Sediment character in a micro-tidal, harbor-estuary environment, Göteborg, Sweden

Harbor-estuaries are complex sedimentary environments where both natural and anthropogenic processes influence the distribution and accumulation of sediments, which in turn is of importance for maintenance dredging and pollution control. This paper uses sediment characteristics from the Göta älv estuary, Sweden to evaluate the natural estuarine processes that persist despite the extensive human impact on the estuary and to separate and characterize depositional sub-environments. The most important harbor processes include maintenance dredging and turbulence from ship traffic, and their influence upon shallow stratigraphy and sediment distribution and deposition is significant. Polymodal particle-size distributions are interpreted to reflect the natural estuarine transport processes. Suspension transport is generally predominant, except in the river and inner harbor where bottom transport and selective deposition of sand occur. Particle-size characteristics divide the estuary into four depositional areas: the river and the inner, middle, and outer harbor. The shallow stratigraphy reveals a hiatus between the firm silty clays and the loose recent sediments. The hiatus in the stratigraphy is probably related to dredging in most areas of the harbor. Significant maintenance dredging and turbulence from ship traffic also influence the accumulation (0–61 cm) of recent sediments, during the 20th century.     

Untersuchungen am Grauen Salzton der Grube „Königshall-Hindenburg”, Reyershausen bei Göttingen

Zusammenfassung Es wurden 15 stratigraphiseh aufeinanderfolgende Proben des Grauen Salztons aus dem Kalisalzbergwerk Königshall-Hindenburg, Reyershausen bei Göttingen, auf ihren Mineralbestand untersueht und ihre chemische Zusammensetzung ermittelt. Die Hauptkomponenten des loslichen Anteils (Salz) sind Anhydrit, Steinsalz und Dolomit, während sick der unlösliche Anteil zum größten Teil aus Illit, Chlorit und Quarz zusammensetzt. Die Korngrößenfraktionen < 6,32 des unlöslichen Anteils bestehen fast aussehlioßlich aus Rlit und Chlorit. Die röntgenographische und mikroskopische Untersuchung ergab eine kontinuierliche Zunahme des Illitgehaltes vom Liegenden zum Hangenden des Profils und eine Abnahme des Chloritgehaltes. Im Zusammenhang mit der Röntgenanalyse konnte der Chemismus dieser beiden Tonminerale bestimmt werden. Es zeigte sich, daß der Chlorit seine Zusammensetzung innerhalb des Profils ändert. Sie entspricht der des Sheridanits (Liegendes), des Klinochlors und des Pennins (Hangendes). Für den Hit muß detritische Herkunft angenommen werden, während der Chlorit sich wahrscheinlich aus der Lösung gebildet hat und damit eine diagenetische Neubildung ist.     

Der trachydoleritische Basalt (Olivin-Andesin-Basalt) des Backenberges bei Güntersen,westlich von Göttingen

Zusammenfassung Es wird das Vorkommen eines trachvdoleritischen Basaltes — nachTröger Olivin-Andesin-Basalt — aus dem Gebiet westlich des Leinetals bei Göttigen beschrieben. Das Gestein ist in 3 Proben chemisch und in 6 Proben petrographisch quantitativ untersucht worden. Es hat außer den Komponenten gewöhnlicher Olivin-führender Feldspatbasalte Oligoklas, Anorthoklas (Alkalipyroxen, Nephelin) und Zeolithe. Innerhalb des untersuchten Vorkommens wie im Vergleich mit dem Feldspatbasalt des benachbarten Hohen Hagen lassen sick Differentiationserscheinungen nachweisen. Der Olivin-Andesin-Basalt entstammt einem gabbroiden-gabbrodioritischen Magma. Die späten Mineralparagenesen werden als Produkte von Restlösungen gedeutet. — Mehrere Vorkommen trachydoleritiScher Basalte liegen in dem betrachteten Gebiet westlich eines Streifens, in dem nur Olivin-führende Feldspatbasalte vorkommen. — Einige Analysenergebnisse von Spurenelementen werden geochemisch gedeutet.Herrn Professor Dr.Carl. W. Correns zum 60. Geburtstag gewidmet.     

Über den Mineralbestand des Göttinger Lias

Zusammenfassung Das Rhät-Lias-Profil am westlichen Stadtrand von Göttingen wurde optisch, röntgenographisch, chemisch und mit der Differentialthermoanalyse untersucht. Es handelt sich um ein einheitliches Profil aus teils mergeligen, aber stets karbonatführenden Tonen mit zwischengeschalteten, teils kalkigen Sandsteinen. Der Tonmineralbestand setzt sich aus Illit als Hauptbestandteil, Kaolinit, Chlorit und Wechsellagerungen Illit/ Montmorillonit und Illit/Chlorit zusammen. Die Zusammensetzung des Karbonatbestandteils ändert sich im Profil vom Liegenden zum Hangenden von einem Karbonat mit 60 Mol-% Ca und 40 Mol-% Mg (unten) zu reinem Kalzit (oben). In der obersten untersuchten Schicht, dem Angulaten Sandstein, wurden einige Basaltgeröllchen und Schwerminerale basaltischer Herkunft gefunden.

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A petrographical study of the Rhät-Lias succession of rocks exposed in the quarries of some brickworks at Göttingen has been carried out by optical and chemical methods and by means of X-ray diffraction and differential thermal analysis (DTA). These sediments consist of dark grey shales with interbedded marl and fine- to mediumgrained sandstones. With the exception of one rocktype viz., the Hagenowi Sandstone, all the other rocks contain carbonate in smaller or larger amounts.In the present section, the mineralogical composition of the elastic constituents is almost uniform from top to bottom. The coarse fractions (> 6,3 ) are composed of quartz, mica (muscovite and biotite), feldspars (Na and K), quartz-mica aggregates, chlorite, haematite and heavy minerals (tourmaline and zirkon). The clay fractions are characterised by a predominance of dioctahedral illite. Other components of the clay fractions are kaolinite, chlorite and irregular illite-montmorillonite mixed layers. Regular illite-chlorite mixed layers have also been found in the fine fraction of the Hagenowi Sandstone. Quantitative determination of the clay minerals was made partly with DTA and partly from the X-ray diffraction patterns.The carbonates show, on the other hand, a striking qualitative variation. The lower part of the section is characterised by the occurrence of a mixed carbonate approaching dolomite in composition (35–40 Mol-% Mg), which is replaced more and more towards the top by pure calcite. The latter is the dominant carbonate in the upper beds.Authigenic pyrite, gypsum, barite and lepidocrocite have been found.Pebbles of basalt and heavy minerals of basaltic origin such as augite and hornblende found in the uppermost bed i. e., the Angulaten Sandstone, have geological significance, because until now evidence of volcanic activity in Mesozoic has not been known from the northern part of Middle Europe.

     

Pfingstsitzung des „Damnu“ in Göttingen

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Magnetotelluric investigation on Björkö impact structure,west of Stockholm,Sweden

This paper describes the application of magnetotelluric (MT) method to investigate Björkö impact structure located at west of Stockholm, Sweden. This structure has formed in crystalline rocks ca. 1.2 Ga ago and located relatively close to the district heating infrastructure of the Stockholm region, as the largest district heating system in Europe. Since impact structures mostly contain fractured rock volumes in the form of breccia formations, the occurred brecciation zones in this region are more favorable potential targets for geothermal investigations. The main objective is evaluating the capability of the study area to have potential for geothermal resources by mapping the subsurface structure. To image electrical characteristic of underground layers, 1D and 2D bimodal inversions of TE and TM modes of MT data are performed. The results are also compared with the outputs of the inversion of the determinant data (yielding a direction-independent average of the subsurface conductivity) along the same profiles, proving good accordance of the outputs. The processed resistivity sections at depth along with measuring various rock physical properties across two drilled boreholes at Björkö and Midsommar islands localized two conductors at depths of 1 km and from 2.5 to 4.5 km, which may be attributed to be a potential zone for geothermal energy retrieval.     

Zur tektonischen Stellung des Göll im Berchtesgadener Lande

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Heavy metal contamination in surface sediments of Gökçekaya Dam Lake,Eskişehir,Turkey

The present study to find seasonal (September 2010–June 2011) heavy metal (Cd, Pb, Cr, Co, Ni, Zn, Cu, Fe, As) contamination and the origins thereof in surface sediments of Gökçekaya Dam Lake, as constructed on Sakarya River, the third-longest river in Turkey and the largest river of the Northwestern Anatolia. Upon analyses for the purpose thereof, heavy metal contamination in annual average concentrations in the lake sediment varied, respectively, as Fe > Zn > Cr > Ni > Cu > Pb > Co > As > Cd. Statistical assessments performed in order to see whether the average values of the heavy metal contamination as measured at stations placed in the lake changed by seasonal periods. There found statistically significant differences especially in Cd, Zn, and Pb between seasonal periods. In accordance with the Sediment Quality Index, Gökçekaya Dam Lake sediment was classified as “highly polluted” in terms of the amount of anthropogenic contaminants of As, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn. Enrichment factor and geoaccumulation index values (I _geo) were calculated in order to geochemically interpret the source of contamination due to heavy metal concentration in the lake sediment and the level of pollution. The As, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni Pb, and Zn values demonstrated that the sediment was rich for anthropogenic contaminants. The lake was found especially rich for arsenic (14.97–34.70 mg/kg) and lead (68.75–98.65 mg/kg) in accordance with annual average values. In general the lake was geochemically characterized as “moderately contaminated” in terms of As, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn content.     

Quaternary basaltic volcanism reflecting heterogeneous mixture of two mafic melts: Gölova basaltic rocks,Southern Anatolia,Turkey

The Quaternary volcanic rocks from Gögova region constitute an example of on intra-continental volcanism in Southern Anatolia, Turkey. These rocks were erupted along the left-lateral strike-slip Yumurtalιk fault zone. They comprise basaltic lavas containing mafic enclaves. The enclaves are distributed widely through the lavas and are spherical to ellipsoidal in shape. Both the host lavas and the mafic enclaves have an alkaline character. Fractional crystallization process was important in the formation of the mafic enclaves where olivine was the main crystallizing phase. However, fractional crystallization was not a dominant process in the host lavas. Geochemical and petrological characteristics of both the mafic enclaves and the host lavas imply that magma mingling occurred during or immediately before eruption.     

Sedimentology of a sandur formed by multiple jökulhlaups,Kverkfjöll,Iceland

The Kverkfjöll sandur in north Iceland is the furthest upstream of a suite of fluvial landforms extending for 200 km along the Jökulsá á Fjöllum river. Incision of the sandur exposes over 3 km of sedimentary sections, up to 15 m in height. A sandur wide, well-bedded succession of matrix-rich cobble-gravel and pebble/granule gravel, with individual beds 0.2 to 0.5 m thick indicates that the sandur is primarily the product of sandur-wide sheet-floods, with sediment-rich hyperconcentrated flows and also some debris flows and channelised turbulent flows. This interpretation is evidenced by bedded hyperconcentrated flow deposits occurring as laterally extensive tabular depositional units that dominate the entire sandur, reflecting the unconfined nature of the flow. Clast-supported boulder-gravel units interpreted as the product of macroturbulent flow occur in relatively narrow, but deep channels. The sedimentary succession is interpreted as the product of at least six volcanically generated catastrophic outburst floods (jökulhlaups) during the Little Ice Age. The sedimentology of these Little Ice Age flood deposits, on a small, high-gradient sandur, contrasts strongly with the deposits of volcanically-generated jökulhlaups on large, low-gradient coastal sandar, and sandar associated with retreating glaciers which have been the basis for most previous models of jökulhlaup sedimentation.     

Granitic rocks as a source of granite: The Gösta and Sundsta Granites,south-west Sweden

Granites, among them three generations of microline-rich granites, intruded repeatedly between 1600 and 900 Ma in the South-western Swedish Gneiss Complex. The deformed and metamorphosed Gösta and Sundsta granites are medium-grained, pale greyish red rocks belonging to the oldest generation of microclinerich granites.Biotite dominates over hornblende. Allanite, titanite, apatite and zircon are important accessory minerals. The granites are metaluminous and syeno- to monzogranitic in composition. SiO₂ varies between 70.4 and 78.7% and K₂O/Na2_O between 0.86 and 2.32. Na and K are poorly correlated with the other major elements. The rocks are low in MgO (< 0.9%) and FeO (< 3.6%). They are characterized by high Rb/Sr, Ba/Sr and Ba/Rb ratios. The ratio Nb/Ta is almost constant ( 12) and the ratio Al/Ga decreases slightly with increasing SiO₂ content. The Gösta granite has small, negative Eu anomalies, differentiated light and almost flat heavy rare earth element patterns. It intruded into continental crust approximately 1560 Ma ago. It is argued that the granites formed from continental rocks by pseudoeutectic partial melting at a fairly shallow depth. The source is older than the dominant country rock.     

Investigation of water quality on Gökçekaya dam lake using multivariate statistical analysis,in Eskişehir,Turkey

Gökçekaya Dam is one of the dams located on the Sakarya River (Eski?ehir) in Turkey and is approximately 38 years old. No study regarding to the water quality of the dam lake has been hitherto made. This study aimed at determining the seasonal variations with physical, chemical, and biological parameters of the water quality of the dam lake. Depth-wise water samples were taken from five selected stations, in seasonal periods during 2005–2008, and anlayzed. The quality of water was classified in accordance with the results and taking into consideration many parameters. At the same time, number and type diversities of dissolved heavy metals and algae population were analyzed. Using principal component analysis (PCA) and classification analysis (CA) methods, differences between these parameters and samples from stations have been determined . The analysis showed that Gökçekaya dam lake, formerly an oligotrophic lake, has become a mesotrophic lake. And according to the results thereof the Lake has mezotrophic characteristics due to the sudden changes (including household waste water inflow and opening the Sar?yar dam lake shutters) in certain periods and in some stations. Hierarchical clustering analysis, revealed no significant difference between the measured parameters. And according to the Water Pollution Control Regulations in Turkey (WPCR) Gökçekaya dam lake is in the first class quality in terms of anions, cations, heavy metals, temperature, and pH values. However, the is of first class quality presence of nitrite reduces the water quality in the lake and causes this lake to be classified in the fourth class quality.     

Measuring the processes and outcomes of post-disaster housing recovery: lessons from Gölcük, Turkey

Despite a growing literature on post-disaster recovery, our understanding of how housing recovery is measured remains limited. This paper is a step in filling the gap in the literature by presenting an overview of how recovery organizations measured post-disaster permanent housing recovery in Gölcük, Turkey, following the August 17, 1999 earthquake. Based on in-depth interviews, focus groups, participant observation, and review of secondary sources, the paper highlights the limitations of measuring housing recovery as the number of permanent housing units built in a timely manner. It suggests that recovery organizations need to measure post-disaster housing recovery by developing context-specific, process- and outcome-oriented measures. In the case of Gölcük, process-oriented measures could have been related to the land appropriation, public participation processes, and inter-organizational collaboration while outcome-oriented measures could have been related to the level of satisfaction with homes built and equity among the housing beneficiaries.     

Presence and tectonic significance of Cretaceous rudist species in the so-called Permo-Carboniferous Göktepe Formation,central Menderes metamorphic massif,western Turkey

A schist sequence of the central Menderes Massif, in which lenses of fossiliferous marbles are found, is observed in the southern flank of the Aydn Mountain, north of Kök (Aydn), around Erikavak village. These rocks have been considered as Permo-Carboniferous in age and are included in the Göktepe Formation of earlier studies. However, some rudist species are described from thickly bedded gray marbles that have a concordant contact with the overlying schist sequence. Although the rudists have been metamorphosed, it is observed that some contain fossils are well enough preserved to determine the following rudist fauna: Hippurites lapeirousei (GOLDFUSS), Hippurites nabresinensis FUTTERER, Hippurites cf. colliciatus WOODWARD. This rudist fauna dates the schist sequence as Santonian–Campanian. The schist sequence is overlain by a thick tectonostratigraphic pile of orthogneiss which has been interpreted as the Pan-African metamorphic core of the Menderes Massif. A widespread cataclastic and mylonitic zone is present between the underlying rudist-bearing marbles and the structurally overlying orthogneiss sequence. The existing kinematic studies in the footwall and hangingwall of this tectonic contact reveal two different phases of deformations, a contractional phase followed by an extensional phase. During the contractional event, which occurred at 36 Ma, the orthogneiss sequence was thrust faulted northwards over the schist sequence. This thrust fault was later reactivated as a low-angle normal fault beneath a supradetachment sedimentary basin of Early-Middle Miocene age. The fossil discoveries of this study and the existing kinematic studies reveal that a new structural model for the central Menderes Massif in which the tectonometamorphic units form a major southward closing recumbent fold needs to be reviewed.     

Geochronology,geochemistry, and tectonic setting of the Oligocene magmatic rocks (Marmaros Magmatic Assemblage) in Gökçeada Island,northwest Turkey

Through the ?zmir–Ankara–Erzincan and the Vardar oceans suture zones, convergence between the Eurasian and African plates played a key role in controlling Palaeogene magmatism in northwestern Anatolia, northern Aegean, and eastern Balkans. LA-ICP-MS dating of U and Pb isotopes on zircon separates from the tuffs of the Harmankaya Volcanic Rocks, which are inter-fingered with the lower-middle Eocene deposits of the Gaziköy Formation to the north of the Ganos Fault and the Karaa?aç Formation in the Gelibolu Peninsula, yielded a late Ypresian (51 Ma) age. The chemical characteristics suggest that the lavas and tuffs of the Harmankaya Volcanic Rocks are products of syn- or post-collision magmas. These volcanic rocks show also close affinities to the subduction-related magmas. In addition to the already known andesitic volcanic rocks, our field observations in Gökçeada Island indicate also the existence of granitic and rhyolitic rocks (Marmaros Magmatic Assemblage). Our U–Pb zircon age data has shown that the newly discovered Marmaros granitic plutons intruded during late Oligocene (26 Ma) into the deposits of the Karaa?aç Formation in Gökçeada Island. LA-ICP-MS dating of U and Pb isotopes on zircon separates from the Marmaros rhyolitic rocks yielded a late Oligocene (26 Ma) crystallization age. Geochemical characteristics indicate that the more-evolved Oligocene granitic and rhyolitic rock of the Marmaros Magmatic Assemblage possibly assimilated a greater amount of crustal material than the lower Eocene Harmankaya Volcanic Rocks. Geochemical features and age relationships suggest increasing amounts of crustal contamination and a decreasing subduction signature during the evolution of magmas in NW Turkey from the early Eocene to the Oligocene. The magmatic activity developed following the northward subduction of the ?zmir–Ankara–Erzincan oceanic lithosphere and the earliest Palaeocene final continental collision between the Sakarya and Anatolide–Tauride zones.     

See-Erz,Roströhren und verwandte Konkretionen

Zusammenfassung Den Röhrensteinen des Großen Plöner Sees verwandte Bildungen werden an Hand der wichtigsten Literatur beschrieben. Fe- und Mn-Konkretionen — unter diese fallen See-Erze, Roströhren, Fe-Anhäufungen in Seesedimenten u. a. — sind nach dem jetzigen Stande der Forschung im wesentlichen durch Mikroben gebildet oder wenigstens in ihrer Entstehung durch diese Organismen unterstützt, obgleich meistens eine rein chemisch-physikalische Deutung der Prozesse möglich ist. Die Grundzüge der regionalen Verbreitung von See- und Wiesenerzen in Schweden wurden zuerst vonStapff dargelegt und später durchNaumann den neuesten Anschauungen angepaßt. Kalk, Ton und elektrolytreiche Gewässer unterdrücken die Erzbildung. Auch von karbonatreichen Böden und Wässern sind Anhäufungen von Eisenhydroxyd bekannt, aber den schwedischen Massenvorkommen gegenüber geringfügig. Die Entstehung der Roströhren wird näher erläutert. O₂-Abgabe der Pflanzenwurzeln, physikalische Adsorptionsprozesse, wahrscheinlich auch Gerbstoffe und Kalk usw. fällen Fe und Mn aus. Den Röhrensteinen Ähnliche Bildungen sind bei den Wohnröhren vonCorophium beobachtet worden. Auch die Osteokollen gestatten eine Parallele; dennoch handelt es sich dabei um Kalkfällung. Die bekanntesten fossilen Roströhren stammen aus dem Münzenberger Sandstein.     

Über röhrenförmige Lösungserscheinungen im Kalke bei Amt-Mitterbach bei St. ägyd am Neuwalde,Niederösterreich

Ohne Zusammenfassung