Heavy metal pollution and soil magnetic susceptibility in urban soil of Beni Mellal City (Morocco)

The assessment of anthropogenic impact in the urban environment can be evaluated according to heavy metal contents of soils such as Pb, Cu, Zn, Cd and Fe. These elements have more affinity to establish metallic bond with ferrous material leading to enhancement of soil magnetic susceptibility. The objective of this study was to undertake joint magnetic and geochemical investigations of road-side urban soil materials to address the environmental pollution of Beni Mellal city that has been subjected to environmental stress, due to population overpressure and related urbanization. Twenty three soils magnetic susceptibility profiles were made along 5 km peripheral national road (N8) in Beni Mellal. The magnetic survey reported here for the first time on this City’s topsoils tries to establish the link between magnetic properties and the content of heavy metals. High magnetic susceptibility values and high contents of heavy metals were found near the paved edge of the road and within the place reserved as large engine park. Magnetic extracts of highly polluted areas and unpolluted soil (olive plantation) were analyzed by SEM coupled with RDX in order to discriminate anthropogenic magnetic spherules and pedo-lithogenic magnetite-like minerals. Magnetic mineralogy determined by Mössbauer spectroscopy suggests the presence of hematite, magnetite and goethite in highly polluted areas. The iron oxides and especially goethite are efficient in incorporating and/or adsorbing foreign ions.     

The paleoenvironmental-magnetic record of the Gold Hill Steps loess section in central Alaska

In contrast to the loess-paleosol sequences of China and Central Europe, paleosols of the Halfway House and Gold Hill Steps loess sections in central Alaska show no enhancement in magnetic susceptibility. Evidence for maghemitization and ultrafine superparamagnetic minerals is found in the topsoil and in the lowest weathered loess of the sequence. These minerals are not detected in the three paleosols within the profiles. Rock-magnetic characteristics also indicate a smaller magnetic grain size in the loess with the lowest magnetic susceptibility values. This finding supports the interpretations of Begét et al. (1990) that magnetic concentration and corresponding susceptibility variations may be related to changes in wind intensity.     

Correlation between magnetic susceptibility and heavy metals in urban topsoil: a case study from the city of Xuzhou, China

Anthropogenic influence, mainly due to urban and industrial activities and traffic exhaust, may affect urban topsoil via atmospheric contamination and solid waste. Magnetic susceptibility measurements were conducted on 21 urban topsoil samples from the city of Xuzhou, China. High intensities of magnetic susceptibility were detected in the majority of the samples. SEM analysis shows that magnetic minerals are in the form of spherules and mainly due to anthropogenic inputs. The heavy metals Pb, Cu, Zn, Se, Sc, Mo, Fe, and Bi show strong correlations with magnetic susceptibility, and Ag, Ba, Cd, Ni, Cr, Sb, and Sn, on the other hand, show a weak correlation with magnetic susceptibility. Whereas, of these metals studied, only Hg has no significant correlation with the susceptibility. The Tomlinson pollution load index (PLI) also shows significant correlation with the susceptibility (χ). The present study shows that magnetic susceptibility is a fast, inexpensive, and non-destructive method for the detection and mapping of contaminated soils.     

Magnetic Influences of Cement Dust on Soil in Industrial Area and Its Environmental Implications

To monitor environmental implications of cement dust on soil in industrial area, magnetic parameters and mineral compositions were measured by the samples of the cement dust, cement factory dustfall, cement, coal ash, topsoil of green space in the factory and topsoil outside the factory. Results showed that the major magnetic minerals in the samples were magnetite, the magnetic mineral particle size of cement dust, dustfall, cement and coal ash was coarse Multi-Domian (MD) and Pseudo-Single-Domain (PSD). As topsoil of green space in the factory and topsoil outside the factory were polluted by cement dust, their magnetic properties had been obviously changed; the concentration of magnetic minerals elevated and particle size became coarser. The magnetic parameters (χ_fd,χ_ARM/χ,χ_ARM/SIRM) value can reflect the pollution level of the soil, the lower its value was, the more serious soil was polluted. X-ray diffraction results showed that the mineral compositions of the topsoil of green space in the factory and topsoil outside the factory were quartz and calcite, which were the same as cement dust. Magnetic parameters combination characteristics of topsoil can monitor the soil environmental changes in cement industry area.     

Anthropogenic Pb accumulation in forest soils from Lake Clair watershed: Duchesnay experimental forest (Québec, Canada)

Mineral soil horizons (Ae, Bhf1, Bhf2, Bf, BC and C) were carefully collected from two podzolic soil profiles in the Lake Clair watershed (Québec) in order to assess anthropogenic trace metal accumulation. Petrographic and selective analyses were performed to establish the soil mineralogy and properties. Furthermore, a complete sequential extraction procedure has been applied to help understanding the complex chemical speciation of Pb in forest soils. Chemical speciation of Pb showed a strong vertical gradient: 85% of this metal is mainly partitioned in refractory minerals in the C-horizon whereas in the upper Bhf1 and Ae-horizons, less than 50% of Pb is associated with this fraction. In the Ae-horizon, for example, 35%, 30% and 12% of total Pb, respectively, is associated with the exchangeable, labile organic matter and amorphous Fe-Mn oxides fractions. The distribution of Pb and Cr in the studied forest soils mainly reflects progressive contamination of the watershed by anthropogenic atmospheric sources. The anthropogenic source is indicated by elevated Cr and Pb concentrations in the topsoil (Bhf and Ae) horizons and by strong negative correlation between ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁷Pb ratios and total Pb concentrations. According to these isotopic values, penetration of anthropogenic Pb does not exceed 10 cm in both soil profiles. Below this depth, both Pb concentrations and isotopic ratios remain nearly constant and similar to values observed in pre-anthropogenic sediments from Lake Clair. These values are interpreted as the natural geochemical backgrounds of the watershed. Based on that behaviour, calculated anthropogenic Pb net inputs amounted to between 1.24 and 1.8 g/m².     

青海省土壤有机碳储量估算及其源汇因素分析

收集了青海省第二次土壤普查资料的2 856个土壤统计剖面数据,计算了20世纪80年代青海省土壤0～20 cm和0～65 cm深度的土壤有机碳密度,根据1∶400万数字化土壤类型图,统计了不同类型土壤的土壤有机碳储量。结合本研究采集的105个表层土壤数据,估算了青海省典型地区土壤有机碳近30年来的年均变化量。研究建立了土壤有机碳含量与温度、降雨等气候因子的关系方程,根据青海省土地利用现状估算了不同时期土地利用方式变化对青海省土壤碳源汇转化的影响。结果显示:(1)0～20 cm表土层SOCD20加权平均值为4.509 kg/m2,其值在各类型土壤间差异较为显著,SOCR20为2.953 Pg;0～65 cm的SOCD65加权平均值为13.597 kg/m2,SOCR65为8.904 Pg。由于受气候、土壤类型、植被类型、海拔等因素的影响,青海省土壤有机碳密度的分布呈现自东南向西北递减的带状分布特征;(2)近30年来青海省有机碳含量明显下降;(3)根据气象站的资料,分析了近50年来的年均气温变化趋势,预测在全球变暖背景下青藏高原土壤将表现出碳源效应,而研究区愈加明显的人类活动影响、大面积草地退化等土地利用方式改变也是造成土壤碳释放的主要原因之一。     

钢厂周边污染土壤的电性与磁性特征及其环境意义

利用直流电测深、环境磁学以及矿物学方法,开展对一钢铁厂周边土壤的污染评价研究,获得了土壤垂向电阻率与磁化率分布特征。研究表明,随着污染土剖面的深度由底部至地表,土壤电阻率逐渐减小,磁化率和重金属含量反而增高;该变化特征反映了土壤受污染的程度与钢铁公司历年粗钢产量及武汉市历年汽车保有量的变化程度相对应。通过对污染样品的磁滞回线、热磁曲线和SEM/EDX等矿物学分析,污染样品的矿物成分以磁铁矿和赤铁矿为主,以准单畴(PSD)颗粒存在,形貌特征和物质成分与成土过程中形成的磁性颗粒明显不同。由于土壤的电性与磁性都具有良好的污染程度指示作用,所以土壤的电性与磁性研究可以应用于土壤污染程度的评价,两者联合运用可大大提高土壤污染程度评价的分辨率。     

Consistent grain size distribution of pedogenic maghemite of surface soils and Miocene loessic soils on the Chinese Loess Plateau

There is agreement that ultrafine maghemite grains (<100 nm) are responsible for the magnetic enhancement of Chinese loess. Recent studies show that grain size distribution of ultrafine pedogenic maghemite grains within the aeolian sequences on the central Chinese Loess Plateau deposited in the last 8 Ma is consistent. However, whether the observed grain size distribution of ultrafine pedogenic maghemite grains can be observed in the western Chinese Loess Plateau and modern soils is not entirely clear. Here we find that young surface soil samples across the Chinese Loess Plateau and early Neogene loessic soils from the western Chinese Loess Plateau also show consistent grain size distribution with that of ultrafine pedogenic maghemite grains on the central Chinese Loess Plateau. The fact that young surface soil samples show apparent magnetic enhancement suggests that the ultrafine pedogenic maghemite grains derive from oxidation of ultrafine magnetite grains. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Discrimination of lithogenic and anthropogenic sources of metals and sulphur in soils of the central-northern part of the Zambian Copperbelt Mining District: A topsoil vs. subsurface soil concept

Samples of topsoil together with reference samples of subsurface soil from a depth of 80–90 cm were collected in the central-northern part of the Zambian Copperbelt to distinguish lithogenic sources of metals from anthropogenic contamination of soils caused by fallout of dust from mining operations, flotation ore treatment plants, tailings dams, smelters and slag dumping grounds. The total sulphur, Cu and Co contents were found to be significantly higher in topsoil relative to subsurface soil over a large part of the surveyed area, and Zn, Pb, As and Hg contents showed a definite increase in the close neighbourhood of smelters and in the direction of prevailing winds. This indicates that the increase of these elements in the topsoil is due to anthropogenic activities. The areal extent and degree of anthropogenic contamination of topsoil can be expressed by an enrichment index (EI) based on the average ratio of the actual and median concentrations of the given contaminants. Although the contamination of soil by dust fallout decreases progressively with depth in the soil profile, in areas strongly affected by mining and mineral processing the anthropogenic contamination by sulphur and copper can be traced to a depth of 80–90 cm. In contrast, the concentration of elements such as Cr, Ni, and V, that show a direct correlation with the content of iron in the soils, increases in the subsurface soil relative to the topsoil. This is particularly evident in areas underlain by rocks of the Katanga Supergroup.     

慕士塔格新冰期以来冰碛物风化成土特征

对慕士塔格西坡冰碛物粒度及磁化率分析表明:<1 mm的冰碛物以4~6Φ (0.063~0.016mm)含量为主,平均粒径(Mean)在2~6Φ之间,分选系数(δ)在1~3之间,峰态系数(K_g)为1.5~3.5,偏度(SK)系数在-2~2之间;磁化率分别与时代较老的冰碛土的粘土,和时代较新的冰碛土的粗砂成正相关.土壤发育过程和风力作用是影响冰碛物演化的重要因素,原生冰碛物保留的平均深度在30 cm以下.     

Variations in soil characteristics among urban green spaces in Kumasi,Ghana

Urban soils, although crucial to defining urban vegetation types and strengthening the resilience of urban ecosystems, can be severely modified by human activities. Yet understanding of these modifications and their implications for soil properties is limited. This study examined the vertical and spatial variability of selected soil physicochemical properties (pH, SOM, OC, TN, and bulk density) in Kumasi, Ghana, using a stratified random sampling technique. Soil samples were collected at three depths (0–15, 15–30, and 30–60 cm) from 161 plots in eight green space types within two urban zones. Mean topsoil pH ranged between 5.0 in the natural forest and 6.5 in home gardens. Mean bulk density, nitrogen, and carbon concentrations differed among green space types and depths (p?<?0.0001). Soil nitrogen and carbon concentrations in the 0–15 cm depth were two times greater than those of the 30–60 cm depth. Soil pH and organic matter concentrations were higher in the core urban soils than in the peri-urban while the reverse was true for total soil N and bulk density. Canonical discriminant analysis showed considerable separation of green space types based on the soil physicochemical properties. Higher total nitrogen and C:N ratios separated natural forest and cemetery from the other UGS types, whereas higher pH and bulk densities separated plantations and home gardens from the rest of the UGS types. Furthermore, the subsoil layers were laden with undecomposed cloths, plastics, concrete, and metal parts which can obstruct root growth and water movement. Results generally demonstrate considerable variability in soil properties among urban green spaces and highlight the need for a better understanding of these patterns to ensure continued support for plant growth, green space sustenance and maintenance, and the ecosystem services derived from them.     

Endogenous and exogenous lead in soils of Yangtze River Delta region,China: identified by lead isotopic compositions and multi-elemental approaches

Thirty typical soil profiles were sampled in Yangtze River Delta (YRD) region and analyzed for stable lead (Pb) isotopes and total concentrations of Pb and scandium (Sc). Pb isotopic compositions of A-horizon and C-horizon and Pb/Sc ratio were combined to estimate the amounts of endogenous and exogenous Pb accumulated in topsoil and identify possible sources. The results indicated that Pb exhibits a trend of accumulation in topsoil at regional scale. The isotopic composition of endogenous Pb is characterized by a narrow range of isotope ratios, varying with parent material, while that of exogenous Pb is characterized by a comparatively wide range of isotope ratios, varying with anthropogenic source. Coal combustion is probably the most important anthropogenic source of exogenous Pb in the soils of YRD region, as identified by isotopic ratio cross-plot combined with multi-elemental approaches.     

The impact of stormwater on a soil profile in an infiltration basin

The effects of urban stormwater on the soil of an infiltration/ holding basin were studied within the framework of research carried out by OTHU (Urban Hydrology Field Observatory of Lyon, France). The biophysicochemical impacts of stormwater from an industrial watershed on the local soil (to a depth of 4 m in the unsaturated zone) were measured. Several types of measurement (pH, organic matter, particle size, heavy metals content, and heterotrophic viable bacterial counts) for three vertical soil profiles were carried out. High concentrations of heavy metals and significant variations in pH and silt to a depth of 1.5 m were observed. The concentrations decreased as a function of distance from the stormwater discharge pipe. Changes in the bacterial population were also observed, varying in accordance with the depth and location of the profile.

---

Resumen Se estudiaron los efectos de tormentas en zonas urbanas sobre el suelo de una cuenca retenedora/de infiltración dentro del marco de investigación llevado a cabo por OTHU (Laboratorio de Observación de Campo de Hidrología Urbana, Lyon, Francia). Se midieron los impactos biofisicoquímicos de la tormenta en una cuenca industrial sobre el suelo local (a una profundidad de 4m en la zona no saturada). Se llevaron a cabo varios tipos de mediciones (pH, materia org′nica, tama?o de partículas, contenido de metales pesados, y conteo de bacterias viables heterotróficas) en tres perfiles ed′ficos. Se observaron altas concentraciones de metales pesados y variaciones significativas en pH y limo a una profundidad de 1.5m. Las concentraciones disminuyeron en función de la distancia del tubo de descarga de las aguas de la tormenta. También se observaron cambios en las poblaciones de bacterias los cuales variaban en función de la profundidad y localización del perfil.

---

Résumé Dans le cadre de la fédération de recherche OTHU (Observatoire de Terrain en Hydrologie Urbaine de Lyon) une étude sur l’impact des eaux pluviales sur le sol d’un bassin d’infiltration / rétention est présentée. Il s’agit d’évaluer l’impact biophysicochimique des eaux pluviales issues d’un bassin versant industriel sur une profondeur d’environ 4 m de zone non saturée. Pour cela plusieurs types de mesures ont été effectuées (pH, perte au feu, teneur en Cu, Pb, Cd, dénombrement bactérien) suivant trois profils verticaux. Les résultats montrent des concentrations importantes de métaux et des variations de pH jusqu’à 1.5 m de profondeur. De plus, les résultats montrent une variation suivant la position des points de prélèvements. Des modifications de la population bactérienne sont également observées suivant la profondeur et l’emplacement des profils.

     

中国东部表层土壤磁化率特征及其指示意义

磁化率是环境磁学研究中较常用、较易获得的指标之一,但其解释和意义又最为复杂.对采自中国东部从北到南涵盖中国主要气候带的风化-成壤成因的79个表层土壤样品进行高、低频磁化率和非磁滞剩磁测试并分析其与降水量、年均温等气候参数的关系.结果表明:(1)发育于不同类型母岩的风化-成壤成因表层土壤磁学性质之间存在显著差异,各磁化率参数与气候条件参数之间的关系大不一样,在大空间尺度进行磁学与气候条件的关系研究时,必须充分考虑地质背景与母岩类型的差异.(2)发育于花岗岩的表层土壤非磁滞剩磁磁化率与年降水量和年均温间呈显著负相关关系;而发育于玄武岩的表层土壤非磁滞剩磁磁化率与年降水量呈显著正相关关系.被广泛认可的黄土-古土壤序列磁化率与成壤的关系不一定适用于大空间尺度的其他气候区域.(3)在风化-成壤过程中,磁性颗粒有变细的趋势,但降水强度增大时,一些超细颗粒较易被搬运离开原地,单一磁学参数结果难以反映气候条件及环境变化.(4)风化-成壤成因表层土壤非磁滞剩磁磁化率能较好地反映风化成因土壤的风化程度,但风化-成壤表层土壤磁学性质变化的机制特别是对相应土壤剖面的磁性矿物迁移转化有待深入研究.      

福建沿海地区表层土壤铅来源及分布特征

在福建省沿海经济带生态地球化学调查的基础上,应用富集因子法对福建省沿海地区表层土壤中铅的来源进行了分析,并对其自然来源和人为来源的分布特征及影响因素做了初步探讨。结果表明,福建沿海地区约98.2%的土地面积表层土壤中铅属于自然来源,其余地区含有人为来源铅,且集中分布于个别市县城区;铅自然来源区呈现广域性分布特征,人为来源区则呈现零星的斑点状分布特点;铅自然来源区和人为来源区的空间分布特征在很大程度上受到土壤类型、森林植被分布以及人为活动等因素的影响。     

黄土和古土壤中磁性矿物的粒度分布

磁化率是一种重要的环境替代性指标，对中国黄土中古土壤磁性增强已有不少讨论．本文对采自吉县、西峰和西宁的S₁和L₂的代表性样品进行了粒度分离，并测量了各个不同粒级的磁性参数，对所获得的结果就不同粒级的颗粒对磁化率的贡献、黄土和古土壤中磁性矿物颗粒的粒度和古土壤磁性增强的原因进行了初步的探讨，指出古土壤形成过程中并没有像一些学者所认为的那样，有大量超顺磁颗粒生成，它们对古土壤磁化率增大的作用有限。     

Diurnal and nocturnal variations of trace metals in urban atmospheric particulate matter from Islamabad, Pakistan

Concentrations of Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Pb and Zn are measured in the atmospheric particulates from urban Islamabad, Pakistan during diurnal and nocturnal periods. On an average, the total suspended particulates and concentrations of Ca, Fe and Mg levels are considerably higher during day time and Cu concentrations are higher during night time. Significantly diverse correlations of elements are observed both during diurnal and nocturnal particulates. Multivariate principal component analysis reveals major anthropogenic contributions due to automobile emissions, combustion processes and industrial emissions. Enrichment factors show dominant anthropogenic contributions of Cd and Pb, followed by Co, Cu, Zn, Cr and Ca in diurnal and nocturnal atmospheric particulates. Comparison of metal concentrations observed in this study with those of previous studies from Islamabad and other urban areas around the world shows higher concentrations than those in some European cities but, in general, are lower than in large metropolitan cities.     

松嫩平原南缘现代沉积物磁化率、粒度、色度特征及古气候环境意义

深入了解松嫩平原第四纪古气候演化过程,对本区黑土退化的气候影响因素研究有重要理论意义。选择松嫩平原南缘大黑山地垒长春—四平段郭家（GJ）、湾沟（WG）、平安屯（PA）、腰分水岭旁（YP）、西地（XD）、胡家甸（H）、肖家（XJ）7个现代沉积剖面进行磁化率、粒度和色度分析。结果显示：各剖面沉积物磁化率多表现为干燥时期较大、湿润时期较小、寒冷阶段较大、温暖适宜阶段较小的特点。颜色对磁化率影响较大,不同颜色砂或砂质黏土的磁化率从大到小依次为红褐色→浅黄色或灰绿色→灰黑色。碳酸盐岩或灰岩物源的存在,使沉积物色度和磁化率之间的关系相对复杂。磁化率会随沉积物粒度增大而增大,冻融风化和降雨增多导致沉积物粒度增大,使磁化率升高;但温暖适宜时期,磁化率受物源供给量的减小而减小。磁化率、粒度和色度三指标综合反映出研究区早更新世寒冷干燥→中更新世冷湿—暖湿—冷湿→晚更新世寒冷较湿润的古气候环境演化过程。     

巴彦淖尔市临河区狼山镇和新华镇一带富硒土壤地球化学特征及影响因素北大核心CSCD

内蒙古自治区巴彦淖尔市临河区狼山镇和新华镇一带发现大面积硒高含量区。为研究该地区富硒土壤的地球化学特征及土壤硒含量的控制因素,采集6250件表层土壤样品,并设计5条土壤垂直剖面进行化学元素测试分析。结果表明,研究区耕地土壤硒含量介于(0.06~0.77)×10^(-6)之间,平均含量为0.32×10^(-6),硒的背景值为0.32×10^(-6),是巴彦淖尔市表层土壤背景值(0.20×10^(-6))和中国土壤背景值(0.20×10^(-6))的1.6倍,且研究区耕地土壤中达到富Se水平(0.4×10^(-6)以上)的样品数为1072个,占全部采样点位的17.2%,表明研究区耕地土壤中硒含量相对较高。研究区土壤中硒和营养元素及重金属元素存在正相关关系,与土壤pH存在一定的负相关关系;硒在土壤垂直方向上分布总体上表现出表聚性特征,随剖面深度增加,硒含量逐渐降低。表层土壤中硒含量主要受土壤有机质含量影响,土壤垂直方向上硒含量主要受有机质与粘土矿物影响。     

攀枝花矿区表层土壤中钒的环境地球化学研究

在系统采集攀枝花采矿区周边地带的表层土壤样品及土壤剖面样品的基础上,通过地球化学调查和实验,研究了表层土壤中钒的分布规律、地球化学活动性及潜在的生态风险。结果表明：(1)攀枝花矿区大部分地带的表层土壤受到了钒的污染,表层土壤钒的平均含量是中国土壤背景值的279倍;(2)土壤剖面中钒的含量随深度增加而降低,表明土壤中钒的来源受母质影响较小;(3)采用富集因子得到的表层土壤钒的人为污染以轻微污染和中度污染为主;(4)采矿过程中产生的粉尘通过干沉降是引起表层土壤钒污染的主要原因;(5)表层土壤中钒以残渣态为主,其次为可氧化态和可还原态,而酸溶态所占的比例最小,但生物可利用的钒含量较高,存在轻微的生态风险。因此,应加强矿区钒污染的监测,制定有效控制对策,降低钒污染的生态风险。