(loading thermal, LT)屈服线,而后基于真强度概念并结合潜在强度的确定方法推导出不同温度下非饱和黏土临界状态应力比的理论计算公式;将LT屈服线与反映常温下吸力对土体前期固结压力影响的加载-湿陷(loading collapse, LC)屈服线结合,建立了加载-升温-湿陷(loading thermal collapse, LTC)屈服面,该屈服面综合考虑了温度和吸力对土前期固结压力的影响;最后在临界土力学框架内建立了一个考虑温度影响的正常固结非饱和土本构模型,并将其扩展到超固结非饱和土。与巴塞罗那模型相比,所提出的模型仅增加了一个参数来反映非饱和土的前期固结压力随温度升高而降低的特性。模型能够综合描述温度、吸力以及不同超固结程度对土应力、应变的影响,方便于数值计算和有限元分析。模型预测和试验分析表明,某一固定吸力下升温会使正常固结非饱和土强度提高;对于超固结非饱和土,升温或湿化均会破坏土体超固结,降低软化和剪胀的效果。     

基于广义塑性力学的土体次加载面循环塑性模型(Ⅰ): 理论与模型

简要地介绍了次加载面理论的基本思想、假设及其物理解释。在广义塑性力学的框架内，引入次加载面的思想，把常规的椭圆-抛物线双屈服面模型，扩展为次加载面循环塑性模型，以反映循环荷载作用下土体的曼辛效应与棘轮效应。模型能考虑塑性应变增量对应力增量的相关性，既能反映土体的循环加载特性，又能反映正常固结土和超固结土的单调加载特性。     

一个统一描述饱和-非饱和土温度效应的热-弹塑性本构模型

地热资源开发与利用及核废料地质处理等诸多岩土工程问题,都需要考虑温度对饱和土和非饱和土应力、应变特性的影响。为了综合反映温度和吸力对土的先期固结压力的影响,提出了不同温度下土的先期固结压力的表达式。将此表达式与黏土–砂土统一状态参数模型屈服面相结合,考虑了温度和吸力对正常固结线及临界状态线的影响,提出了一个统一描述饱和–非饱和土温度效应的热–弹塑性本构模型。该模型分为饱和段(吸力小于某一温度下的进气值或排气值)与非饱和段(吸力大于某一温度下的进气值或排气值)。模型预测与试验数据的对比表明,该模型能够较好地定量描述不同温度下饱和土和非饱和土的应力、应变特性。     

一个统一描述饱和-非饱和土温度效应的热–弹塑性本构模型

地热资源开发与利用及核废料地质处理等诸多岩土工程问题,都需要考虑温度对饱和土和非饱和土应力应变特性的影响。为了综合反映温度和吸力对土的先期固结压力的影响,首先提出了不同温度下土的先期固结压力的表达式。然后将此表达式与黏土–砂土统一状态参数模型屈服面相结合,考虑了温度和吸力对正常固结线及临界状态线的影响,提出了一个统一描述饱和–非饱和土温度效应的热–弹塑性本构模型。该模型分为饱和段（吸力小于某一温度下的进气值或排气值）与非饱和段（吸力大于某一温度下的进气值或排气值）。模型预测与试验数据的对比表明,该模型能够较好地定量描述不同温度下饱和土和非饱和土的应力、应变特性。     

循环荷载作用下饱和软土的各向异性边界面模型

在临界状态弹塑性力学的框架内,建立了可以考虑循环荷载作用下各向异性对饱和软土力学特性影响的边界面塑性模型。该模型采用非关联的流动法则,引入了反映土体各向异性的内变量,利用该内变量的初始值描述初始各向异性,采用一种理论更为严谨、模型参数确定更为恰当的旋转硬化法则描述循环加载过程中各向异性的演化,利用更新映射中心的径向映射法则和与塑性偏应变路径长度有关的塑性模量插值规律,保证模型能够模拟循环加载时应力-应变响应的非线性、滞回性、应变累积性等基本特性,解释了模型参数的物理意义和确定方法,特别是给出了一种合理确定描述土体初始各向异性状态变量方法。通过文献中等压固结和偏压固结饱和黏土的循环三轴试验结果与模型预测结果的对比验证了模型的合理性。     

考虑细观结构演化的非饱和Q_3原状黄土弹塑性本构模型

Q_3原状黄土是典型的非饱和土,具有明显的结构性,其力学变形特征与结构性密切相关。建立黄土的本构模型有必要考虑加载和湿陷过程中结构演化特征,才能真实地反映原状黄土的固有特性。假设原状黄土的屈服应力是重塑黄土与结构性两者的耦合,基于细观结构演化规律,考虑吸力和结构性的影响,提出了一个非饱和Q_3原状黄土的弹塑性本构模型。模型包括土骨架变形与水量变化两个方面,土骨架变形方面以修正Barcelona非饱和土弹塑性模型为基础,引入通过CT三轴试验获得的Q_3原状黄土加载-湿陷过程中的结构演化方程,分别得到描述土骨架在加载和湿陷过程的本构模型,以突出加载和湿陷过程中结构性对变形的影响;水量变化方面则采用广义土-水特征曲线描述,以反映净平均应力和偏应力对持水性的影响。模型总计22个材料参数,均可由试验确定。通过对比若干试验数据与模型计算结果,初步验证了模型的合理性。建立的考虑结构性的弹塑性本构模型为深化认识黄土力学特性提供了可能,并为有效分析黄土地基湿陷变形提供了一定借鉴。     

考虑毛细滞回效应的非饱和多孔介质渗流与变形耦合本构模型

在Wheeler本构模型框架的基础上,提出了一个水力与力学耦合的本构模型。该模型中的土-水特征曲线采用毛细滞回内变量模型,能够更好地描述水力历史变化下毛细滞回现象对非饱和多孔介质变形的影响,同时也可描述非饱和多孔介质变形对渗流的影响。非饱和土的强度不仅与吸力有关,而且受到饱和度的影响。相同的吸力下,土样经过吸湿和脱湿路径的饱和度不同,因此,非饱和土的强度也不同。此模型以体积含水率的塑性变化和体变的塑性变化为硬化参数,不仅能描述基质吸力对非饱和土的强化作用,而且考虑了饱和度对强度及变形的影响。试验结果与模型预测基本吻合,证明该模型能够模拟非饱和土的主要特性。为了简化,此模型是在各向同性荷载下推得的,有待于推广到一般的应力状态     

非饱和黏土动力特性及等价黏弹性模型的试验研究

针对非饱和重塑黏土,利用改进的非饱和土静力-动力液压三轴-扭转多功能剪切仪,在固结排水（CD）条件下进行了应力控制式分级加载的循环三轴试验,通过对试验结果的对比分析,探讨了初始固结压力和基质吸力(孔隙气压力Ua与孔隙水压力Uw之差)对非饱和土动应力-动应变关系特性的影响。以此为基础,将Hardin-Drnerich等价黏弹性模型和Masing加卸载准则进行了改进,并得到了可以考虑基质吸力的非饱和黏土的等价黏弹性模型。进而对试验数据与模型预测结果进行比较,结果表明这种改进的非饱和土等价黏弹性模型能较好预测各种基质吸力下非饱和土的动应力-动应变关系。     

Mathematical modelling of monotonic and cyclic undrained clay behaviour

The proposed general analytical model describes the anisotropic, elasto-plastic, path-dependent, stress-strain-strength properties of inviscid saturated clays under undrained loading conditions. The model combines properties of isotropic and kinematic plasticity by introducing the concept of a field of plastic moduli which is defined in stress space by the relative configuration of yield surfaces. For any loading (or unloading) history, the instantaneous configuration is determined by calculating the translation and contraction (or expansion) of each yield surface. The stress-strain behaviour of clays can thus be determined for complex loading paths and in particular for cyclic loadings. The stress-strain relationships are provided for use in finite element analyses. The model parameters required to characterize the behaviour of any given clay can be derived entirely from conventional triaxial or simple shear soil test results. The model's extreme versatility is demonstrated by using it to formulate the behaviour of the Drammen clay under both monotonic and cyclic loading conditions. The parameters are determined by using solely the results from monotonic and cyclic strain-controlled simple shear experimental tests, and the model's accuracy is evaluated by applying it to predict the results of other tests such as (1) cyclic stress-controlled simple shear tests, (2) monotonic triaxial loading compression and unloading extension tests, and (3) cyclic stress- and strain-controlled triaxial tests on, this same clay. The theoretical predictions are found to agree extremely well with the experimental test results.     

考虑循环软化特性的饱和软土弹塑性本构关系研究

将软化指数关系与非等向硬化模量场理论相结合,研究了可描述循环荷载作用下饱和软土软化特性的增量弹塑性模型。该模型借助硬化模量的插值和映射中心的移动,在偏应力空间中构造硬化模量的演化规则;通过在弹塑性模量插值函数中引入初始弹塑性模量软化系数,模拟循环荷载作用下软土的刚度软化特性;通过引入硬化模量调整系数,增强循环加载时应力-应变曲线的滞回特性;再通过引入反映应变累积速率和大小的模型参数,描述循环加载时软土的应变累积特性。利用Idriss提出的指数关系式近似拟合软化系数随应力循环次数的变化关系,并通过引入循环应力参数建立了循环软化系数与静应力水平和循环应力水平的关系。阐述了确定模型参数的方法,并利用模型预测了相关试验结果,通过预测结果与试验结果的对比,验证了该模型描述循环荷载作用下软土软化特性的可行性。     

ACMEG‐TS: A constitutive model for unsaturated soils under non‐isothermal conditions

This paper introduces an unconventional constitutive model for soils, which deals with a unified thermo‐mechanical modelling for unsaturated soils. The relevant temperature and suction effects are studied in light of elasto‐plasticity. A generalized effective stress framework is adopted, which includes a number of intrinsic thermo‐hydro‐mechanical connections, to represent the stress state in the soil. Two coupled constitutive aspects are used to fully describe the non‐isothermal behaviour. The mechanical constitutive part is built on the concepts of bounding surface theory and multi‐mechanism plasticity, whereas water retention characteristics are described using elasto‐plasticity to reproduce the hysteretic response and the effect of temperature and dry density on retention properties. The theoretical formulation is supported by comparisons with experimental results on two compacted clays. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Coupled modelling of hydro‐mechanical behaviour of unsaturated compacted expansive soils

The Barcelona basic model cannot predict the mechanical behaviour of unsaturated expansive soils, whereas the Barcelona expansive model (BExM) can only predict the stress–strain behaviour of unsaturated expansive soils without the water‐retention behaviour being incorporated. Moreover, the micro‐parameters and the coupling function between micro‐structural and macro‐structural strains in the BExM are difficult to determine. Experimental data show that the compression curves for non‐expansive soils under constant suctions are shifted towards higher void ratios with increasing suction, whereas the opposite is true for expansive soils. According to the observed water‐retention behaviour of unsaturated expansive soils, the air‐entry value increases with density, and the relationship between the degree of saturation and void ratio is linear at constant suction. According to the above observation, an elastoplastic constitutive model is developed for predicting the hydraulic and mechanical behaviour of unsaturated expansive soils, based on the existing hydro‐mechanical model for non‐expansive unsaturated soil. The model takes into consideration the effect of degree of saturation on the mechanical behaviour and that of void ratio on the water‐retention behaviour. The concept of equivalent void ratio curve is introduced to distinguish the plastic potential curve from the yield curve. The model predictions are compared with the test results of an unsaturated expansive soil, including swelling tests under constant net stress, isotropic compression tests and triaxial shear tests under constant suction. The comparison indicates that the model offers great potential for quantitatively predicting the hydraulic and mechanical behaviour of unsaturated expansive soils. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

饱和软粘土在不排水循环荷载作用下孔隙水压力模型的建立

通过应力控制式循环三轴试验,研究了饱和软粘土在不排水循环荷载作用下的性状。在考虑影响循环 特性因素的基础上,建立了一种适合上海地区饱和软粘土孔隙水压力的增长模型。     

Formulation of a three‐dimensional constitutive model for unsaturated soils incorporating mechanical–water retention couplings

Wheeler, Sharma and Buisson proposed an elasto‐plastic constitutive model for unsaturated soils that couples the mechanical and water retention behaviours. The model was formulated for isotropic stress states and adopts the mean Bishop's stress and modified suction as stress state variables. This paper deals with the extension of this constitutive model to general three‐dimensional stress conditions, proposing the generalized stress–strain relationships required for the numerical integration of the constitutive model. A characteristic of the original model is the consideration of a number of elasto‐plastic mechanisms to describe the complex behaviour of unsaturated soils. This work presents the three‐dimensional formulation of these coupled irreversible mechanisms in a generalized way including anisotropic loading. The paper also compares the results from the model with published experiments performed under different loading conditions. The response of the model is very satisfactory in terms of both mechanical and water retention behaviours. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于分数阶微积分的粗粒料静动力边界面本构模型

分数阶微分理论在土体静力黏弹性本构模型中得到了广泛应用,然而,其在动力弹塑性模型中的应用尚不多见。为此,基于分数阶微积分理论分析了粗粒料在循环荷载下的变形特性,提出了粗粒料在循环荷载下的分数阶应变率;并以此为基础,进一步建立了粗粒料受静动力荷载作用下的边界面塑性力学本构模型。所提出模型包含10个参数,均可以运用常规三轴试验获得。为了验证所提出模型,选取了几种已有不同文献中的不同粗粒料试验数据进行了模拟,发现,所提出的模型可以较好地模拟粗粒料在静动力加载下的应力-应变行为,对于循环荷载下的长期变形也能较好地预测。     

A density‐dependent elastoplastic hydro‐mechanical model for unsaturated compacted soils

This paper presents a three‐dimensional elastoplastic constitutive model for predicting the hydraulic and mechanical behaviour of unsaturated soils. It is based on experimental results obtained from a series of controlled‐suction triaxial tests on unsaturated compacted clay with different initial densities. Hydraulic hysteresis in the water‐retention behaviour is modelled as an elastoplastic process, with the elastic part modelled by a series of scanning curves and the elastoplastic part modelled by the main drying and wetting curves. The effect of void ratio on the water‐retention behaviour is studied using data obtained from controlled‐suction wetting–drying cyclic tests on unsaturated compacted clay with different initial densities. The effect of the degree of saturation on the stress–strain‐strength behaviour and the effect of void ratio on the water‐retention behaviour are considered in the model, as is the effect of suction on the hydraulic and mechanical behaviour. The initial density dependency of the compacted soil behaviour is modelled by experimental relationships between the initial density and the corresponding yield stress and, thereby, between the initial density and the normal compression line. The model is generalized to three‐dimensional stress states by assuming that the shapes of the failure and yield surfaces in the deviatoric stress plane are given by the Matsuoka–Nakai criterion. Model predictions of the stress–strain and water‐retention behaviour are compared with those obtained from triaxial tests with different initial densities under isotropic compression, triaxial compression and triaxial extension, with or without variation in suction. The comparisons indicate that the model accurately predicts the hydraulic and mechanical behaviour of unsaturated compacted soils with different initial densities using the same material constant. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.