沉降控制条件下的基桩设计实例

以西非某集装箱码头轨道桩基优化设计为工程实例，分别采用现行中国规范方法和单桩竖向抗压刚度方法估算荷载作用下的桩顶位移，对比分析和试桩检测结果表明，采用单桩竖向抗压刚度方法可以简捷地评估在工作荷载下的桩顶沉降、规定试验荷载下的最大沉降、经历最大加载后卸载的桩顶残余沉降等，满足国际专业标准中桩基沉降控制的技术要求。     

复合桩基重复加卸载过程中侧向约束桩变位规律试验研究

复合桩基上堆载可能引起侧向约束桩侧移,导致侧向约束桩和复合桩基失稳破坏。采用室内模型试验研究复合桩基重复加、卸载过程中侧向约束桩水平变位规律。结果表明：（1）复合桩基上加载时,侧向约束桩的桩身侧移沿深度先增大、后减小、存在峰值,峰值随加载增大而增大,出现在距离地面0.4倍地面以下桩长处,峰值位移与桩顶（或地面）处位移的比例系数和发生侧移的桩身长度随荷载增大而增大;（2）复合桩基上重复加、卸载时,侧向约束桩的桩顶侧移随桩间距增大而增大,弹性变形则变小。中桩侧移比边桩大。桩顶侧移增长率随重复加载次数增加而减小。若荷载超过首次加载的最大荷载,侧向复合地基上加载-桩水平位移曲线将回到首次加载曲线的延长线,具有记忆效应。第 次卸载曲线与第i次卸载曲线线型相似且相互平行。每次卸载的初、中期,荷载的减小不影响桩顶侧移,只有卸载到最后1～2级时,侧移才开始减小,直到永久塑性变形。侧向约束桩的顶部水平位移回弹曲线特征与岩石或土在垂直加、卸载作用下的回弹曲线相似。     

考虑土体屈服的纵横荷载单桩变形内力分析

为提高桩身变形较大时纵横荷载单桩的设计计算水平,假定地基反力系数沿深度线性增加,考虑土体屈服及纵向荷载的P-?效应并计入桩身自重和桩侧摩阻力的影响,得到了地面以下桩身变形和内力的幂级数解。结合已有的地面以上桩身响应的幂级数解,采用Fortran语言编制了计算程序。计算结果表明：桩顶位移、地面处桩身位移及桩身最大弯矩均随纵横向荷载和自由段桩长的增加而增大,并随土体屈服位移的增加而减小;纵向荷载足够大时桩基失稳;桩顶约束条件对桩的响应影响很大。计算值与模型试验的实测值吻合较好,所得解和程序是可靠的。     

基桩水平静载试验及内力和变形分析

桩基作为一种重要的基础形式,在岩土工程中应用广泛,对于安全等级要求较高的重大工程项目,往往需要通过原位水平静载试验确定基桩的水平承载力,分析桩身的内力及变形。结合实际工程详细地介绍了利用钢筋计测试水平荷载作用下桩身弯矩、挠度和转角分布的方法,根据桩顶位移和钢筋内力测试结果判定试验桩的水平临界荷载为120 kN;根据钢筋计测试结果可知,在水平荷载作用下,桩身最大弯矩截面位于在地面以下2～3 m处,且随着荷载的增大最大弯矩截面逐渐向深部转移;发生弯曲变形的部分主要是桩长1/3以上的桩体,而其下的桩体几乎不发生变形。     

能量桩单桩工作特性简化分析方法

基于荷载传递法,建立了热力耦合作用下能量桩单桩工作特性的简化分析方法。该方法中将桩-土荷载传递函数取为双曲线,采用曼辛法则模拟温度循环过程中桩-土界面的卸载和再加载特性,通过再加载过程中刚度的折减近似考虑塑性变形的积累。利用矩阵位移法求解控制方程组后可直接得到任意温度-力学组合作用下的桩体变形、桩身轴力、桩侧阻力和桩端阻力,无需事先假设温度位移零点的位置。通过与试验数据的对比分析,验证了所提方法的可靠性。结合算例,研究了能量桩的长期工作特性。结果表明,温度循环会造成自由桩的桩顶沉降增加,固定桩的桩顶应力减小,温度循环的影响与桩顶静力荷载水平和土体刚度的衰减程度密切相关。     

能量桩单桩工作特性简化分析方法

基于荷载传递法,建立了热力耦合作用下能量桩单桩工作特性的简化分析方法。该方法中将桩土荷载传递函数取为双曲线,采用曼辛法则模拟温度循环过程中桩土界面的卸载和再加载特性,通过再加载过程中刚度的折减近似考虑塑性变形的积累。利用矩阵位移法求解控制方程组后可直接得到任意温度-力学组合作用下的桩体变形、桩身轴力、桩侧阻力和桩端阻力,无需事先假设温度位移零点的位置。通过与试验数据的对比分析,验证了所提方法的可靠性。结合算例,研究了能量桩的长期工作特性。研究结果表明,温度循环会造成自由桩的桩顶沉降增加,固定桩的桩顶应力减小,温度循环的影响与桩顶静力荷载水平和土体刚度的衰减程度密切相关。     

能量桩单桩工作特性简化分析方法

基于荷载传递法,建立了热力耦合作用下能量桩单桩工作特性的简化分析方法。该方法中将桩土荷载传递函数取为双曲线,采用曼辛法则模拟温度循环过程中桩土界面的卸载和再加载特性,通过再加载过程中刚度的折减近似考虑塑性变形的积累。利用矩阵位移法求解控制方程组后可直接得到任意温度-力学组合作用下的桩体变形、桩身轴力、桩侧阻力和桩端阻力,无需事先假设温度位移零点的位置。通过与试验数据的对比分析,验证了所提方法的可靠性。结合算例,研究了能量桩的长期工作特性。研究结果表明,温度循环会造成自由桩的桩顶沉降增加,固定桩的桩顶应力减小,温度循环的影响与桩顶静力荷载水平和土体刚度的衰减程度密切相关。     

基于桩-土界面剪切特性的单桩沉降和承载问题研究

近年来,西北地区出现了许多高填方场地,为减小建筑物基础的不均匀沉降,基础类型广泛使用桩基础。与一般场地不同,黄土填方场地中的单桩桩周土受力后仍会产生较大的变形,该类场地单桩沉降机制复杂。桩顶总沉降计算是桩基设计的重要依据,为此,建立了高填方黄土场地单桩桩顶总沉降计算模型。基于传统的荷载传递法和剪切位移法,分别考虑桩-土界面的桩-土相互作用和桩-土界面外剪切带土体的剪切变形。依据桩端边界,将单桩类型分为摩擦桩和端承摩擦桩,分别建立桩周土弹性阶段和塑性阶段的桩身位移控制微分方程,结合边界条件进行求解,得到桩身位移、轴力、侧摩阻力,并通过弹塑性理论求解了桩周土剪切带土体剪切变形,进而通过叠加原理求得桩顶总沉降。用桩长与桩周土塑性发展深度的比值,定义了桩基承载力安全系数K。通过算例分析与现场试验数据对比分析,研究结果表明：使用新的模型计算得到的桩顶总沉降与现场试验结果相近;当桩顶荷载较小、桩周土处于弹性阶段时,桩端边界对桩身轴力、位移和侧摩阻力影响很小,但桩周土进入塑性滑移阶段后,桩端边界的影响开始变大,考虑桩端土的承载能力会极大提高单桩极限承载力;建立了将荷载传递法和剪切位移法综合起来的计算...     

大位移条件下水平受荷单桩的简明弹塑性计算方法

软土地层中当桩顶水平荷载较大时,采用传统m法计算容易低估桩身弯矩与挠曲变形,有必要针对该问题提出相关计算方法。将地基土体简化为理想弹塑性体,假定桩身某一深度处存在土体的弹塑性变形临界点,临界点以上的土体进入塑性变形状态,而临界点以下的土体仍处于弹性变形状态,分段建立桩身挠曲微分控制方程,得到水平受荷单桩简明弹塑性计算方法。现场单桩实测和参数敏感性分析结果表明：采用简明弹塑性计算方法得到的桩身最大弯矩较传统m法计算精度提高38.1%;桩身最大水平位移计算精度提高22.3%;桩顶边界条件对桩身水平位移与弯矩沿桩身的分布规律影响显著;桩身最大弯矩和水平位移对土体的极限抗力系数及其形状参数较敏感,设计中宜按下限值选取。     

单桩静载试验下桩的变形特征研究

为了研究竖向荷载作用下桩的变形特征及桩身内力的分布规律,本文基于现场单桩静载试验及数值模拟研究了桩的Q-S曲线特征及桩的内力分布形态。结果表明：(1)当荷载级别达到130 t时,桩的侧壁摩阻力未能充分发挥作用。因此单桩的极限承载力远大于设计值;(2)数值模拟得到的单桩桩顶最大沉降值为15 mm,而实测值桩顶最大位移12.5 mm,两者的相对误差在10%以内。总体来看数值模拟的计算是合理有效的;(3)采用数值模拟对试验结果进行了验证分析。证明数值模拟的合理性。此外,对于黏性土而言,由于桩土极限位移介于6～10 mm,但桩在最大一级荷载下,未能达到上限值,因此侧壁摩阻力只能分担总荷载的40%。     

The P-y Response of Laterally Loaded Flexible Piles in Residual Soil

This paper describes the main features related to lateral displacements with depth after successive lateral loading–unloading cycles applied to the top of reinforced-concrete flexible bored piles embedded in naturally bonded residual soil. The bored piles under study have a cylindrical shape, with 0.40-m in diameter and 8.0-m in length. Both bored piles types (P1 and P2) include an embedded steel pipe section in their center as longitudinal steel reinforcements: pile type P1 has another 16 steel rods as steel reinforcement to concrete while pile type P2 has no further steel reinforcement. Pile type P1 has three times as much stiffness (EI) and four and a half times the plastic moment (M_y) than pile type P2. A similar load–displacement performance was observed at initial loads as for small displacements of both piles. At this initial loading stage, the response of the reinforced concrete piles is a function of the soil characteristics and of a linear elastic pile deformation. During this stage, piles can even be understood as probes for evaluating soil reactions. For larger horizontal displacements, after the concrete section starts undergoing large deformations, approaching the ultimate bending moment, pile behavior and consequently the load–displacement relation starts to diverge for both piles. For pile P1 the values of relevant lateral displacements are extended to about 2.5-m in depth, while for pile P2 lateral displacements are mostly constrained to about 2.0-m in depth. Measurements of horizontal displacements of pile P1 against depth recorded with a slope indicator show that, after unloading, lateral loads at distinct stages (small and near failure loads), exhibits a much higher elastic phase of the system response. An analytical fitting model of soil reaction is proposed based on the measured displacements from slope indicator. The integration of a continuous model proposed for the soil reaction agrees fairly well with the measured displacements up to moments close to plastic limit. Results of load–displacement show that the stiffer pile (P1) was able to mobilize twice as much lateral load compared to pile P2 for a service limit displacement of about 20 mm. The paper shows results that enable the isolation of the structural variable through real scale pile load tests, thus granting understanding of its importance and enabling its quantitative visualization in examples of piles embedded in residual soil sites.

     

边坡土体侧移模式对抗滑桩影响分析

在开挖、降雨或地震等外部因素作用下,边坡土体很容易进入局部或瞬态大变形乃至失稳滑动,使抗滑桩产生附加位移及弯矩。基于两阶段分析方法,采用Winkler模型模拟抗滑单桩与土之间的相互作用,建立单桩水平位移控制方程组,根据内力与位移的连续条件得到考虑不同土体侧移模式下求解桩身响应的矩阵解析表达式,并采用现场监测数据及Poulos弹性理论进行验证,证明该方法是合理可行的,并通过参数分析土体侧移对抗滑桩水平承载性状的影响程度。分析结果表明,土体侧移模式包括最大侧移值、分布形状及重心、侧移势等,对抗滑桩的挠度和弯矩均有显著影响,在工程设计中应予以充分重视。     

局部冲刷下群桩水平承载试验研究

基于典型冲刷坑形态,通过改变冲刷深度来模拟不同局部冲刷作用,对典型的9桩群桩进行了冲刷前、后水平承载试验,对相同参数的单桩进行了平行对比试验,详细分析了荷载-位移特性、桩身弯矩分布、群桩效率系数以及荷载分担比的变化规律。结果表明,随着冲刷深度增加,单桩和9桩基础水平承载力均呈现减弱趋势,水平群桩效率系数逐渐增大,承台约束作用效应更加明显,桩身弯矩增大,最大弯矩点位置向桩端移动,前排桩荷载分担比增大,中、后排桩荷载分担比减小;前排角桩受冲刷深度和水平荷载影响最大,设计时需采取有效的加强措施。     

Pseudostatic approach for seismic analysis of pile group

This paper evaluates a simple approximate pseudostatic method for estimating the maximum internal forces and horizontal displacements of pile group subjected to lateral seismic excitation. The method involves two main steps: (1) computation of the free-field soil movements caused by the earthquake, and (2) the analysis of the response of the pile group based on the maximum free-field soil movements (considered as static movements) as well as a static loading at the pile head, which depends on the computed spectral acceleration of the structure being supported. The methodology takes into account the effects of group interaction and soil yielding at pile–soil interface. The applicability of this approach has been validated by a similar approach for single piles and then verified by both experimental centrifuge models of pile-supported structures and field measurements of Ohba-Ohashi Bridge in Japan. It is demonstrated that the proposed method yields reasonable estimates of the pile maximum moment, shear, and horizontal displacement for many practical cases despite of its simplicity. Limitations and reliability of the methodology are discussed and some practical conclusions on the performance of the proposed approach are presented.     

单排与三排微型抗滑桩大型模型试验研究

为了得到土质边坡中微型抗滑桩的破坏机制及边坡的破坏模式,通过3组大型物理模型试验对单排与三排微型抗滑桩加固黏性土边坡进行了研究。在加载过程中进行了位移和桩体应变的测量,最后进行开挖观察桩体破坏形态。试验结果表明,三排微型桩具有良好的抗滑效果,其承载力较单排桩提高了51.5%,且允许滑体产生较大位移,有效延缓坡体垮塌,适用于应急抢修工程。边坡会在加桩位置向前产生弧形次生滑面,并与预设滑面贯通;对于三排桩,第3排桩前出现桩土脱空区,坡面产生纵向劈裂缝。桩体变形呈S形,发生弯曲变形引起张拉与压剪破坏,而不是岩质边坡中滑面处的受剪断裂破坏。桩身所受最大弯矩分布于滑面以上,对于三排桩,第1排所受弯矩最大,第3排其次,第2排最小。其研究结果对了解微型桩的抗滑和破坏机制具有参考意义。     

粉质黏土中沉箱-桩复合基础水平向承载性能试验研究

为进一步研究沉箱-桩复合基础的水平向承载性能,开展粉质黏土中单桩、沉箱-桩复合基础在水平向荷载和竖向及水平向组合荷载作用下的系列试验,对沉箱-桩复合基础的水平荷载与位移关系、桩身弯矩、位移及土抗力分布规律及群桩效应等进行了研究。结果表明,在水平荷载作用下沉箱对桩顶的约束使桩身弯矩分布较桩顶自由情况要更均匀,并能有效地降低桩身弯矩、位移及土抗力,提高了基础水平承载能力;在同时作用有竖向和水平向组合荷载时,沉箱底摩擦力参与抵抗水平力作用、桩顶竖向力也有利于进一步提高基础水平承载力;试验获得了不同桩数、桩顶约束、荷载作用条件下的沉箱-桩复合基础群桩效应系数,对于桩距为6倍桩径的情况,桩与桩之间的相互影响很小。     

General Analytical Solution for Laterally-Loaded Pile-Based Miche Model

Piles subjected to lateral loading can create problems in soil-structure interaction. Several differing methods of analysis have been proposed to solve the problem of laterally loaded piles, resulting in the determination of pile bending and the bending moment as a function of depth below soil surface. These piles are widely used to support laterally loaded piles, such as bridge pillars, offshore platforms, communication towers and others. This study presents an analytical solution to Miche’s problem as a continuous function of depth: deflection and moment, as well as a dimensional plots to be used in projects involving piles subjected to laterally loading only including data concerning laterally loading test and pile geometry. A new formula is presented to calculate the pile head displacement as well as an equation to determine maximum moment for a generalized Miche model and further analysis. In addition, this paper proposes an equation for the determination of constant horizontal subgrade reaction \((n_{h})\) based on the CPT in-situ test and the geometric characteristics of the pile. Calibration of the analytical model showed good fit and conservative results regarding inclinometer data from an bored pile and good agreement with the literature results.

     

Inclined single piles under vertical loadings in cohesionless soil

Physical-scaled model testing under 1 g conditions is carried out in obtaining the vertical response of fixed head floating-inclined single piles embedded in dry sand. Practical pile inclinations of 5° and 10° besides a vertical pile (0°) subjected to static and dynamic vertical pile head loadings are considered. To account for the effects of soil nonlinearity as well as the soil–pile interface nonlinearity on the response of piles, a range of low-to-high magnitude of pile head displacements is considered for the static case while a varying amplitude of harmonic accelerations for a wide range of frequencies is considered for the dynamic case. Experimental results are obtained in the form of pile head stiffnesses and strains generated in the pile under both the static and dynamic loadings. Results suggest that the nonlinear behavior of soil as well as the nonlinearity generated at the interface between the soil and the pile as the result of applied loading considerably affect the response of piles. The soil–pile interface nonlinearity that governs the slippage of pile shows a clear influence on the pile head stiffnesses by providing two distinct values of stiffnesses corresponding to the push and the pull directional movement of piles; the two values are significantly different. Axial and bending strains generated in the piles show expected dependency on the amplitude of applied loading; the pile head-level bending strain increases almost linearly with the increase in the angle of pile inclination.