基于反演的稳定高效衰减补偿方法

反Q滤波方法是提高地震数据分辨率的一种有效途径,可以用来补偿振幅和校正相位.常规的反Q滤波方法一般基于波场延拓理论,具有不稳定性或振幅补偿不足的缺点.本文基于波场延拓的正Q滤波方程,借鉴反演的思想以及正则化策略提出了一种新的衰减补偿方法,该方法稳定、精确,利用该方法可最终得到高分辨的地震记录.该方法仅计算有效频带内的频率分量,提高了计算效率.模拟数据以及实际数据处理验证了本文方法的有效性.     

基于等效加权模型的单步延拓反Q滤波方法研究及应用

通过建立等效加权模型并进行单步向上延拓反Q滤波,减弱目前常规Q值模型对反Q滤波效果的限制,达到进一步提高地震记录分辨率的目的.目前,常规Q值模型包括常Q模型和层状模型,常Q模型与复杂的地下情况相差较大,导致地震波能量衰减补偿效果较差;而基于层状模型进行反Q滤波则会导致噪声逐层放大,降低地震记录信噪比.基于等效加权模型进行单步向上延拓反Q滤波,可以有效补偿地震波振幅衰减并校正相位畸变,在保持信噪比的同时提高地震记录分辨率.通过模型测试,基于等效加权模型进行单步向上延拓反Q滤波,可以在有效压制噪声的同时增强能量衰减补偿效果;实际资料应用的结果表明:该方法不仅能有效补偿深层能量衰减,并且能较好的压制环境噪声,在提高地震资料分辨率的同时保持了信噪比.     

一种起伏地表条件下的照明补偿方法

起伏的地表条件限制了采集孔径范围并造成深层地震照明不足,为改善该类地区的成像质量,本文提出了一种起伏地表条件下的照明补偿方法.首先,基于小波束波场延拓算子和逐步累加的外推方法在波场延拓过程中解决起伏地表面的影响,并引入空间滤波函数压制虚拟层内的偏移噪音;其次,利用局部指数标架对上、下行波场分解,得到局部角度域成像和照明补偿因子.再次,利用计算出的成像值和照明补偿因子,在局部倾角域完成照明补偿.SEG起伏地表模型测试证明了本方法的有效性,深层构造照明度明显加强,不同角度成像振幅更加均衡,该技术为提高起伏地表地区的成像品质提供了新的手段.     

起伏地表条件下基于复Pade逼近的叠前深度偏移

叠前深度偏移是解决复杂地表和复杂构造地震成像的有效技术,而波场“直接下延”法实现了复杂地表条件下的地震成像.基于上述成果,结合高精度的波场延拓算子,本文提出了一种新的叠前深度偏移方法,这种方法是在波场延拓时,对声波方程中的平方根项进行复Pade逼近,通过推导得到基于复Pade逼近的傅里叶有限差分算子,结合波场“直接下延”法,实现了起伏地表条件下的叠前深度偏移,该算法减少了偏移噪音,从而得到准确、稳定的偏移成像结果.通过理论模型试算和实际资料试处理,验证了该方法的有效性.     

用稳定高效的反Q滤波技术提高地震资料分辨率

地震波在地下传播时受到衰减影响,衰减会导致地震波场高频能量的损失和相位畸变.反Q滤波可补偿大地衰减效应.已有的反Q滤波方法存在下列不足:频率域的算法由于算子长度较长,所以计算效率较低;时间域的算法,或者对地震记录上到时较晚的同相轴进行了过度的补偿,或者为防止过度补偿后来的振幅而在最大增益处进行限制,导致振幅的多解性,而且还会影响滤波器的相位效应.本文给出一种通过直接求解时间域的Q模型方程来进行反Q滤波的算法.由于采用带状矩阵解算器,所以具有较高的计算效率,理论数据和实际地震资料的试算结果证明,本方法对地震波的吸收衰减进行了出色的补偿,提高了地震资料的分辨率.     

叠前纵波和转换波地震资料Q值提取及反Q滤波(英文)

纵波和转换波联合的多波地震勘探技术是解决复杂油气勘探的有效技术,提高转换波的分辨率是其关键问题之一。影响转换波分辨率的主要原因是地层对地震波的吸收,有效地计算地层Q值、消除地层吸收对转换波传播的影响,是提高转换波分辨率的关键。本文提出了从叠前转换波道集中估算横波Q值的方法,并利用沿射线路径的波场延拓,将一种稳定有效的反Q滤波方法应用到叠前共炮点纵波和转换波道集的衰减补偿中。模型资料结果表明,本文提出的估算转换横波Q值的方法精度较高;模型资料和实际资料的吸收补偿结果表明,此稳定全反Q滤波能有效地提高叠前纵波和转换波资料的分辨率。     

基于双级并行的弹性波频率域全波形多尺度反演方法（英文）

弹性波场的复杂性使得反演问题非线性增强,容易陷入局部极值,需要采用合理的多尺度反演策略降低非线性。在逐频组多尺度反演的基础上引入第二级别的反演策略,即基于阻尼波场的层剥离方法,能够改善反演过程的稳定性。针对频域全波形反演计算效率低、内存占用大的问题,采用双级并行算法:(i)利用多波前大规模并行直接解法(MUMPS)软件包,多节点并行实现波场正演;(ii)基于MPI实现频组内各频率并行计算梯度和步长等,使得多尺度反演算法在提高精度的前提下,保证了计算效率,提高了算法的实用性。Overthrust模型的数值实验表明,本文反演算法能够在有效改善反演稳定性的前提下,高效地获得精度较高的反演结果。     

稳定高效的时域反Q滤波方法

本文提出了一种全新的基于等效Q值的时域反Q滤波算法,其允许等效Q值在垂向上随时间连续变化,在空间上存在弱变化;将加权最小平方方法优化设计思想引入到时域反Q补偿短算子设计当中,给出最优时域短算子设计,将大量的频率域乘法工作转化为少量的时域褶积运算;采取表驱动方案,将短算子的构建与反Q补偿运算相剥离,极大地提升了计算效率;提出了一种新的稳定性控制方法,其既保证算法具有良好的稳定性,又满足短算子设计精度的要求.数值计算表明：时域反Q滤波算法可以取得与频域算法相同的补偿效果,并保证算法具备良好的稳定性和较高的计算效率.     

基于波场延拓的变换坐标转换波静校正

常规的转换波静校正的基本思想都是从地震波的运动学特征出发,基于地表一致性假设.在地表条件复杂和地表高程相差较大的地区,它不仅无法解决严重的静校正问题,反而会带来新的畸变.本文基于频率波数域波动方程偏移原理,采用波场延拓方法实现转换波静校正,其关键点在于时间空间域和频率波数域的相对应.文中通过坐标变换将起伏地表转化为新坐标系下的水平地表,把炮点和检波点映射到同一水平面上,然后在新坐标系下推导频率域波动方程延拓公式,接着对下行波P和上行转换波SV分别利用近地表速度向上延拓到基准面,恢复起伏地表到基准面之间的真实波场,最后转换到原始坐标系取出基准面数据完成转换波静校正.通过对模拟和实际数据处理,证明该方法是正确和有效的.     

基于反演的衰减补偿方法(英文)

提高地震资料分辨率的一个有效途径就是衰减补偿,通过对地震波的衰减和频散效应进行校正,提高地震资料的分辨率。常规衰减补偿方法都是基于波场延拓的反Q滤波方法。本文利用Futterman衰减模型,导出了一种衰减介质中合成地震记录的计算方法,在此基础上将衰减补偿问题归结为一个Fredholm积分方程反问题,利用反演方法来实现衰减补偿。针对衰减补偿问题的不稳定性,利用Tikhonov正则化方法提高反演过程的稳定性,数值模拟资料和实际资料处理结果验证了方法的有效性。     

基于一步法波场延拓的正演模拟和逆时偏移成像

通常工业界实现逆时偏移算法时采用有限差分数值方法模拟地震波场,波场模拟常常受稳定性条件限制,且易产生数值频散,成像精度降低.本文引入了一步法波场延拓方法,首先构建声波传播算子,借助Chebyshev多项式和Jacobi-Anger展开式近似传播算子中的e指数项,进而实现波场递推,该方法时间步长的选取不受稳定性条件限制而且不存在空间频散现象.本文将一步法波场延拓方法用于逆时偏移成像的波场模拟,并提出双缓冲区存储策略,在不增加计算量的前提下,大幅降低了逆时偏移方法的波场存储量.波场模拟和逆时偏移成像测试表明,本文提出的一步法波场延拓方法模拟地震波场精度高,消除了频散影响,可在较大时间步长的情况下实现高精度波场模拟;提出的基于一步法波场延拓的逆时偏移方法成像质量好;基于双缓冲区存储策略的逆时偏移成像方法存储成本低.     

从瞬变电磁扩散场到拟地震波场的全时域反变换算法

将瞬变电磁满足的扩散方程转变为波动方程,然后利用地震类成像方法实现瞬变电磁虚拟波场成像,是实现瞬变电磁三维反演的有效手段之一.为了实现由扩散场到虚拟波场的转换,文中采用预条件正则化共轭梯度法求解波场反变换问题.首先,对几种离散方式进行比较,采用条件数最小的离散方式进行离散;然后选择最优的正则化参数,并利用超松弛预条件技术对系数矩阵进行预条件处理;最后,利用共轭梯度法进行迭代求解.超松弛预条件有效降低了系数矩阵的条件数,正则化方法使得反变换得到的波场稳定、可靠,共轭梯度法能够保证计算快速收敛.将反变换结果与已知虚拟波场函数对比,证明算法稳定、可信.将文中算法结果与前人研究结果进行对比,说明方法效果.通过实测数据的波场变换处理给出了文中方法的实际应用效果.结合反变换算法,对不同参数模型进行分析,总结了虚拟波场在色散介质中的传播规律.     

一种自适应增益限的反Q滤波

地层的Q吸收会造成地震波振幅衰减、相位畸变,分辨率和信噪比明显降低.反Q滤波可消除由于地层Q吸收造成的振幅衰减和相位畸变,从而提高地震资料的分辨率;但反Q滤波振幅补偿的数值不稳定性问题会严重降低地震资料的信噪比,并产生很多假象.截止频率法和稳定因子法反Q滤波振幅补偿方法虽可控制数值非稳定性问题,但振幅补偿函数的增益限为一个时不变的常数,且与地震数据动态范围无关,其经常会压制深层地震波的高频成分,反而降低地震资料的分辨率;因此,本文在研究截止频率法和稳定因子法的基础上,结合地震数据的动态范围对地震记录分辨率的影响,提出了一种自适应增益限的反Q滤波振幅补偿方法,其增益限和稳定因子都是时变的,且都自适应于地震数据有效频带的截止频率.合成数据和实际数据试算表明,本文的自适应增益限的反Q滤波方法可恢复地震信号有效频带范围内的能量,且能较好地控制数值非稳定性问题,最终获得高分辨率和高信噪比的地震数据.     

Complex frequency-shifted multi-axial perfectly matched layer for frequency-domain seismic wavefield simulation in anisotropic media

Seismic anisotropy has an important influence on seismic data processing and interpretation. Although the frequency-domain seismic wavefield simulation has a problem of solving the large scale linear sparse matrix due to the computational limitations, it has some advantages over the time-domain seismic wavefield simulation including efficient inversion using only a limited number of frequency components and easy implementation of multiple sources. To accurately simulate seismic wave propagation in the frequency domain, we also need to choose the absorbing boundary conditions to absorb artificial reflections from edges of the model as we do in the time domain. Compared with the classical boundary conditions including the perfectly matched layer and complex frequency-shifted perfectly matched layer, the complex frequency-shifted multi-axial perfectly matched layer has been proven to effectively suppress the unwanted reflections at grazing incidence and solve the instability problem in the time-domain seismic numerical modelling in anisotropic elastic media. In this paper, we propose to extend the complex frequency-shifted multi-axial perfectly matched layer absorbing boundary condition to the frequency-domain seismic wavefield simulation in anisotropic elastic media. To test the validity of our proposed algorithm, we compare the results (snapshots and seismograms) of the frequency-domain seismic wavefield simulation with those of the time-domain modelling. The model studies indicate that the complex frequency-shifted multi-axial perfectly matched layer absorbing boundary condition is stable in the frequency-domain seismic wavefield simulation in anisotropic media, and provides better absorbing performance than the complex frequency-shifted perfectly matched layer boundary condition.     

求解3D弹性波方程的并行WNAD方法及其TI介质中的波场模拟

准确模拟TTI介质中弹性波的传播是研究地震各向异性、AVO反演的基础. 在二维加权近似解析离散化(WNAD)算法的基础上, 本文发展的并行WNAD算法是一种研究三维横向各向同性(TI)介质中弹性波传播的、快速高效的数值模拟方法. 我们首先介绍三维WNAD方法的构造过程, 然后与经典的差分格式--交错网格(SG)算法进行了比较. 理论分析和数值算例表明, WNAD算法比交错网格算法更适合在高性能计算机上进行大规模弹性波场模拟. 同时, 本文利用并行的WNAD方法研究了弹性波在TTI介质中的传播规律, 观测了TI介质中弹性波传播的重要特征:横波分离、体波耦合和速度各向异性等. 在TTI介质分界面处, 弹性波产生更加复杂的折射、反射和波型转化, 使得波场非常复杂, 研究和辨别不同类型的波能够加深我们对由裂隙诱导的各向异性介质的认识.     

Source-independent waveform inversion for attenuation estimation in anisotropic media

In previous publications, we presented a waveform-inversion algorithm for attenuation analysis in heterogeneous anisotropic media. However, waveform inversion requires an accurate estimate of the source wavelet, which is often difficult to obtain from field data. To address this problem, here we adopt a source-independent waveform-inversion algorithm that obviates the need for joint estimation of the source signal and attenuation coefficients. The key operations in that algorithm are the convolutions (1) of the observed wavefield with a reference trace from the modelled data and (2) of the modelled wavefield with a reference trace from the observed data. The influence of the source signature on attenuation estimation is mitigated by defining the objective function as the ℓ₂-norm of the difference between the two convolved data sets. The inversion gradients for the medium parameters are similar to those for conventional waveform-inversion techniques, with the exception of the adjoint sources computed by convolution and cross-correlation operations. To make the source-independent inversion methodology more stable in the presence of velocity errors, we combine it with the local-similarity technique. The proposed algorithm is validated using transmission tests for a homogeneous transversely isotropic model with a vertical symmetry axis that contains a Gaussian anomaly in the shear-wave vertical attenuation coefficient. Then the method is applied to the inversion of reflection data for a modified transversely isotropic model from Hess. It should be noted that due to the increased nonlinearity of the inverse problem, the source-independent algorithm requires a more accurate initial model to obtain inversion results comparable to those produced by conventional waveform inversion with the actual wavelet.     

基于无分裂复频移卷积完全匹配层边界的黏弹介质勒夫波模拟

本文建立了无分裂复频移卷积完全匹配层(CFS-CPML)吸收边界条件,利用交错网格下的高精度有限差分格式对黏弹性介质中的勒夫波场进行了数值模拟;分析了松弛机制个数对品质因子拟合精度的影响,验证了CFS-CPML边界条件对大角度掠射波的吸收效果．数值结果表明:本文方法所使用的5个松弛机制和空间4阶差分精度,即可在保证计算效率的前提下满足目前理论研究的需要;随着品质因子的减小,频散特征曲线的相速度逐渐向增高的方向偏离理论频散特征曲线的相速度,且各模式的高频能量也随之减弱．本文结果可为发展高精度的面波反演方法提供必要的理论依据．      

Application of a perfectly matched layer in seismic wavefield simulation with an irregular free surface

Recently, an effective and powerful approach for simulating seismic wave propagation in elastic media with an irregular free surface was proposed. However, in previous studies, researchers used the periodic condition and/or sponge boundary condition to attenuate artificial reflections at boundaries of a computational domain. As demonstrated in many literatures, either the periodic condition or sponge boundary condition is simple but much less effective than the well‐known perfectly matched layer boundary condition. In view of this, we intend to introduce a perfectly matched layer to simulate seismic wavefields in unbounded models with an irregular free surface. We first incorporate a perfectly matched layer into wave equations formulated in a frequency domain in Cartesian coordinates. We then transform them back into a time domain through inverse Fourier transformation. Afterwards, we use a boundary‐conforming grid and map a rectangular grid onto a curved one, which allows us to transform the equations and free surface boundary conditions from Cartesian coordinates to curvilinear coordinates. As numerical examples show, if free surface boundary conditions are imposed at the top border of a model, then it should also be incorporated into the perfectly matched layer imposed at the top‐left and top‐ right corners of a 2D model where the free surface boundary conditions and perfectly matched layer encounter; otherwise, reflections will occur at the intersections of the free surface and the perfectly matched layer, which is confirmed in this paper. So, by replacing normal second derivatives in wave equations in curvilinear coordinates with free surface boundary conditions, we successfully implement the free surface boundary conditions into the perfectly matched layer at the top‐left and top‐right corners of a 2D model at the surface. A number of numerical examples show that the perfectly matched layer constructed in this study is effective in simulating wave propagation in unbounded media and the algorithm for implementation of the perfectly matched layer and free surface boundary conditions is stable for long‐time wavefield simulation on models with an irregular free surface.     

Seismic depth imaging of iron-oxide deposits and their host rocks in the Ludvika mining area of central Sweden

The development of cost-effective and environmentally acceptable geophysical methods for the exploration of mineral resources is a challenging task. Seismic methods have the potential to delineate the mineral deposits at greater depths with sufficiently high resolution. In hardrock environments, which typically host the majority of metallic mineral deposits, seismic depth-imaging workflows are challenged by steeply dipping structures, strong heterogeneity and the related wavefield scattering in the overburden as well as the often limited signal-to-noise ratio of the acquired data. In this study, we have developed a workflow for imaging a major iron-oxide deposit at its accurate position in depth domain while simultaneously characterizing the near-surface glacial overburden including surrounding structures like crossing faults at high resolution. Our workflow has successfully been showcased on a 2D surface seismic legacy data set from the Ludvika mining area in central Sweden acquired in 2016. We applied focusing prestack depth-imaging techniques to obtain a clear and well-resolved image of the mineralization down to over 1000 m depth. In order to account for the shallow low-velocity layer within the depth-imaging algorithm, we carefully derived a migration velocity model through an integrative approach. This comprised the incorporation of the tomographic near-surface model, the extension of the velocities down to the main reflectors based on borehole information and conventional semblance analysis. In the final step, the evaluation and update of the velocities by investigation of common image gathers for the main target reflectors were used. Although for our data set the reflections from the mineralization show a strong coherency and continuity in the seismic section, reflective structures in a hardrock environment are typically less continuous. In order to image the internal structure of the mineralization and decipher the surrounding structures, we applied the concept of reflection image spectroscopy to the data, which allows the imaging of wavelength-specific characteristics within the reflective body. As a result, conjugate crossing faults around the mineralization can directly be imaged in a low-frequency band while the internal structure was obtained within the high-frequency bands.