Investigation on the Distribution of Gold Across the Ahar Area (NW Iran) Using Stream‐Sediment and BLEG Methods

The Ahar area is located in NW Iran. The main part of the area is covered by Eocene andesitic and andesi‐basaltic rocks within which several granitoid intrusives of Oligocene age are emplaced. This caused vast hydrothermal alterations and Cu and Au mineralization. In this regard, this contribution aims to explore the distribution of gold across the region based on systematic sampling of stream sediments and using the secondary geochemical halos, as well as the bulk leach extractable gold (BLEG) method. Meanwhile, the results obtained from these two methods will be compared in order to find out if the anomalous zones match with each other. For this, 620 stream sediment samples of ?80 mesh grain size and 422 BLEG samples were collected and analyzed by Fire Assay and atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) methods, respectively. For BLEG samples, gold was first dissolved using KCN before being analyzed by the AAS method. Furthermore, 84 rock samples were also collected during the field control surveys and were analyzed by Fire Assay and ICP‐OES methods for gold and other elements, respectively. After determining the distribution characteristics and statistical parameters of gold in each group of samples, anomaly maps of gold for each method were prepared, revealing almost similar anomalous zones across the region. Based on these maps, most of the discovered anomalies correlate well with granitoid intrusives of Oligocene age and the related hydrothermal alterations, which have occurred within the intrusives and the host andesitic‐basaltic rocks of Eocene age, especially at the NE and central parts of the area and east of Ahar. Some silicic veins and veinlets have been observed during field surveys in these parts, within which high concentrations of Au and sometimes Cu are determined. Another anomalous zone is located over the hydrothermal alterations within trachy‐andesitic and andesitic volcanics of Pliocene age at the SE part of the quadrangle, where vast alterations caused by volcanic fumaroles and epithermal mineralization of gold and Pb–Zn is discovered. In this regard, the SE and NE parts of the area and the east Ahar area are proposed, in order of importance, for further detailed investigations.     

新疆西天山吐拉苏火山岩盆地浅成低温热液-斑岩型金多金属成矿系统的形成与演化

新疆西天山吐拉苏地区发育的与中酸性火山-次火山岩有关的浅成低温热液-斑岩型金多金属成矿系统,是在晚古生代北天山洋向南部伊犁-中天山板块之下俯冲消减的活动大陆边缘背景下形成的。赋矿的大哈拉军山组火山岩及相关的次火山岩形成于晚泥盆世-早石炭世,岩石总体显示钾质-高钾质、准铝质-过铝质的钙碱性-高钾钙碱性特征,其轻稀土富集、Eu负异常显著、大离子亲石元素富集和高场强元素亏损等,均显示出俯冲带岛弧岩浆作用的特点。阿希(低硫型)和京希-伊尔曼得(高硫型)浅成低温热液金矿床以及塔北、吐拉苏铅锌矿床,受大哈拉军山组火山岩中的断裂破碎带以及具高孔隙度和渗透率的岩性控制;塔吾尔别克斑岩型金矿化主要受斑岩体及火山岩中的断裂和裂隙系统控制,并很可能存在浅成低温热液型金矿化的套合或叠加。硫、铅、碳、氧同位素特征显示,成矿物质主要来自岩浆所分泌的热液和/或赋矿的火山-次火山岩。根据成矿系统形成后的保存和变化情况,认为在吐拉苏盆地内剥蚀程度较低的地区,浅成低温热液型金铅锌矿床具备良好的保存条件,同时在其深部还应注意寻找斑岩型或矽卡岩型铜金矿床。     

Cenozoic magmatism in Kalimantan and its related geodynamic evolution

The NE–SW Tertiary magmatic belt of central Kalimantan is related to two separate periods of subduction; during the Eocene–Oligocene and Late Oligocene–Miocene. The younger magmatic belt is superimposed upon the earlier belt. This magmatic belt is characterized chiefly by Late Oligocene–Miocene volcanic products, among which limited exposures of the Eocene volcanics have also been mapped by previous investigators. This calc-alkaline magmatic belt has become known as the ‘gold belt’ of Central West Kalimantan on account of a number of discoveries of Neogene epithermal gold mineralization. This mineralization is found in central to proximal volcanic settings and occurred at relatively shallow depths. The earliest known subduction-related magmatism took place in the Eocene–Early Oligocene with the emplacement of calc-alkaline silicic pyroclastics, followed by a period of continental collision. Subsequent subduction-related magmatism continued from Late Oligocene–Pleistocene, during which time the magma evolved from calc-alkaline to potassic calc-alkaline. Plio-Pleistocene magmatism resulted in the formation of basalt flows. The present available K–Ar ages of the Cenozoic volcanics range from 51 to 1 Ma.     

The application of lithogeochemical and alteration index for copper mineralization in the Sonajil area, NW Iran

The Sonajil intrusive is located about 60 km southeast of Ahar, in Azarbaijan province in northwestern Iran, and is intruded into by andesitic trachytic Eocene pyroclastics and agglomerate. To the center, the stock is hydrothermally altered, that contains sub-economic copper mineralization. The 1,248 cells with 100?×?100 m grid were sampled, and measurement of elements by ICP-MS method and major oxides included by X-ray fluorescence method was performed. After statistical interpretations, geochemical anomalies and indices alteration (sericitization, alkali, Spitz–Darling, chloritization, Hashimoto, Hashiguchi) were calculated, and their map distribution was prepared. Based on these maps and other interpretations of data, our study indicated that despite the anomaly of copper and other elements such as gold, molybdenum, lead, arsenic and antimony of not being quite consistent, almost all of them are within the alteration zones.     

Hydrothermal Alteration Mapping in Northern Khur, Iran, Using ASTER Image Processing: a New Insight to the Type of Copper Mineralization

Eastern Iran has great potential for the discovery of different types of mineralization. The study area encompasses Tertiary magmatism in the northern Lut block located in northern Khur, South Khorasan, eastern Iran and is mostly covered by volcanic rocks, which are intruded by porphyritic subvolcanic intrusions in some places. Application of the spectral angle mapper (SAM) technique to Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) images detected sericitic, argillic, and propylitic alterations, silicification, and secondary iron oxides. The alteration is linear and associated within vein-type mineralization. Twelve prospective areas are selected for detailed exploration and based on our processing results, in addition to NW-SE faults, which are associated with Cu mineralization indications, NE-SW faults are also shown to be important. Based on the presence of subvolcanic rocks and numerous Cu ± Pb-Zn vein-type mineralizations, extensive alteration, high anomaly of Cu and Zn (up to 100 ppm), the age (43.6 to 31.4 Ma) and the initial 87Sr/86Sr ratio (0.7047 to 0.7065) of the igneous rocks, and the metallogenic epoch of the Lut block (middle Eocene-lower Oligocene) for the formation of porphyry Cu and epithermal deposits, the studied area shows great potential for porphyry copper deposits.     

Geological development and mineralization in the Atacama segment of the South American Andes,northern Chile (26°15′–27°25′S)

Between the Late Jurassic and the Middle Miocene, widespread magmatism, tectonic events and hydrothermal mineralization characterized the geological evolution of the Atacama segment of the South American Andes. A characteristic feature of this zone is the coincidence in time and space between subduction-generated igneous activity, crustal deformation and mineralization in the magmatic arcs, which formed longitudinal belts migrating eastward.Mineralization in the last 140 Ma is generally restricted to four longitudinal metallogenic belts, in which hydrothermal activity was channelled along crustal-scale faults (1) the Atacama Fault System, along which Early Cretaceous Cu-Au-bearing breccia pipes, veins and stockwork were formed; (2) the Inca do Oro Belt, which contains Upper Cretaceous low sulphur precious metal epithermal mineralization, and Middle Eocene Cu-Mo-Au-bearing breccia pipes; (3) the West Fissure System, which hosts Upper Eocene to Early Oligocene porphyry copper deposits and high sulphur precious metal epithermal mineralization; and (4) the Maricunga Belt, when contains Upper Oligocene to Middle Miocene high sulphur precious metal epithermal deposits and Au-rich porphyry mineralization.     

The Miduk porphyry Cu deposit,Kerman, Iran: A geochemical analysis of the potassic zone including halogen element systematics related to Cu mineralization processes

Miduk hypogene and supergene porphyry Cu–Mo mineralization occurs within the Miocene porphyritic quartz–diorite and host Eocene plagioclase–hornblende phyric andesitic pyroclastic and flow sequence. Both the host rocks were extensively altered by hydrothermal fluids to dominantly potassic, phyllic, and argillic with interstitial to distal propylitic types.     

西藏谢通门县斯弄多大型叠加改造型铅锌矿床特征及找矿方向

斯弄多铅锌矿区位于冈底斯斑岩型矿床成矿带中。矿区花岗斑岩和闪长玢岩的地球化学特征表明,斯弄多铅锌矿与冈底斯斑岩型矿床为同一成矿体系,均形成于印—亚大陆主碰撞期和碰撞期后的构造体制转化阶段;岩浆来源于原岩以杂砂岩和泥质岩为主的前寒武纪念青唐古拉群变质结晶基底和下地壳基性岩类的部分熔融。成矿物质主要来源于雅鲁藏布江新特提斯洋对冈底斯弧俯冲板片的部分熔融并交代岛弧带上的基底岩系。矿床的形成分为3期:第一期为中石炭世,与碳酸盐岩沉积同时期的海底热水喷流沉积作用形成初始矿源层;第二期为构造活动成矿期,分2个成矿阶段:第一阶段为晚白垩世—始新世,即印-亚大陆主碰撞形成的早期与斑岩有关的岩浆热液型铅锌矿;第二阶段的铅锌矿化发生在主碰撞期后的伸展拉张阶段,由于花岗斑岩的侵位,使铅锌矿化进一步活化迁移、叠加、富集,与围岩接触部位形成夕卡岩型铅锌矿体,矿体的形成多受矿区内复杂的断裂构造控制,矿床类型主要为构造破碎带热液充填型和夕卡岩型;第三期为表生期,主要为原生硫化矿体的氧化流失和贫化。在I号矿带的深部、南部和北部异常区具有扩大矿床规模的远景。     

鲁西隆起北侧博兴洼陷古近系泥岩地球化学特征及其构造意义

对博兴洼陷始新统和渐新统所取的20件泥岩样品的地球化学特征分析表明:始新统与渐新统样品稀土元素分布模式与上地壳稀土元素分布模式一致。稀土特征元素之间的比值显示始新统和渐新统沉积物源岩虽都来自后太古代,但存在着明显的差异性。根据源岩属性判别图解可以看出始新统源岩主体为长英质火山岩,渐新统则为长英质和基性岩的火山岩混合物源。多方面对比认为:始新统和渐新统沉积物源存在较大的差异性,表明始新世与渐新世之间可能存在较为明显的沉积物源改造,从一个新的视角揭示了鲁西隆起与邻近盆地在始新世与渐新世之间所发生的构造分异事件,而这次构造分异也造成了邻近盆地内始新统与渐新统之间油气藏成藏要素的差异。     

黑龙江省漠河地区火山岩特征及金矿化

漠河地区火山岩分布较广泛,共有３期火山活动。以中基性岩为主,夹有中酸性岩,目前已发现４处与中酸性火山活动有关的岩金矿（化）点,产出受ＮＮＥ,ＮＥ向及环形断裂控制,成矿时代为燕山晚期,属澡－低温火山热液型。     

The time-space distribution of Eocene to Miocene magmatism in the central Peruvian polymetallic province and its metallogenetic implications

Eocene to late Miocene magmatism in the central Peruvian high-plain (approx. between Cerro de Pasco and Huancayo; Lats. 10.2–12°S) and east of the Cordillera Occidental is represented by scattered shallow-level intrusions as well as subaerial domes and volcanic deposits. These igneous rocks are calc-alkalic and range from basalt to rhyolite in composition, and many of them are spatially, temporally and, by inference, genetically associated with varied styles of major polymetallic mineralization. Forty-four new ⁴⁰Ar–³⁹Ar and three U/Pb zircon dates are presented, many for previously undated intrusions. Our new time constraints together with data from the literature now cover most of the Cenozoic igneous rocks of this Andean segment and provide foundation for geodynamic and metallogenetic research.The oldest Cenozoic bodies are of Eocene age and include dacitic domes to the west of Cerro de Pasco with ages ranging from 38.5 to 33.5 Ma. South of the Domo de Yauli structural dome, Eocene igneous rocks occur some 15 km east of the Cordillera Occidental and include a 39.34 ± 0.28 Ma granodioritic intrusion and a 40.14 ± 0.61 Ma rhyolite sill, whereas several diorite stocks were emplaced between 36 and 33 Ma. Eocene mineralization is restricted to the Quicay high-sulfidation epithermal deposit some 10 km to the west of Cerro de Pasco.Igneous activity in the earliest Oligocene was concentrated up to 70 km east of the Cordillera Occidental and is represented by a number of granodioritic intrusions in the Milpo–Atacocha area. Relatively voluminous early Oligocene dacitic to andesitic volcanism gave rise to the Astabamba Formation to the southeast of Domo de Yauli. Some stocks at Milpo and Atacocha generated important Zn–Pb (–Ag) skarn mineralization. After about 29.3 Ma, magmatism ceased throughout the study region. Late Oligocene igneous activity was restricted to andesitic and dacitic volcanic deposits and intrusions around Uchucchacua (approx. 25 Ma) and felsic rocks west of Tarma (21–20 Ma). A relationship between the Oligocene intrusions and polymetallic mineralization at Uchucchacua is possible, but evidence remains inconclusive.Widespread magmatism resumed in the middle Miocene and includes large igneous complexes in the Cordillera Occidental to the south of Domo de Yauli, and smaller scattered intrusive centers to the north thereof. Ore deposits of modest size are widely associated with middle Miocene intrusions along the Cordillera Occidental, north of Domo de Yauli. However, small volcanic centers were also active up to 50 km east of the continental divide and include dacitic dikes and domes, spatially associated with major base and precious metal mineralization at Cerro de Pasco and Colquijirca. Basaltic volcanism (14.54 ± 0.49 Ma) is locally observed in the back-arc domain south of Domo de Yauli approximately 30 km east of the Cordillera Occidental.After about 10 Ma intrusive activity decreased throughout Central Perú and ceased between 6 and 5 Ma. Late Miocene magmatism was locally related to important mineralization including San Cristobal (Domo de Yauli), Huarón and Yauricocha.Overall, there is no evidence for a systematic eastward migration of the magmatic arc through time. The arc broadened in the late Eocene to early Oligocene, and thereafter ceased over wide areas until the early Miocene, when magmatism resumed in a narrow arc. A renewed widening and subsequent cessation of the arc occurred in the late middle and late Miocene. The pattern of magmatism probably reflects two cycles of flattening of the subduction in the Oligocene and late Miocene. Contrasting crustal architecture between areas south and north of Domo de Yauli probably account for the differences in the temporal and aerial distribution of magmatism in these areas.Ore deposits are most abundant between Domo de Yauli and Cerro de Pasco and were generally emplaced in the middle and late Miocene during the transition to flat subduction and prior to cessation of the arc. Eocene to early Oligocene mineralization also occurred, but was restricted to a broad east–west corridor from Uchucchacua to Milpo–Atacocha, indicating a major upper-plate metallogenetic control.     

云南省保山市西邑大型铅锌隐伏矿床找矿预测地质模型

云南省保山市西邑铅锌矿床位于保山地块中北部,矿体主要赋存于下石炭统香山组构造破碎带中。应用"三位一体"勘查区找矿预测理论和方法,对保山西邑铅锌矿床开展了系统解剖,研究认为其成因类型为海底喷气沉积型（SEDEX型）+热液叠加改造型,成矿地质体为晚古生代（泥盆纪—早石炭世）保山盆地边缘的次级碎屑岩-碳酸盐岩沉积盆地,重磁推断矿区深部存在隐伏花岗岩体,对矿床形成产生了热液叠加改造;北东向或近南北向区域断层控制了沉积盆地的展布,其旁侧次级断层和断层破碎带为主要赋矿构造,矿体顶板主要为炭质泥岩、炭质板岩,含矿岩性为碳酸盐岩,显示硅钙面特征;成矿作用特征标志为矿化蚀变分带规律、北东（北西）侧伏规律;据此建立了地层+构造+硅钙面+蚀变分带组合"三位一体"找矿预测地质模型。利用该研究成果,在外围鲁图、广邑等地预测了有利成矿地段并提出勘查工作部署建议,其中鲁图和广邑预测区新发现了铅锌矿（化）体。     

Constraining the timing of porphyry mineralization in northwest Iran in relation to Lesser Caucasus and Central Iran; Re–Os age data for Sungun porphyry Cu–Mo deposit

The Neo-Tethyan subduction in Iran is characterized by the Urumieh–Dokhtar magmatic arc (UDMA), formed by northeast-ward subduction of the oceanic crust beneath the central Iran. This belt coincides with the porphyry copper metallogenic belt that comprises several metallogenic zones, including Ahar–Jolfa in northwest Iran. The Ahar–Jolfa metallogenic zone encompasses two main batholiths of Qaradagh and Sheyvardagh and numerous intrusive bodies of Cenozoic, which have produced many base and precious metal deposits and prospects. The former is considered as continuation of the Meghri–Ordubad pluton in South Armenian Block (SAB), which also hosts porphyry copper deposits (PCDs). The Sungun PCD is the largest occurrence in northwest Iran. Rhenium-Osmium ages of Sungun molybdenites are early Miocene and range between 22.9 ± 0.2 and 21.7 ± 0.2 Ma. Comparison of the ages obtained here with published ages for mineralization across the region suggests the following sequence. The earliest porphyry Cu–Mo mineralization event in northwest Iran is represented by Saheb Divan PCD of late Eocene age, which is followed by the second epoch of middle Oligocene, including the Cu–Mo–Au mineralization at Qarachilar and the Haftcheshmeh PCD. Mineralization in Sungun, Masjed Daghi, Kighal and Niaz deposits corresponds to the third mineralization event in northwest Iran. The first epoch in northwest Iran postdates all Eocene mineralizations in SAB, while the second epoch is coeval with Paragachay and the first-stage of Kadjaran PCDs. Its third epoch is younger than all mineralizations in SAB, except the second stage in Kadjaran PCD. Finally, the Cu mineralization epochs in northwest Iran are older than nearly all PCDs and prospects in Central Iran (except the Bondar Hanza PCD), altogether revealing an old to young trend along the UDMA and the porphyry Cu belt towards southeast, resulted from diachronous, later closure of the Neo-Tethyan oceanic basin in central and SE Iran.     

河北省金的矿源层和地球化学块体

以区域化探岩石和水系沉积物测量成果为依据,讨论河北省范围内Au矿源层的地球化学判别、岩浆热液型金矿成矿过程的地球化学推导、Au的地球化学块体以及水系沉积物区域地球化学异常特征等问题.地层标准剖面和典型侵入体系统的岩石地球化学调查表明,在Au矿源层和非矿源层之间,w(Au)差异很小,以其作为判别标准是不可行的,但H2O ,CO2,S,Cl,F,Hg等组分却存在显著差异,据此提出一个新的矿源层--中新元古界碳酸盐岩.Au的区域地球化学背景研究显示,密云-青龙、怀安-崇礼-赤城、平泉和阜平-赞皇等地区存在着地球化学块体,而水系沉积物地球化学异常分布与这些块体基本一致,相互对应.     

Role of basement in epithermal deposits: The Kushikino and Hishikari gold deposits,southwestern Japan

The magma–ore deposit relationship of most low-sulfidation epithermal ore deposits is still unclear, partly because many stable isotopic studies of such deposits have indicated the predominance of meteoric waters within hydrothermal fluids. However, it is certainly true that hydrothermal systems are ultimately driven by magmatic intrusions, and epithermal gold deposits might therefore be produced by magmatic activity even in deposits having has no obvious links to a magma. We re-examine the genesis of two typical low-sulfidation epithermal gold deposits, the Kushikino and Hishikari deposits, using structural simulations and isotope data.Many epithermal gold deposits including the Kushikino and Hishikari deposits have been discovered in Kyushu, southwestern Japan. The Kushikino deposit comprises fissure-filling veins within Neogene andesitic volcanics that overlie unconformably Cretaceous sedimentary basement. The veins consist of gold- and silver-bearing quartz and calcite with minor amounts of adularia, sericite and sulfides. Although carbon and oxygen isotopic data for the veins indicate a meteoric origin of the ore fluid, finite element simulations suggest that the vein system might have formed in direct response to magma intrusion. In particular, geophysical data suggest that intruding magma has uplifted the basement rocks, thereby producing fractures and veins and a positive Bouguer anomaly, and providing the heat necessary to drive an ore-forming hydrothermal system.The second component of this study has been to investigate the nature and evolution of the Kushikino and Hishikari epithermal systems. Isotope data document the geochemical evolution of the hydrothermal fluids. We conclude that the existence of sedimentary basement rocks at depth might have affected the strontium and carbon isotopic ratios of the Kushikino and Hishikari ore fluids. The ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios and δ¹³C–δ¹⁸O trend reveal that major ore veins in the Hishikari deposit can be distinguished from shallow barren veins. It was suggested isotopically that fluids responsible for the barren veins in nearby shallow and barren circulation systems were only controlled by the shallow host rocks. Such multi-isotope systematics provide a powerful tool with which to determine the center of hydrothermal activity and thereby document the evolution of hydrothermal fluids.     

Role of basement in epithermal deposits: The Kushikino and Hishikari gold deposits, southwestern Japan

The magma–ore deposit relationship of most low-sulfidation epithermal ore deposits is still unclear, partly because many stable isotopic studies of such deposits have indicated the predominance of meteoric waters within hydrothermal fluids. However, it is certainly true that hydrothermal systems are ultimately driven by magmatic intrusions, and epithermal gold deposits might therefore be produced by magmatic activity even in deposits having has no obvious links to a magma. We re-examine the genesis of two typical low-sulfidation epithermal gold deposits, the Kushikino and Hishikari deposits, using structural simulations and isotope data.Many epithermal gold deposits including the Kushikino and Hishikari deposits have been discovered in Kyushu, southwestern Japan. The Kushikino deposit comprises fissure-filling veins within Neogene andesitic volcanics that overlie unconformably Cretaceous sedimentary basement. The veins consist of gold- and silver-bearing quartz and calcite with minor amounts of adularia, sericite and sulfides. Although carbon and oxygen isotopic data for the veins indicate a meteoric origin of the ore fluid, finite element simulations suggest that the vein system might have formed in direct response to magma intrusion. In particular, geophysical data suggest that intruding magma has uplifted the basement rocks, thereby producing fractures and veins and a positive Bouguer anomaly, and providing the heat necessary to drive an ore-forming hydrothermal system.The second component of this study has been to investigate the nature and evolution of the Kushikino and Hishikari epithermal systems. Isotope data document the geochemical evolution of the hydrothermal fluids. We conclude that the existence of sedimentary basement rocks at depth might have affected the strontium and carbon isotopic ratios of the Kushikino and Hishikari ore fluids. The ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios and δ¹³C–δ¹⁸O trend reveal that major ore veins in the Hishikari deposit can be distinguished from shallow barren veins. It was suggested isotopically that fluids responsible for the barren veins in nearby shallow and barren circulation systems were only controlled by the shallow host rocks. Such multi-isotope systematics provide a powerful tool with which to determine the center of hydrothermal activity and thereby document the evolution of hydrothermal fluids.     

Petrography and geochemistry of the late Eocene–early Oligocene submarine fans and shelf deposits on Lemnos Island,NE Greece. Implications for provenance and tectonic setting

Provenance and tectonic history of the late Eocene‐early Oligocene submarine fans and shelf deposits on Lemnos Island, NE Greece, were studied using sandstone framework composition, sedimentological data and sandstone and mudstone geochemistry. The resulting tectonic–sedimentological model is based on the late Eocene–early Oligocene Lemnos Island being in a forearc basin with the outer arc ridge as a major sediment source. Modal petrographic analysis of the studied sandstones shows that the source area comprises sedimentary, metamorphic and plutonic igneous rocks deposited in the studied area in a recycled orogenic environment. Moreover, within the above sediments, the minor occurrence of volcanic fragments suggests little or no influence of a volcanic source. Provenance results, based on major, trace and rare earth element (REE) data, suggest an active continental margin/continental island arc signature. All the samples are LREE, enriched relative to HREE, with a flat HREE pattern and positive Eu anomalies, suggesting that the processes of intracrustal differentiation (involving plagioclase fractionation) were not of great importance. Results derived from the multi‐element diagrams also suggest an active margin character, and a mafic/ultramafic source rock composition, while the positive anomaly of Zr that can be attributed to a passive continental margin source, is most likely associated with reworking and sorting during sediment transfer. Palaeocurrents, with a NE–NNE direction, indicate a northeast flow, towards the location of the late Eocene–early Oligocene magmatic belt in the north‐east Aegean region. Conglomerates are composed of chert, gneiss and igneous fragments, such as basalts and gabbros, suggesting this outer arc ridge as a likely source area. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Fluid Inclusion Studies and Geochemistry of Rare Earth Elements of Hydrothermal Fluorites from Pöhrenk,Kirşehir,Central Turkey

Fluorite mineralization occurs along fractures and cracks of Middle Eocene and Pliocene limestones and marls in the north and northeast of the Pöhrenk region (Çiçekdagi, Kirsehir). Tb/Ca – Tb/La and Y/Ho ratios were obtained from REE contents of fluorites which have revealed that mineralization is of hydrothermal type. Negative Ce anomalies and positive Eu anomalies reflect that hydrothermal solutions once had high oxygen fugacity. Fluid inclusion studies indicate that homogenization temperatures of mineralization varied between 90°C and 200°C, and hydrothermal solutions are composed of NaCl + KCl + MgCl₂ + H₂O. In addition, salinity measurements show that hydrothermal solutions were mixed with meteoric or rock formation water. Geologic setting, REE geochemistry and fluid inclusion studies suggest that mineralization was deposited from a solution generated by mixing of magmatic and meteoric water under epithermal conditions.     

玻利维亚Laurani斑岩-浅成低温热液矿床地质特征及控矿因素

Laurani矿床是玻利维亚Altiplano盆地内典型的高硫化浅成低温热液矿床,发现和开采历史悠久,但研究程度低,控矿因素和找矿潜力不清.通过矿床地质特征精细解剖,文章查明了该矿床控矿因素,分析了深部找矿潜力.研究表明,构造-岩浆作用为其主导性控矿因素.火山穹窿构造与环状断裂约束了矿床的定位,侵入接触构造、爆破角砾岩...     

玻利维亚Laurani斑岩-浅成低温热液矿床地质特征及控矿因素

Laurani矿床是玻利维亚Altiplano盆地内典型的高硫化浅成低温热液矿床,发现和开采历史悠久,但研究程度低,控矿因素和找矿潜力不清。通过矿床地质特征精细解剖,文章查明了该矿床控矿因素,分析了深部找矿潜力。研究表明,构造-岩浆作用为其主导性控矿因素。火山穹窿构造与环状断裂约束了矿床的定位,侵入接触构造、爆破角砾岩筒和NE向断裂裂隙控制了矿体(脉)的形成和展布。岩浆岩为二长花岗斑岩、英安岩/英安斑岩和凝灰岩组合,属于高钾钙碱性、钾玄岩系列,具有较一致的锆石U-Pb年龄(约7.5 Ma),反映它们为晚中新世同期岩浆活动的产物。该矿床发育斑岩型Au-Cu、爆破角砾岩型Au-Cu、接触带型Cu-Au-Ag和热液脉型Au-Ag-Cu-Pb-Zn四类不同产出特征的矿(化)体。成矿元素组合分带显著,平面上Huari Humana断裂上盘为Au-Ag-Cu-Pb-Zn组合,下盘为Ag-Pb-Zn组合;垂向上深部为Au-Cu元素组合,浅部为Au-Ag-Cu-Pb-Zn元素组合。热液蚀变强且分带明显,平面上以英安斑岩为中心,从内至外依次为黄铁绢英岩化带→青磐岩化带→碳酸盐化带,泥化带不同程度地叠加在黄铁绢英岩化带和青磐岩化带内,石英-明矾石化-重晶石化主要沿热液脉型矿体及其旁侧分布;垂向上从深至浅依次为黄铁绢英岩化带→青磐岩化带→泥化带;钾硅酸盐化带目前尚未揭露,可能产在深部。成矿后弱构造作用使矿床得以较好保存,结合钻孔揭露深部存在斑岩型、爆破角砾岩型矿化,笔者认为Laurani矿床深部具有寻找斑岩型矿体的较大潜力。