Investigation on mineralogy,geochemistry and fluid inclusions of the Goushti hydrothermal magnetite deposit,Fars Province,SW Iran: A comparison with IOCGs

The Goushti iron deposit from Dehbid area located in the Sanandaj-Sirjan metamorphic Belt (SSB), SW Iran is hosted by the Early Mesozoic silicified dolomite. Mineralized zones are lithostructurally controlled and oriented NW-SE parallel to the Zagros Orogenic Belt (ZOB). Magnetite, the major ore mineral, occurs as open space fillings and is accompanied by the secondary mineral phases hematite, goethite and martite. Gangue minerals mainly include quartz, dolomite and K-feldspar are associated with minor hydrosilicates. Calc-silicates such as wollastonite and diopside, minerals typical of skarns, are virtually absent from the ore zones. Fe₂O₃ content in the mineralized zones varies in the range of 38–75 wt%. The concentrations of Au, Cu, P, Ti, Cr and V as well as Co/Ni, Cr/V, (LREE)/(HREE), Eu/Sm and La/Lu values and Eu-Ce anomalies of the studied ores indicate that the Goushti deposit is a hydrothermal magnetite type. The subvolcanic rhyolite and basalt in this area are regarded as the source of iron and heat in the mineralizing system. The fluid inclusion data showed that magnetite deposited from the ore-bearing fluid with salinities 1–7 wt% NaCl equivalent at temperatures of 130–200 °C. A decrease in temperature and pressure, supplemented by fluid mixing, is the major controlling factor in iron oxide precipitation. The field relationships and mineralogical–geochemical characteristics of iron ores indicate that the Goushti hydrothermal deposit could not be classified as a member of the IOCG (Iron Oxide-Copper-Gold) deposits.     

Geochronological and geochemical characteristics of fractionated I-type granites associated with the skarn mineralization in the Sangan mining region,NE Iran

The Sangan mining region, which has a proven reserve of approximately 1000 Mt of 53% iron ore, is located in the Khaf-Kashmar-Bardeskan volcano-plutonic belt in northeastern Iran. The geological units in the eastern zone of the Sangan region consist of Precambrian schists, Jurassic sedimentary rocks and Tertiary subvolcanic granitoid intrusions. Iron skarn mineralization consists of stratiform and massive bodies in the carbonate rocks that are adjacent to the granitoid intrusions. Detailed field mapping revealed that 39-Ma syenitic intrusive bodies in the western and central zones of the Sangan region were the main sources of heat and fluid for the iron mineralization.A Mid-Cenozoic biotite granite pluton is associated with the eastern anomalies. However, field relationships suggested that this pluton is not the source of the metals, heat or fluids that were responsible for the iron mineralization. This pluton is rich in silica (SiO₂ contents from 66.4 to 79.1 wt%) and is characterized by high-K series with metaluminous to slightly peraluminous affinity.Geochronological (U-Pb zircon method) and geochemical data, including major and trace elements and Sr-Nd-Pb isotopes, define the complex origin of these plutons, which consist of alkaline granitoids that appear to be A-type in character but also show I-type affinity.New geochemical and isotopic data from plutons in the eastern anomalies and data from previous studies of the western and central anomalies and the southeastern intrusive rocks in the Sangan region show that these plutons have close affiliation with lower to upper crust-derived melts and were largely modified into highly fractionated I-type granite. These rocks were derived from and emplaced by varying degrees of partial melting during the Middle Eocene (Bartonian to Lutetian, 38.3–43.9 Ma) from a crustal protolith in a normal to mature volcanic continental arc setting.The Sangan granitoids were produced from crustal assimilation by a heat source from mantle melts, which are associated with the Kashmar-Neotethyan slab that subducted under Eurasia. The Khaf-Kashmar-Bardeskan igneous rocks reflect an active Cenozoic plate margin that was related to the closure of the Kashmar-Neotethyan Sea between the Lut and Eurasia blocks because of the continuous convergence between the Arabian and Iran plates during the Late Cretaceous–Early Paleocene.     

Copper mineralization around the Ahar batholith, north of Ahar (NW Iran): Evidence for fluid evolution and the origin of the skarn ore deposit

This investigation presents and interprets fluid inclusion data from different lithological units of the Cu skarn deposits at Mazraeh, north of Ahar, Azarbaijan, NW Iran. The results provide an assessment of the P–T conditions and mineral–fluid evolution and suggest new exploration parameters. Five types of inclusions are recognized from quartz and garnet. The temperature of homogenization of Type I inclusions with daughter minerals halite and sylvite ranges from 312° to 470 °C with total salinity of 52 to 63 wt.% NaCl equiv.; Type II and III inclusions with halite have homogenization temperatures of 230° to 520 °C and salinity of 31 to 50 wt.% NaCl equiv. The salinity of Types IV and V biphase (liquid + vapor) inclusions, based on their final ice melting temperature, varies between 10.2 to 20.8 wt.% NaCl equiv. T_h vs. salinity plots of inclusions show that the salinity of the fluids correlates positively with temperature. The inclusions formed at low pressure. Changes in the temperature and salinity of the fluids can be reconstructed from the inclusions. Highly saline, high-temperature fluids were most abundant during the main chalcopyrite ore-forming phase in the skarn and mineralized quartz veins. Low-salinity aqueous fluids were abundant in barren veins, in which there is no evidence for early hot high-salinity brine, and might have resulted from late-stage dilution and mixing of hydrothermal fluids with meteoric water. Based on petrographic features and fluid-inclusion data, early-stage magnetite deposition is related to boiling of fluid at temperatures of about 500 °C. At a later stage, boiling at temperatures of around 320° to 400 °C favored the deposition of sulfides and Fe mobility was decreased at these lower temperatures. The following inclusion characteristics may be used as exploration parameters in the Mazraeh area. (i) Presence of high-temperature, salt-bearing inclusions, with T_h between 300 and 500 °C; (ii) High-salinity fluid inclusions; and (iii) Inclusions showing evidence of boiling of the fluid. In addition, the presence of magnetite is an important exploration parameter.     

Mineral chemistry and Ti in zircon thermometry: Insights into magmatic evolution of the Sangan igneous rocks,NE Iran

The Sangan Magmatic complex (SMC) is, a large I-type magmatic complex, located in the northeastern Iran. Zircons extracted from the intrusive and volcanic rocks within the SMC record a similar Hf compositions and REE patterns, indicating that these chemical signatures have likely been inherited from the same source and simple history of magmatic crystallization during the evolution of the orogeny. The zircon from volcanic rocks yield Ti-in-zircon crystallization temperatures of 667–1145?°C with average temperatures of 934?°C while those from granitoids indicate crystallization temperatures of 614–898?°C with an average of 812?°C. Ti-in-zircon, Ti in biotite thermometries also indicates that the crystallization temperatures of volcanic rocks are relatively higher than those of granitoids. The biotite chemistry studies reveal that this mineral crystallized at approximately 725°–800?°C and 758° to 816?°C for granitoid and volcanic rocks, respectively, which is similar to obtained temperatures by Zir-saturation of Eq. (1). T_zicsat and T_magma trend lines on the T-SiO₂ diagram cross at high silica contents of ～68?wt.%, at which temperature the magma becomes zircon-saturated and new zircons are crystallized. The zircon REE data including Ce/Ce*, Eu/Eu*, and Th/U ratios suggest that SMC igneous rocks are formed from oxidized magma. However, the zircon Th/U and Hf data suggest that the SMC became progressively more oxidized and also indicate lower temperatures from volcanic and plutonic rock with decreasing time.     

Fluid inclusion evidence for hydrothermal fluid evolution in the Darreh-Zar porphyry copper deposit,Iran

The Darreh-Zar porphyry copper deposit is associated with a quartz monzonitic–granodioritic–porphyritic stock hosted by an Eocene volcanic sedimentary complex in which magmatic hydrothermal fluids were introduced and formed veins and alteration. Within the deepest quartz-rich and chalcopyrite-poor group A veins, LVHS2 inclusions trapped high salinity, high temperature aqueous fluids exsolved directly from a relatively shallow magma (0.5 kbar). These late fluids were enriched in NaCl and reached halite saturation as a result of the low pressure of magma crystallization and fluid exsolution. These fluids extracted Cu from the crystallizing melt and transported it to the hydrothermal system. As a result of ascent, the temperature and pressure of these fluids decreased from 600 to 415 °C, and approximately 500–315 bars. At these conditions, K-feldspar and biotite were stabilized. Type A veins were formed at a depth of ∼1.2 km under conditions of lithostatic pressure and abrupt cooling. Upon cooling and decompressing, the fluid intersected with the liquid–vapor field resulting in separation of immiscible liquid and vapor. This stage was recorded by formation of LVHS1, LVHS3 and VL inclusions. These immiscible fluids formed chalcopyrite–pyrite–quartz veins with sericitic alteration envelopes (B veins) under the lithostatic–hydrostatic pressure regime at temperatures between 415 and 355 °C at 1.3 km below the paleowater table. As the fluids ascended, copper contents decreased and these fluids were diluted by mixing with the low salinity-external fluid. Therefore, pyrite-dominated quartz veins were formed in purely hydrostatic conditions in which pressure decreased from 125 bars to 54 bars and temperature decreased from 355 to 298 °C. During the magmatic-hydrothermal evolution, the composition and P–T regime changed drastically and caused various types of veins and alterations. The abundance of chalcopyrite precipitation in group B veins suggests that boiling and cooling were important factors in copper mineralization in Darreh-Zar.     

Carbon-oxygen isotopic geochemistry of the Yangla Cu skarn deposit,SW China: Implications for the source and evolution of hydrothermal fluids

The Yangla Cu deposit is the largest Cu skarn deposit in the Jinshajiang tectonic belt. Based on the detailed observation of crosscutting relationships, three mineralization stages (i.e., pre-ore, ore and supergene) have been identified in the Yangla deposit. The pre-ore stage is dominated by prograde skarn. The ore stage is characterized by the precipitation of hydrous silicate minerals, Fe-oxides, Fe-Cu-Mo-sulfides, quartz and calcite, whose mineral assemblages were formed in the early and late sub-ore stages. The early sub-ore stage is marked by retrograde alteration with the deposition of hydrous silicate minerals (e.g., actinolite, epidote and chlorite), Fe-oxides, abundant Fe-Cu-Mo-sulfides, quartz and minor calcite. Whilst, the late sub-ore stage, associated with silicic and carbonate alteration, is represented by widespread thick quartz or calcite veins with disseminated pyrite, chalcopyrite, galena and sphalerite. We present new carbon-oxygen (C-O) isotopic compositions of the ore-hosting marble and hydrothermal calcite of this deposit. The hydrothermal calcite in the Yangla deposit was precipitated from both the early and late sub-ore stages. Calcite I from the early sub-ore stage is anhedral, and occurs as spot in the skarn or locally replaces the skarn minerals. Calcite II from the late sub-ore stage is distinguished by being coarse-grained, subhedral to euhedral and its occurrence in thick veins. Calcite I contains lower δ¹³C_PDB (−7.0‰ to −5.0‰) and δ¹⁸O_SMOW (7.2‰ to 12.7‰) than Calcite II (δ¹³C_PDB = −4.5‰ to −2.3‰; δ¹⁸O_SMOW = 10.7‰ to 19.4‰). In the δ¹³C_PDB vs. δ¹⁸O_SMOW diagram, the Calcite I and Calcite II data fall close to the igneous carbonatite field and between the fields of igneous carbonatite and marine carbonates, respectively. This suggests a dominantly magmatic origin for the early sub-ore fluids, and there might have been increasing carbonate wall rock involvement towards the late sub-ore stage. The ore-hosting marble (δ¹³C_PDB = −4.8‰ to −0.3‰; δ¹⁸O_SMOW = 10.2‰ to 23.9‰) also shows a positive δ¹³C_PDB vs. δ¹⁸O_SMOW correlation, which is interpreted to reflect the decreasing alteration intensity during the interactions between the hydrothermal fluids and ore-hosting carbonates. Simulated calculation suggests that both the Calcite I and Calcite II precipitated at 350 °C to 250 °C and 250 °C to 150 °C, respectively. We proposed that CO₂ degassing and water/rock interactions were likely the two major processes that precipitated the calcite and led to the observed C-O isotopic features of the Yangla Cu deposit.     

鄂东南铜绿山矿床石榴子石显微结构及微区成分对成矿过程的指示

鄂东南矿集区铜绿山矿床是典型的矽卡岩型铜铁多金属矿床,矿体产出在铜绿山岩体与三叠系碳酸盐地层的接触带。尽管本矿床的研究程度很高,但对早期成矿流体的成分与演化及矿质富集沉淀等过程的精细制约依然比较欠缺。石榴子石在铜绿山矿床中分布广泛,本文对不同产状的石榴子石利用SEM显微结构、EPMA主量元素和LA-ICPMS微量元素分析,去探讨石榴子石的生长动力学及其对成矿过程的指示。大理岩和镁质外矽卡岩中的石榴子石均以钙铝榴石为主,端元成分比较均一,∑REE含量低(3. 01×10~(-6)～14. 34×10~(-6)),具有弱的Eu异常、轻微富集LREE的模式。钙质外矽卡岩和内矽卡岩中的石榴子石以钙铁榴石为主,端元成分变化较大,单颗粒从核部到边部Fe含量具有增加的趋势,其∑REE含量较高(22. 71×10~(-6)～806. 8×10~(-6)),具有明显的正Eu异常、极度富集LREE亏损HREE的模式。大理岩中的钙铝榴石环带不发育,表明在晶体生长过程中,界面反应速率很慢且物质迁移以扩散为主;而镁质外矽卡岩中的钙铝榴石可见振荡环带,表明界面反应速率比以扩散为主要方式的物质迁移快,这与白云石相对于方解石具有较低的反应吉布斯自由能,因此较难被热液消耗有关;钙质外矽卡岩中的钙铁榴石振荡环带清晰,该类石榴子石只有在界面反应速率较快且物质迁移方式以对流为主的情况下才能形成;内矽卡岩中的钙铁榴石的环带杂乱,尽管其形成的动力学模式与钙质外矽卡岩中的类似,但由于其距离岩体更近,热量迁移困难,在结晶生长受阻的同时由于对流提供的充足物质使得原先的环带发生溶解再沉淀进而形成结构混乱的再吸收环带。上述生长动力学模式也能够很好的对应Nb、Ta含量的脱耦和轻重稀土分异的特征。铜绿山不同产状的石榴子石中,外矽卡岩带中钙铁榴石Eu含量最高,而Eu~(2+)与成矿金属元素一样可被Cl-络合的,其含量的高低可能指示了对应的成矿元素在成矿热液中的浓度。石榴子石环带自核部向边部Fe含量具有逐渐增加的趋势,反应干矽卡岩阶段从早到晚,热液中的金属成矿元素含量增加。     

滇西红牛矽卡岩型铜矿床石榴子石特征

红牛矽卡岩型铜矿床是义敦岛弧南段格咱火山-岩浆弧新探明的铜矿床之一,目前探明铜金属资源量已达大型规模。与由侵入岩和大理岩直接接触形成的典型矽卡岩矿床不同,红牛铜矿床是隐伏岩体远程矽卡岩化的产物,其矽卡岩矿体与地层产状基本一致,通常相间排列,且距离岩体较远,大理岩中可见粗粒石榴子石和硅灰石,矽卡岩中常见大理岩捕掳体。根据矽卡岩矿物组合可将该矿床矽卡岩类型划分为石榴子石矽卡岩、石榴子石透辉石(或透辉石石榴子石)矽卡岩、透辉石矽卡岩、符山石-石榴子石矽卡岩、硅灰石-石榴子石矽卡岩、绿帘石-石榴子石矽卡岩、阳起石-绿帘石矽卡岩、硅灰石矽卡岩和绿帘石矽卡岩,其中以石榴子石矽卡岩、透辉石矽卡岩和硅灰石矽卡岩为主。石榴子石是最重要的矽卡岩矿物,分布广泛、颜色变化大,且石榴子石矽卡岩中黄铜矿、黄铁矿、磁黄铁矿化最好。本文通过对0ZK10、3ZK11和7ZK16钻孔岩芯的地质编录,查明石榴子石在红牛铜矿床的空间分布和矿化特征,采集该矿区新鲜的石榴子石矽卡岩、矽卡岩化大理岩和角岩磨制成光薄片,开展详细的显微镜下鉴定工作,观察石榴子石的颜色、粒度、结构、光性等岩相学特征,并通过电子探针分析其化学成分。红牛铜矿床石榴子石集中产出于矽卡岩中,少量产出于矽卡岩化大理岩和角岩中,具有明显的两期。早期石榴子石分布广泛,多呈褐色-红褐色,非均质性,异常干涉色,粒径一般在0.2~4mm之间,半自形-自形中细粒结构,韵律环带发育。SiO2含量变化范围为35.18%~37.69%、CaO为33.34%~36.35%、Al2O3为3.64%~13.69%、FeO为11.90%~24.18%、MgO为0.00%~0.08%,FeO和Al2O3含量变化呈负相关,SiO2和CaO含量变化整体呈正相关。石榴子石端员组分总体以钙铁榴石(36.88%~82.36%)为主,其次为钙铝榴石(16.59%~60.75%),还有少量的镁铝榴石、铁铝榴石和锰铝榴石,属于钙铁榴石-钙铝榴石系列(And37-82Gro17-61Spe+Pyr+Alm0.33-3.71)。晚期石榴子石呈浅褐色-浅红色,多发育于矽卡岩化角岩和大理岩中,少量发育于矽卡岩中,半自形-他形粒状结构,均质性,全消光,常具有溶蚀结构。SiO2含量变化范围为35.06%~36.27%、CaO为33.07%~33.77%、Al2O3为0.04%~1.05%、FeO为27.38%~28.18%、MgO为0.00%~0.04%,属于钙铁榴石(94.42%~98.46%)。早期石榴子石韵律环带发育,其主量元素含量变化显示出一定的规律性,由核部向边缘,SiO2和CaO基本保持不变,FeO含量增加,Al2O3含量减少,钙铁榴石含量增加,钙铝榴石含量减少,反映在石榴子石形成早期,成岩环境为低氧逸度、酸性还原环境;形成过程中氧逸度增加,成矿溶液由酸性向弱碱性演化。黄铜矿、磁黄铁矿、辉钼矿等金属硫化物多呈他形充填于石榴子石颗粒之间,或在石榴子石的裂隙中形成细脉,或沿石榴子石生长环带面交代,表明石榴子石形成于矽卡岩早期、早于铜矿化,并为金属硫化物的沉淀富集提供了空间。     

Mineralogy,fluid inclusions,and isotopes of the Cihai iron deposit,eastern Tianshan,NW China: Implication for hydrothermal evolution and genesis of subvolcanic rocks-hosted skarn-type deposits

Most skarn deposits are closely related to granitoids that intruded into carbonate rocks. The Cihai (>100 Mt at 45% Fe) is a deposit with mineral assemblages and hydrothermal features similar to many other typical skarn deposits of the world. However, the iron orebodies of Cihai are mainly hosted within the diabase and not in contact with carbonate rocks. In addition, some magnetite grains exhibit unusual relatively high TiO₂ content. These features are not consistent with the typical skarn iron deposit. Different hydrothermal and/or magmatic processes are being actively investigated for its origin. Because of a lack of systematic studies of geology, mineral compositions, fluid inclusions, and isotopes, the genetic type, ore genesis, and hydrothermal evolution of this deposit are still poorly understood and remain controversial.The skarn mineral assemblages are the alteration products of diabase. Three main paragenetic stages of skarn formation and ore deposition have been recognized based on petrographic observations, which show a prograde skarn stage (garnet-clinopyroxene-disseminated magnetite), a retrograde skarn stage (main iron ore stage, massive magnetite-amphibole-epidote ± ilvaite), and a quartz-sulfide stage (quartz-calcite-pyrite-pyrrhotite-cobaltite).Overall, the compositions of garnet, clinpyroxene, and amphibole are consistent with those of typical skarn Fe deposits worldwide. In the disseminated ores, some magnetite grains exhibit relatively high TiO₂ content (>1 wt.%), which may be inherited from the diabase protoliths. Some distinct chemical zoning in magnetite grains were observed in this study, wherein cores are enriched in Ti, and magnetite rims show a pronounced depletion in Ti. The textural and compositional data of magnetite confirm that the Cihai Fe deposit is of hydrothermal origin, rather than associated with iron rich melts as previously suggested.Fluid inclusions study reveal that, the prograde skarn (garnet and pyroxene) formed from high temperature (520–600 °C), moderate- to high-salinity (8.1–23.1 wt.% NaCl equiv, and >46 wt.% NaCl equiv) fluids. Massive iron ore and retrograde skarn assemblages (amphibole-epidote ± ilvaite) formed under hydrostatic condition after the fracturing of early skarn. Fluids in this stage had lower temperature (220°–456 °C) and salinity (8.4–16.3 wt.% NaCl equiv). Fluid inclusions in quartz-sulfide stage quartz and calcite also record similar conditions, with temperature range from 128° to 367 °C and salinity range from 0.2 to 22.9 wt.% NaCl equiv. Oxygen and hydrogen isotopic data of garnet and quartz suggest that mixing and dilution of early magmatic fluids with external fluids (e.g., meteoric waters) caused a decrease in fluid temperature and salinity in the later stages of the skarn formation and massive iron precipitation. The δ¹⁸O values of magnetite from iron ores vary between 4.1 and 8.5‰, which are similar to values reported in other skarn Fe deposits. Such values are distinct from those of other iron ore deposits such as Kiruna-type and magmatic Fe-Ti-V deposits worldwide. Taken together, these geologic, geochemical, and isotopic data confirm that Cihai is a diabase-hosted skarn deposit related to the granitoids at depth.     

南秦岭柞水-山阳矿集区小河口矽卡岩型铜矿床矿物化学及其成矿意义

秦岭造山带燕山期斑岩-矽卡岩型铜矿床因过去发现的数量有限,限制了对区内铜矿床成矿机制的深入研究。小河口铜矿床是南秦岭柞水-山阳矿集区内的典型矽卡岩型铜矿床,矿体产于燕山期花岗闪长玢岩与泥盆系桐峪寺组地层接触处的矽卡岩带内。成矿作用划分为4个阶段:Ⅰ干矽卡岩阶段、Ⅱ湿矽卡岩-氧化物阶段、Ⅲ石英-硫化物阶段和Ⅳ碳酸盐-石英阶段。本文在对该矿床矽卡岩矿物(石榴子石和辉石)和金属矿物(磁铁矿和硫化物)详细的岩(矿)相学观察基础上,针对这些矿物进行系统的电子探针成分分析,来示踪矽卡岩的成因和形成环境,讨论成矿元素的沉淀富集过程。研究表明,小河口铜矿床为典型的接触交代成因钙质矽卡岩型矿床。干矽卡岩矿化阶段从早到晚依次形成钙铝榴石(Adr_(24-31)Gr_(68-74))、钙铝榴石组分-钙铁榴石组分交替系列(Adr_(26-68)Gr_(31-72))和透辉石(Di_(73-91)Hd_(8-24))-纯钙铁榴石(Adr_(68-100)Gr_(0-30))。伴随着岩浆结晶分异,初始岩浆-热液流体与灰岩发生接触交代作用首先形成无环带钙铝榴石(Grt-a)矽卡岩,此时成岩环境为低氧逸度、酸性还原环境,不利于矽卡岩铁、铜矿化的形成;成矿流体不断从岩浆中出溶并发生多次沸腾,引起残留热液的氧化还原状态发生周期性变化,成矿热液由酸性逐渐向弱碱性演化,进而导致Fe~(3+)和Al~(3+)活度的变化,在振荡的物理化学环境中形成了钙铝榴石-钙铁榴石组分交替生长的宽环带石榴子石(Grt-c)矽卡岩;随着岩浆演化和流体作用的扩大,成矿体系处于较稳定的碱性和高氧逸度环境,Fe和Al的过饱和程度此消彼长,形成了透辉石-密集振荡环带钙铁榴石(Grt-b和Grt-d)矽卡岩。成矿流体演化进入湿矽卡岩-氧化物阶段后,富含挥发分的热液活动起主导作用,沸腾作用将H~+和CO_2分离进入气相,导致流体体系碱性和氧逸度程度进一步升高,进而形成磁铁矿和镜铁矿大量沉淀富集。石英-硫化物阶段,随着温度和氧逸度骤减导致黄铁矿、磁黄铁矿和黄铜矿等硫化物发生沉淀,并以石英-硫化物脉的形式充填于构造裂隙或矽卡岩内。     

Zircon and titanite U-Pb dating of the Zhangjiawa iron skarn deposit,Luxi district,North China Craton: Implications for a craton-wide iron skarn mineralization

The North China craton hosts numerous iron skarn deposits containing more than 2600 Mt of iron ores, mostly with an average grade of >45 wt% Fe, which have been among the most important source of high-grade iron ores for the last three decades in China. These deposits typically form clusters and can be roughly divided into the western and eastern belts, which are located in the middle of Trans-North China orogen and to the west of the Tan-Lu fault zone in the eastern part of North China craton, respectively. The western belt mainly consists of the southern Taihang district, as well as the Linfen and Taiyuan ore fields, whereas the eastern belt comprises the Luxi and Xu-Huai districts. The Zhangjiawa deposit in the Luxi district has proven reserves of 290 Mt at an average of 46% Fe (up to >65%). The iron mineralization occurs mainly along contact zones between the Kuangshan dioritic intrusion and middle Ordovician marine carbonate rocks that host numerous evaporite intercalations. Titanite grains from the mineralized skarn are closely intergrown with magnetite and retrograde skarn minerals including chlorite, phlogopite and minor epidote, indicating a hydrothermal origin. The titanite grains have extremely low REE contents and low Th/U ratios, consistent with their precipitation directly from hydrothermal fluids responsible for the iron mineralization. Ten hydrothermal titanite grains yield a weighted mean ²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U age of 131.0 ± 3.9 Ma (MSWD = 0.1, 1σ), which is in excellent agreement with a zircon U-Pb age (130 ± 1 Ma) of the ore-related diorite. This age consistency confirms that the iron skarn mineralization is temporally and likely genetically related to the Kuangshan intrusion. Results from this study, when combined with existing isotopic age data, suggest that iron skarn mineralization and associated magmatism throughout both the eastern and western belts took place coevally between 135 and 125 Ma, with a peak at ca. 130 Ma. As such, those deposits may represent the world's only major Phanerozoic iron skarn concentration hosted in Precambrian cratons. The magmatism and associated iron skarn mineralization coincide temporally with the culmination of lithospheric thinning and destruction of the North China craton, implying a causal link between the two.     

浪都夕卡岩型铜矿床中石榴子石稀土元素地球化学研究

文中对浪都矿床夕卡岩中石榴子石进行了主量和稀土元素研究。分析结果表明研究区石榴子石为钙铁榴石-钙铝榴石固溶体系列,成分变化于Ad_(87)Gr_(13)-Ad_(92)Gr_8之间,以钙铁榴石为主。与世界上很多夕卡岩矿床中石榴子石REE配分模式截然不同,研究区石榴子石稀土元素总量较低、配分模式表现为轻稀土富集,重稀土亏损,并且具有明显的Eu正异常。研究显示,浪都矿床钙铁榴石是在水/岩比值较高的环境下快速形成,其与流体之间并没有完全达到REE平衡。岩浆热液中REE的配分模式、表面吸附可能为制约石榴子石REE含量及配分模式的主要因素。Eu~(2+)(r=1.25 A)与其他REE~(3+)相比具有更大的离子半径,更容易被吸附在石榴子石晶体表面,可能是形成浪都矿床中石榴子石Eu正异常的主要原因。     

江西永平铜矿矽卡岩矿物特征及其地质意义

永平铜矿含矿岩石主要为绿帘石透辉石石榴石矽卡岩,这种岩石类型是与斑岩体有关的矽卡岩铜矿的典型赋矿岩石。通过对这一主要赋矿矽卡岩的研究,我们发现石榴石生长分为两个阶段:(1)早期石榴石:主要分布在石榴石颗粒核部,XAdr=1.0,主要以钙铁榴石为主,说明早期流体中可能含有较多的铁,是在较氧化条件下形成的;(2)晚期石榴石,沿石榴石裂隙重新成核或者在靠近流体通道的早期石榴石表面生长,出现震荡环带,XAdr=0.46~0.99,为钙铁-钙铝石榴石系列。石榴石发生变化的期间也形成新的矿物,如绿帘石、萤石、方解石和石英等。共存石榴石和绿帘石矿物中存在Fe3+-Al3+之间的替代,说明流体的氧逸度、组分浓度或aFe3+/aAl3+可能发生了变化。金属矿物也可能是在这一阶段形成的。永平铜矿矽卡岩从接触带到大理岩空间上有分带现象。从岩体到围岩的变化趋势为:石榴石含量减少,颜色存在红棕色-棕色-棕绿色-黄绿色-浅黄色的变化趋势;矿石品位降低,这与石榴石中Al2O3含量的变化较一致。我们认为这种变化是含矿热液对早期矽卡岩进行再交代改造的结果,表现为石榴石和绿帘石中Fe3+-Al3+含量的变化,并将Cu等金属沉淀下来。根据矽卡岩矿物的这些特征,在矿床勘探时,可依据棕色石榴石来追踪主矿体的位置。     

矽卡岩中石榴子石在示踪热液流体演化和矿化分带中的研究现状及其展望

热液型矿床形成过程中流体的组成、运移、演化及其矿质沉淀机制是矿床学研究的重点内容和难点。矽卡岩矿床中具有震荡环带结构的石榴子石完整记录了热液流体的性质、组成及演化过程,这种震荡环带的出现暗示了不同成分系列的石榴子石对不同阶段热液流体成矿物化环境的特定选择性。石榴子石晶体元素化学分带现象是流体运移和矿物再沉淀过程周期性循环再现的结果,对指示早期矽卡岩阶段热液流体中主、微量元素化学分带机制具有重要意义。不同成分系列、不同期次石榴子石的Fe_2O_3和Al_2O_3含量差异显著,其对热液流体演化过程中氧化还原环境的变化具有较好的示踪作用;相对主量元素而言,微量元素在流体演化过程中具有更好的探针作用,钙铝榴石常富集Al、Ti、Zr、HREE元素,而钙铁榴石常富集As、W、Mo、Fe、LREE元素。借助EMPA和LA_ICP_MS技术对具震荡环带结构的石榴子石进行主、微量元素(包括稀土元素)的微区和原位分析是探讨成矿过程中流体组成和性质演化的重要手段,其有可能揭示矿物生长机制、成矿环境以及成矿流体组成与性质的演化,而这一地质信息对于全面理解矽卡岩型矿床的矿化分带及成矿作用非常重要。     

河南省安林矽卡岩型铁矿的成岩时代和成矿物质来源探讨

位于华北克拉通中部的河南省安林铁矿是典型的邯邢式矽卡岩型铁矿,矿体产于闪长质岩石和中奥陶统灰岩的接触带。LA-ICPMS锆石U-Pb定年结果表明安林闪长岩体的侵位年龄为123.38±0.81Ma,略晚于华北克拉通东部地区的含矿岩体,形成于岩石圈大规模减薄伸展时期。但其中含有古老的锆石说明岩浆经历了地壳的混染。闪长质岩石具有相对低SiO2、高Mg#、高碱,富集Ba、Sr和LREE大离子亲石元素,亏损Nb、Ti、Ta等高场强元素的特点,暗示了其形成于岩石圈地幔。岩相学特征以及Harker图解指示了岩浆经历了较强的分离结晶作用,因此推断安林闪长岩可能是软流圈地幔上涌导致富集的岩石圈地幔发生部分熔融形成原始的辉长质岩浆在上升过程中或岩浆房中发生了以铁镁矿物为主的分离结晶作用,同时受到地壳物质的混染的结果。安林地区矿石具有和闪长岩体相似的稀土元素地球化学特征,反映铁的成矿作用与岩浆作用密切相关。矿床中闪长岩体、矽卡岩、矿石和碳酸盐围岩的主量元素对比研究表明钠交代作用引起Na、K、Fe、Si等元素在各岩类间的迁移,其中迁移出的铁为成矿提供了物质基础。安林地区初始岩浆富含水,分离结晶作用使残留岩浆水饱和而发生出溶;且岩浆在演化过程中受到区内膏盐层和碳酸盐地层的混染,促进了岩浆中流体的出溶并使出溶的流体富含Cl-,为有利于铁质活化的富Cl-岩浆流体的形成创造了条件。     

Geology and geochemistry of the sediment-hosted Cheshmeh-Konan redbed-type copper deposit,NW Iran

The several-hundred-m-thick Miocene Upper Red Formation in northwestern Iran hosts stratiform and fault-controlled copper mineralization. Copper enrichment in the percent range occurs in dm-thick carbonaceous sandstone and shale units within the clastic redbed sequence and consists of fine-grained disseminated copper sulfides (chalcopyrite, bornite, chalcocite) and supergene alteration minerals (covellite, malachite and azurite). The copper mineralization formed after calcite cementation of the primary rock permeability. Copper sulfides occur mainly as replacement of diagenetic pyrite, which, in turn, replaced organic matter. Electron microprobe analysis on bornite, chalcocite and covellite identifies elevated silver contents in these minerals (up to 0.12, 0.72 and 1.21 wt%, respectively), whereas chalcopyrite and pyrite have only trace amounts of silver (<0.26 and 0.06 wt%, respectively). Microthermometric data on fluid inclusions in authigenic quartz and calcite indicate that the Cu mineralization is related to a diagenetic fluid of moderate-to low temperature (Th = 96–160 °C) but high salinity (25–38 wt% CaCl₂ equiv.). The range of δ³⁴S in pyrite is −41.9 to −16.4‰ (average −31.4‰), where framboidal pyrite shows the most negative values between −41.9 and −31.8‰, and fine-grained pyrite has relatively heavier δ³⁴S values (−29.2 to −16.4‰), consistent with a bacteriogenic derivation of the sulfur. The Cu-sulfides (chalcopyrite, bornite and chalcocite) show slightly heavier values from −14.6 to −9.0‰, and their sulfur sources may be both the precursor pyrite-S and the bacterial reduction of sulfate-bearing basinal brines. Carbonates related to the ore stage show isotopically light values of δ¹³C_V-PDB from −8.2 to −5.1‰ and δ¹⁸O_V-PDB from −10.3 to −7.2‰, indicating a mixed source of oxidation of organic carbon (ca. −20‰) and HCO₃⁻ from seawater/porewater (ca. 0‰). The copper mineralization is mainly controlled by organic matter content and paleopermeability (intragranular space to large fracture patterns), enhanced by feldspar and calcite dissolution. The Cheshmeh-Konan deposit can be classified as a redbed-type sediment-hosted stratiform copper (SSC) deposit.     

云南省文山县官房钨矿床矿床地质和流体包裹体研究

云南省文山县官房钨矿床是华南西部右江成矿带新近发现的大型钨矿床之一,产于滇东南褶皱带文山-富宁褶皱束薄竹山穹窿南翼。该矿床的形成与薄竹山S类花岗岩有关,形成于燕山期陆内碰撞体制。矿体产于燕山期花岗岩与寒武系碎屑岩-碳酸盐建造的外接触带,矿石构造主要是浸染状和网脉状。围岩蚀变类型复杂、蚀变分带明显,自花岗岩体向外依次为金云母-绿帘石化带→透辉石-透闪石化带→镁橄榄石化带。成矿过程包括矽卡岩阶段(早阶段)、石英-硫化物阶段(中阶段)和石英-碳酸盐(晚阶段)阶段。早阶段矽卡岩矿物(透辉石、石榴石)中发育含CH4的水溶液包裹体和含子矿物包裹体,中阶段石英中发育含CO2、CH4、N2的水溶液包裹体和含子矿物包裹体,晚阶段石英中发育含CO2的水溶液包裹体。各阶段矿物中不发育含石盐子晶包裹体。早阶段流体包裹体均一温度集中于379～550℃,盐度为3.17%～9.86%NaCleqv;中阶段包裹体均一温度集中于250～370℃,盐度为8.95%～10.61%NaCleqv;晚阶段流体包裹体均一温度为115～221℃,盐度为1.74%～5.71%NaCleqv。估算的早、中阶段流体捕获压力分别为45～90MPa和10～30MPa,推测最大成矿深度为3km。上述流体包裹体研究表明成矿流体由早阶段高温、低NaCl的H2O-CH4-NaCl岩浆热液,演化为中阶段中温、低NaCl的H2O-CH4-CO2-NaCl热液体系,最终转化为晚阶段低温、含CO2的大气降水。     

内蒙古达茂旗宫忽洞矽卡岩型铜矿床地质、地球化学特征及其意义

宫忽洞是内蒙古中部的一例典型矽卡岩型铜矿床,位于华北板块北缘中段中元古代白云鄂博裂谷带内,赋存于矿区东南部花岗斑岩与白云鄂博群呼吉尔图组结晶灰岩形成的矽卡岩中。矿体呈透镜状、似层状分布,主要金属矿物为黄铜矿、斑铜矿、闪锌矿、辉铜矿、黄铁矿、磁黄铁矿等,脉石矿物为石榴石、透辉石、方解石、萤石等,矽卡岩类主要为透辉石-石榴石矽卡岩。花岗斑岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄为(299.6±1.7)Ma,推断宫忽洞铜矿床是晚古生代构造岩浆活动的产物。花岗斑岩高Si、贫Al;亏损Ba、Sr、P、Ti等元素;10000Ga/Al值变化于2.32~3.49;稀土配分曲线呈典型的"V"字形;Fe OT/Mg O值介于9.86~12.27;其成因类型为A1亚类的A型花岗岩,可能形成于后造山拉张构造环境。3件热液方解石δ13CV-PDB值介于-10.6‰~-8.6‰,对应的δ18OV-SMOW值为4.6‰~15‰,宫忽洞铜矿床成矿期的CO2可能由花岗斑岩与灰岩地层的相互作用形成。4件不同硫化物的δ34S值介于1.2‰~10‰,表明成矿所需的硫可能来自于岩浆硫与海相硫酸盐的混合;4件不同硫化物的206Pb/204Pb=17.706~17.828,207Pb/204Pb=15.506~15.564;208Pb/204Pb=37.841~37.969,表明后造山阶段拉张环境形成的A型花岗斑岩体可能是成矿物质的主要提供者。     

湖南柿竹园钨多金属矿床中的锰质矽卡岩

柿竹园钨金属矿床中锰质矽－卡岩由锰铝榴石，铁铝－锰铝质榴石，蔷薇辉石，锰橄榄石，日光榴石，硫锰矿，含锰次透辉石，富锰金云母和菱锰矿组成。其生成于钙质矽卡岩的退化蚀变之后，与云英岩钨多金属矿化有着密切的时空关系。从近接触带到远接触带，锰质矽卡岩矿物组合及各种锰质矿物中的锰含量均逐渐上升。     

西藏邦铺钼多金属矿床矽卡岩矿物学特征及其地质意义

西藏邦铺超大型钼多金属矿床中矽卡岩铅锌矿体赋存于下二叠统洛巴堆组矽卡岩和大理岩中,矿体呈似层状、透镜状产出,矽卡岩矿物较为发育。为进一步查明矿床矽卡岩矿物种属及矽卡岩类型,剖析矽卡岩形成环境及其与矿化类型之间的关系,基于对矽卡岩矿物系统地显微镜下观测,利用电子探针对矿床主要矽卡岩矿物化学成分进行了系统分析。结果表明,石榴子石端员组分以钙铁榴石为主,含少量锰铝榴石和钙铝榴石;单斜辉石主要为透辉石-钙铁辉石系列,含少量锰钙辉石;似辉石为铁钙蔷薇辉石;角闪石主要为钙质阳起石;绿帘石贫Fe、Mg。矽卡岩矿物组合特征表明,矿床矽卡岩兼具钙矽卡岩和锰质矽卡岩特征;早期矽卡岩形成于较强的氧化环境,成矿岩浆流体亦具有较高氧逸度。邦铺首次发现锰质矽卡岩矿物组合,表明矿区具有银矿找矿潜力,为下一步找矿工作提供了理论支撑。