考虑加筋与遮帘效应的层状地基群桩沉降计算

桩群在土中的加筋与遮帘效应是客观存在的,但目前的理论与实践均未能或有效地考虑该效应.基于剪切变形法原理,在计算某一根桩沉降时,考虑了其他各相邻基桩的存在对该桩沉降的折减,即加筋与遮帘效应,得到了桩侧桩-土接触等效剪切弹簧刚度,建立了桩身位移微分方程,分别求得桩顶沉降-桩端沉降、桩顶荷载-桩端压力的递推关系,从而得到了各桩在自身荷载作用下引起自身沉降的柔度系数; 同理,也求得了各邻桩在其桩顶荷载下引起它桩沉降的柔度系数,最终建立了群桩沉降计算的柔度矩阵方程.推导过程中,考虑了地基土的成层性及桩端沉降的相互影响,并提出了基于一定深度内的Mindlin位移解且考虑桩径影响的桩端压力-桩端位移关系新模式.算例结果表明,本文方法与实测值较为接近,且按本文方法求得的群桩中基桩相互作用系数明显小于弹性理论计算结果,且与实测值吻合较好.     

层状地基群桩沉降计算的剪切位移解析算法

考虑群桩的“束缚作用”,基于剪切位移法的理论,提出了竖向荷载作用下用于层状地基大规模群桩沉降分析的简捷实用的解析算法。以单桩位移积分方程为基础,导出了桩顶位移与轴力和桩底位移与轴力之间的关系,考虑桩-桩相互作用,得出了计算群桩沉降的柔度矩阵方程。推导过程中,桩被分成任意n段,因此该方法可以用于地基土任意分层的群桩沉降计算。算例分析表明,该方法与边混合法和界元法有较好的一致性。     

不同桩底地层超长桩工作性能的数值模拟

超长桩在大型桥梁和高层建筑中得到了越来越广泛应用。以某超长桩基础工程为例,采用三维有限元法分析了桩底地层对超长桩工作性能的影响。土体本构关系采用邓肯-张双曲线非线性弹性模型,混凝土、岩石采用线弹性模型模拟,桩土界面采用有厚度的薄单元模拟。结果表明：桩底地层不同时,桩端阻力和桩侧阻力的比例不同,但承载性状仍属摩擦型桩;桩顶极限荷载不同,但桩身失稳时的极限沉降基本相同;桩端阻力的发挥程度不同,但桩基失稳的原因都是桩侧土体的破坏。     

桩端沉降测量对试桩成果分析的意义

桩端沉降测量和试桩资料的分析结果表明,桩在传递上部荷载与地基土之间产生的应力应变过程,表现为桩的弹性杆件和地基土的弹—塑性变形特征。从而对受荷桩,尤其是长柱和超长桩的应力应变特征有了更切合实际的认识。     

Three-dimensional finite element analysis for soil slopes stabilisation using piles

This paper presents the analytical methods of slope-stabilising piles using the three-dimensional (3-D) finite element (FE) analysis with the strength reduction method (SRM). This 3-D FE model is employed to overcome the limitations observed in two-dimensional (2-D) FE analysis. The solutions obtained from 3-D FE analyses are verified to be less conservative in this paper. The 3-D analysis is considered to be of particular importance to pile-slope problems. The soil that flows between piles cannot be taken account properly in the 2-D FE analysis. The method adopted in this paper can avoid the assumption of soil movement and the pressure distribution along the piles subjected to soil movement. The numerical analysis employs the Mohr–Coulomb failure criterion with the strength reduction technique for soil and an elastic member for piles. The spacing effect of the pile is considered in the 3-D model, the S/D (S: centre to centre, D: diameter of pile) ratio, equal to 4.0, is found to be equivalent to the single pile stabilisation. The middle portion of the slope is identified as the optimal location to place the piles. The proper length of the pile, which can be used to stabilise the slope, is also examined using 3-D FE analyses. It is concluded that L/H greater or equal 0.70 is recommended (L: pile length, H: slope height). The numerical analyses are conducted based on a coupled analysis, which simultaneously considers both the slope stability and the pile response. The failure mechanisms of the pile-slope system subjected to the pile locations, pile head conditions and pile length are each discussed. The contact pressure, shear force and moment along the piles are presented to illustrate the pile stabilising mechanism herein.     

Study on laterally loaded piles with rectangular and circular cross sections

The conventional approach in the design of laterally loaded piles with rectangular cross section involves the simplification of converting the rectangular cross section of the pile to an equivalent circular cross section. An analysis to determine the response of laterally loaded rectangular or circular piles in elastic soil is presented in which this simplification is not required. The analysis is based on the solution of differential equations governing the displacements of the pile–soil system derived using energy principles. The pile geometry and the elastic constants of the soil and pile are the input parameters to the analysis. Using this analysis, comparisons are made between the response of rectangular and circular piles in elastic soil. Based on the proposed solution scheme, a user-friendly spreadsheet program (LATPAXL) was developed that can be used to perform the analysis. In addition, simple equations obtained by regression analysis of the pile head deflection and bending moment profiles are proposed. Examples illustrate the use of the analysis.     

Negative skin friction on single piles in a layered half-space

Settlement of the surrounding soil due to surcharge placement may give rise to negative skin friction developed in piles. In this paper, a simple discrete element approach using subgrade reaction method is proposed to analyse negative skin friction on single piles. The pile is embedded in a two-layer soil where the upper soil layer undergoes consolidation while the lower soil layer acts as a stiffer bearing stratum. Two different and uncoupled deformation modes, one at the pile shaft and the other at the pile toe have been assumed in the determination of the soil stiffness. The effects of a compressible bearing stratum and embedment length of the pile in the bearing stratum are considered in the analysis. This simple approach is verified by comparison with rigorous methods of modelling the soil as an elastic continuum. Three reported case histories are analysed and the computed results are shown to be in reasonable agreement with the field measurements.     

扩底抗拔桩桩端阻力的群桩效应研究

通过颗粒流数值模拟,从桩端阻力随上拔位移的发展与桩端周围土体颗粒位移表现等角度,研究了扩底抗拔桩端阻力的群桩效应问题。研究比较了单桩（墩）与群桩（墩）的抗拔性状以及不同墩距下中心墩与边墩阻力随上拔位移发展的情况。研究表明,在归一化上拔量 0.1时,单桩（墩）与群桩（墩）的上拔特性无明显差别;此后,随着上拔位移的发展,单桩（墩）的上拔端阻力要大于群桩中的桩（墩）的端阻力,桩（墩）周围土体颗粒的相互影响开始显现。在归一化上拔量 0.5的情况下,群桩（墩）中中心桩（墩）的端阻力要略大于边桩（墩）。在归一化上拔量 0.5的情况下,群桩中边桩的桩端阻力较中心桩的要大,而群墩中边墩的墩端阻力较中心墩要小,体现了桩身侧限对抗拔桩群中端阻力发挥的影响。随着墩距的增大,在较大的位移量以后群墩才与单墩的受力有显著差别。     

Elastic models for nonlinear response of rigid passive piles

Recent study indicates that the response of rigid passive piles is dominated by elastic pile–soil interaction and may be estimated using theory for lateral piles. The difference lies in that passive piles normally are associated with a large scatter of the ratio of maximum bending moment over maximum shear force and induce a limiting pressure that is ~1/3 that on laterally loaded piles. This disparity prompts this study. This paper proposes pressure‐based pile–soil models and develops their associated solutions to capture response of rigid piles subjected to soil movement. The impact of soil movement was encapsulated into a power‐law distributed loading over a sliding depth, and load transfer model was adopted to mimic the pile–soil interaction. The solutions are presented in explicit expressions and can be readily obtained. They are capable of capturing responses of model piles in a sliding soil owing to the impact of sliding depth and relative strength between sliding and stable layer on limiting force prior to ultimate state. In comparison with available solutions for ultimate state, this study reveals the 1/3 limiting pressure (of the active piles) on passive piles was induced by elastic interaction. The current models employing distributed pressure for moving soil are more pertinent to passive piles (rather than plastic soil flow). An example calculation against instrumented model piles is provided, which demonstrates the accuracy of the current solutions for design slope stabilising piles. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Numerical analysis of axially loaded vertical piles and pile groups

A numerical method, based on a simplified elastic continuum boundary element method, is presented for the settlement analysis of axially loaded vertical piles and pile groups. The soil flexibility coefficients are evaluated using the analytical solutions for a layered elastic half space. Results are presented and compared with existing published solutions for the following cases: (i) piles in homogeneous soil, (ii) piles in finite soil layer, (iii) piles end-bearing on stiffer layer, (iv) piles socketted into stiffer bearing layer, and (v) piles in Gibson soil. Reasonably good agreement is obtained between the present solutions and existing published solutions.     

Multiobjective optimization-based design of stabilizing piles in earth slopes

Though the technology of using stabilizing piles to prevent landsliding is not new, the design of such piles with a meaningful optimization framework has been rarely reported. In this paper, a multiobjective optimization-based framework for design of stabilizing piles is presented, in which both reinforcement effectiveness and cost efficiency could be explicitly considered. The design parameters considered in the proposed design framework are the pile parameters, including pile diameter, spacing, length, and position, and the design objectives considered are the reinforcement effectiveness and cost efficiency. The design of stabilizing piles is then implemented as a multiobjective optimization problem. In that the desire to maximize the reinforcement effectiveness and that to maximize the cost efficiency are two conflicting objectives, the output of this multiobjective optimization will be a Pareto front that depicts a trade-off between these two design objectives. With the obtained Pareto front, an informed decision regarding the design of stabilizing piles is reached. The effectiveness and significance of the proposed multiobjective optimization-based design framework for stabilizing piles are demonstrated through two illustrative examples: one is the design of stabilizing piles in a one-layer earth slope and the other the design of stabilizing piles in a two-layer earth slope. Further, parametric analyses are conducted to investigate the influences of the pile design parameters on the stability of reinforced slopes.     

能量桩群桩工作特性简化分析方法研究

采用双曲线模型模拟桩土界面上的力学行为,利用剪切位移法反映剪应力在土层中的传递,考虑群桩之间的相互作用,建立了热?力耦合作用下能量桩群桩基础工作特性的简化分析方法。该方法能反映桩土界面上的非线性、桩顶的约束条件和能量桩位置的影响,可直接计算所有桩的位移和轴力。与现有方法相比,计算得到的双桩相互作用因子更加合理。通过与文献中试验数据的对比表明,若只有局部桩经历温度变化,能量桩运行过程中各桩之间存在差异变形,基础出现倾斜,桩顶荷载发生重分布。所建立方法计算方便,能合理模拟能量桩群桩基础的主要工作特性,可用于大规模能量桩群桩基础的设计计算。     

ANALYSIS OF PILES USED FOR SLOPE STABILIZATION

Piles used for the stabilization of slopes have to be adequately designed to resist the induced lateral loads due to the movement of the unstable slope. In this paper, a numerical method is presented for the analysis of this problem. In this approach, the piles are modelled using beam finite elements. The soil response at the individual piles is modelled using the modulus of subgrade reaction and pile–soil–pile interaction considered using the theory of elasticity. Two case histories, one for single pile and the other for pile group, are analysed which show that the numerical model can predict the general characteristics of the piles reasonably well. The study suggests that the design of the piles based on the computed response from single pile analysis, ignoring group effects, may be unduly conservative.     

冻土中钢管桩荷载传递函数曲线研究

以室内冻土中钢管桩模型桩静载试验为例,介绍了冻土中钢管桩荷载传递函数的测试过程和计算方法,给出了一定条件下模型钢管桩桩身冻结力荷载传递函数曲线及桩端阻力荷载传递函数曲线,并分析了流变效应对荷载传递的影响.结果表明:模型钢管桩桩侧冻结力荷载传递函数曲线及桩端阻力荷载传递函数曲线其线状大致分别程抛物线及直线;由于流变效应的影响,桩侧冻结应力及端阻应力随时间有不同程度的变化;桩土相对位移和桩端下沉量开始5 h内随时间变化较大,但加载5 h后逐渐向稳定方向发展.其研究结果可为进一步的桩土间的本构关系研究提供参考.     

基于统一强度理论的灰土挤密桩应力分析

采用统一强度理论对灰土挤密桩应力进行研究,分析了灰土挤密桩挤密成孔过程及土体处于弹塑性状态时孔周应力情况,得出了灰土挤密桩成孔过程的弹性解及孔壁屈服时的弹性极限荷载,并求出了孔壁均布内压与塑性挤密半径的关系式。该解考虑了中间主应力及拉压性能差异的影响,Mohr-Coulomb解是特例。其结果对于全面研究灰土挤密桩的综合作用效用,进一步节约材料有一定的参考价值。     

预应力锚索抗滑桩结构计算方法

预应力锚索抗滑桩作为一种实用有效的支挡工程措施已在地质灾害治理中得到广泛的应用.然而, 其设计与计算方法仍然是一个亟待深入研究的课题.这种技术是在抗滑桩的基础上发展起来的.相对于普通抗滑桩, 其受力状态更加合理. 从这种治理措施的地质与物理模型出发, 建立了其力学与数学模型, 并最终得到其内力分布的解析解, 为其结构设计奠定了基础.将双参数法引入到土抗力模数或地基系数的计算中, 并贯穿到整个结构计算中.分别按刚性桩和弹性桩2种物理模式, 将锚索视为弹性绞支座, 利用抗滑桩和锚索位移变形协调条件, 计算出锚索的设计拉力及桩身的内力分布.结合三峡库区秭归县水田坝乡下土地岭滑坡治理工程介绍了这种滑坡治理措施的应用, 并与原普通抗滑桩设计方案进行了技术与经济对比分析, 体现出这种抗滑结构的优越性.      

现浇X形混凝土桩竖向承载性状模型试验研究

为研究现浇X形混凝土桩的荷载沉降特性及其荷载传递机制,利用河海大学的大型试验模型槽开展X形桩的足尺模型静载荷试验。通过在桩身设置的钢筋测力计及在桩底埋设的土压力盒,实测了在竖向荷载作用下X形桩与土相互作用时的工作性状。试验结果表明：X形桩的荷载沉降曲线为缓变型;桩侧摩阻力与桩端阻力随桩顶沉降的增加均呈递增性;但随着桩顶荷载的增加,桩侧摩阻力分担桩顶荷载比例却呈递减性,其分担桩顶荷载比例由初期的约90%下降到极限状态时的70%左右,而桩端阻力分担桩顶荷载的比例呈递增性,其分担桩顶荷载比例由初期的约10%上升到极限状态时30%左右。研究成果可为今后竖向受荷X形桩的设计与研究提供重要参考。     

预应力双排支护桩的计算理论研究及工程应用

在总结以往研究成果的基础上,对比分析现有的两种计算模型,提出新的计算模式,将双排桩及桩间土体视为空间等代桁架,并将前后排桩的底端视为弹性约束,同时采用对后排桩施加竖向预应力的方法,来平衡桩侧土压力和改善前后排桩的受力性能。利用有限元程序,通过对3种计算模型的对比分析,并与实测数据的对比,对所提出的计算模型和方法进行了必要的验证。结合工程实例,对影响预应力双排支护桩的关键因素进行了分析,计算分析和工程实例都表明：利用空间等代桁架模型和对后排桩施加竖向预应力的方法可以取得满意的结果。     

Studies on the behaviour of axially loaded tapered piles by the finite element method

Tapered piles represent a more equitable distribution of the pile material in several respects. In order to study their efficiency over piles of uniform section with the same material input, a three-dimensional finite element analysis is developed. The numerical procedure accounts for the non-linear elastic behaviour of both the soil and the pile-soil interface. In order to include the latter, which involves relative slip and debonding, zero/non-zero thickness interface elements are used. Three shapes of cross-section, viz. circular, square and triangular, have been attempted for the piles. The load-settlement behaviour under axial load predicted by the analysis is compared with laboratory test results obtained on instrumented model piles, installed as ‘replacement’ piles, and the fit obtained is found to be reasonably good. Also examined are interface shear and axial force in the pile, displacement and stress fields in the medium and the progression of failure in the latter.     

Variational elastic solution for axially loaded piles in multilayered soil

Most analytical or semi‐analytical solutions of the problem of load‐settlement response of axially loaded piles are based on the assumption of zero radial displacement. These solutions also are only applicable to piles embedded in either a homogeneous or a Gibson soil deposit. In reality, soil deposits consist of multiple soil layers with different properties, and displacements in the radial direction within the soil deposit are not zero when the pile is loaded axially. In this paper, we present a load‐settlement analysis applicable to a pile with circular cross section installed in multilayered elastic soil that accounts for both vertical and radial soil displacements. The analysis follows from the solution of the differential equations governing the displacements of the pile–soil system obtained using variational principles. The input parameters needed for the analysis are the pile geometry and the elastic constants of the soil and pile. We compare the results from the present analysis with those of an analytical solution that considers only vertical soil displacements. The analysis presented in this paper also provides useful insights into the displacement and strain fields around axially loaded piles. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.