南海南部陆缘构造变形特征及伸展作用:来自两条973多道地震测线的证据

973项目“南海大陆边缘动力学与油气资源潜力”在南海南部陆缘采集了两条多道地震剖面,其中NH973-1测线始于南海西南次海盆,横跨了整个南沙地区,至于婆罗洲西北侧,NH973-2测线位于礼乐滩东侧.对地震剖面的解释共划分出7个层序界面,地层可以划分为5个构造沉积单元.根据地震解释对不同时期断层的水平断距进行了测量及分析...     

Provenance of a prominent sediment drift on the northern slope of the South China Sea

The sedimentation rate of the sediment drift in the southeast of Dongsha Islands is as high as 49 cm/ka in the last 1.05 Ma. Although the sedimentation rate changes with time, the contents of rare elements of the sediments remain almost the same, indicating that the source area of the sediments has been constant with time. On the triangular diagrams of La-Th-Sc and Th-Sc-Zr/10, the samples from the southeast of Dongsha Islands fall within the continental island arc field, overlapping the samples from Taiwan, while the samples from the Pearl River, those from the west of the Philippines that contain volcanic material, are separated from them. This indicates that the sediments from the southeast of Dongsha Islands have a close relationship to those from Taiwan in terms of provenance. In fact, the sediments on the northern slope of the South China Sea were derived from northeast direction, as well as from Taiwan, most probably transported from Taiwan through Penghu channel into the South China Sea. The terrigenous part of the deep-sea sediments in the north of the South China Sea was provided by different sources.     

南沙东部海域裂陷结束不整合面时空迁移规律及构造意义

南沙东部海域构造位置特殊,油气资源丰富,其构造过程对认识南海形成演化意义重大.由于地质条件复杂、资料分布不均,其地层系统和主要构造变革面属性认识尚不清楚,尤其具有断坳转换性质的裂陷结束不整合面地质时代和意义存在诸多争议.本文在综合国内外地层划分方案的基础上,运用连井剖面对比、地震相类比方法,对该海域多道地震资料进行系统的构造-地层综合解释,重点厘定了T7、T6和T5三个与裂陷结束相关的不整合面.研究表明,裂陷结束不整合面具有抬升剥蚀、断块掀斜、挠曲变形、拆离滑脱、沉积相突变等特征,且具有东北早西南晚,南侧靠陆早、北侧近洋晚的带状时空迁移规律.结合南海构造演化、地层岩性和沉积环境变化分析裂陷结束不整合面的构造含义,认为该界面是南海岩石圈破裂、洋脊跃迁、挠曲前隆、陆陆碰撞、扩张停止等一系列构造事件在不同构造位置单次或多次叠加的构造-沉积响应.     

Vertical transferring process of rare elements in coral reef lagoons of Nansha Islands, South China Sea

The vertical fluxes and vertical transferring forms of 18 rare elements were studied for the first time in the coral reef ecosystem of Nansha Islands, South China Sea, by deploying sediment traps. The results showed that the vertical transferring flux of most of the measured rare elements in Yongshu lagoon were higher than that in Zhubi lagoon. The vertical transferring forms of rare elements were mainly in the carbonate form, but Ta, As, Th mainly in the ion-exchange form, Ag in iron-manganese oxide form and Sb in the organic matter+sulphide form. None of the 18 rare elements was transferred mainly in the form of detritus silicate to sea floor. This proved that rare elements originating from the earth’s crust were redistributed in sinking particulates after they were brought into ocean. The relation between the fluxes and surface seawater temperature (STT) was also studied. The sensitivity of rare elements to SST was in order:Rb>V>As>Ti>U>Zn>Sb>Hf>Ag>Cs. Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 49576291).     

南海地球物理场特征及基底断裂体系研究

南海海域主体可划分为南海北缘、中西沙、南沙南海海盆四块，各块具有明显不同的重磁场特征。反演得到的莫霍面总体趋势由陆向洋抬升，反映陆壳、拉伸陆壳、过渡壳、洋壳的分布。东沙高磁异常含一定的高频成份，与新生代玄武岩及中生代岩浆岩有关，而其低频成份可能反映了发育的下地壳高速层，南海海域断裂极为发育，可分为北东向断裂组、东西向断裂组、北西向断裂组和南北向断裂组，南海北缘、南缘均以北东向张性断裂与北西向张剪性、剪性断裂为主要格架，形成了、南北分带、东西分块”构造格局。     

Research on the dynamics of the South China Sea opening:Evidence from analogue modeling

Independent of Indochina extrusion, the South China Sea experienced a process from passive continental rifting to marginal sea drifting. According to the fault patterns in the Beibu Gulf basin and the Pearl River Mouth basin, the continental rifting and early spreading stage from 32 to 26 Ma were controlled by extensional stress field, which shifted clockwise from southeastward to south southeastward. From 24 Ma on, the sea spread in NW-SE direction and ceased spreading at around 15.5 Ma. Integrated geological information with the assumption that the South China Sea developed along a pre-Cenozoic weakness zone, we did analogue experiments on the South China Sea evolu- tion. Experiments revealed that the pre-existing weakness zone goes roughly along the uplift zone between the present Zhu-1 and Zhu-2 depression. The pre-existing weakness zone is composed of three segments trending NNE, roughly EW and NEE, respectively. The early opening of the South China Sea is accompanied with roughly 15° clockwise rotation, while the SE sub-sea basin opened with SE extension. Tinjar fault was the western boundary of the Nansha block (Dangerous Ground), while Lupar fault was the eastern boundary of the Indochina, NW-trending rift belt known as Zengmu basin developed between above two faults due to block divergent of Indochina from Nansha. In the experiment, transtensional flower structures along NW-trending faults are seen, and slight inversion occurs along some NE-dipping faults. The existence of rigid massifs changed the orientations of some faults and rift belt, and also led to deformation concentrate around the massifs. The rifting and drifting of the South China Sea might be caused by slab pull from the proto South China Sea subducting toward Borneo and/or mantle flow caused by India-Asia collision.     

南海北部海底沉积物在温度变化下的三种声速类型

研究南海北部海底沉积物温度变化状态下声速性质,得出以下结论:(1) 南海北部海底沉积物具有声速温度正增长(STPIK)、声速温度负增长(STNIK)和声速温度波动(STWK)三种类型,后两种类型在世界其他范围内海域未见报道.(2) 声速温度正增长类型和声速温度负增长类型沉积物的温度变化对声速影响都具有十分显著的线性关系,但是原状样品由于组成不均匀性,增大了声速的非线性变化.(3)南海北部海底沉积物的孔隙度、密度等主要物理参数差异不明显,难以直接解释三类样品的温度-声速性质的不同.(4)对于STPIK类型沉积物,理论分析与实验结果的统一性,可以运用海底沉积物与海水声速比进行校正不同温度状态下的海底沉积物的声速.(5)对于STNIK和STWK类型沉积物,需要深入研究,从理论和实验角度揭开其机理和成因.海底沉积物声速-温度特性研究将为提高南海北部海域天然气水合物声学探测精度和准确度提供声速性质依据.     

南海油气资源潜力及勘探现状

南海的油气资源极为丰富,享有“第二个波斯湾”的美誉.南海地貌类型多样,地形复杂,其战略位置极为重要,是东亚及相邻各国必经之路.资源之争,使得周边各国使出浑身解数,发展海洋经济与技术,1981年至2002年,越南就从南沙海域的油田中开采了1亿吨石油、15亿多立方米的天然气,获利250亿美元,南海石油已成为越南国民经济的第一大支柱产业.近半世纪中国南海油气勘探工作取得巨大的成就,发现了26个新生代盆地,取得了南海海域的基本石油地质成果,为南海的勘探开发奠定了基础.南海具有巨大的勘探空间及技术发展空间,每一次的技术进步,都会带来南海油气勘探的质的飞跃.     

Modern microbialites and their environmental significance, Meiji reef atoll, Nansha (Spratly) Islands, South China Sea

Meiji (Mischief) coral atoll, in Nansha (Spratly) Islands, South China Sea, consists of an annular reef rim surrounding a central lagoon. On the atoll rim there are either protuberant 'motu' (small coral patch reefs on the rim of atoll) islets or lower sandy cays that contain modern microbialite deposits on the corals in pinnacles and surrounding bottoms of the atoll. Microbialites, including villiform, hairy, and thin spine growth forms, as well as gelatinous masses, mats and encrustation, developed on coral colonies and atoll rim sediments between 0 and 15 m deep-water settings. The microbialites were produced by natural populations of filamentous cyanobacteria and grew on (1) bulbous corals together with Acropora sp., (2) on massive colonies of Galaxea fascicularis, (3) on dead Montipora digitata, and (4) on dead Acropora teres, some hairy microbialite growing around broken coral branches. This study demonstrates that microbial carbonates are developed in coral reefs of South China Sea and indicates that microbial processes may be important in the construction of modern reef systems. The results have significance in the determination of nature and composition in microorganisms implied in the formation ancient microbialites, and permit evaluation of the importance of microbial deposits in mo-dern coral reefs and of 'microbialites' in biogeochemical cycles of modern coral reef systems. The re-sults also provide evidence of modern analogues for ancient microbialites in shallow-water settings, and combine with sedimentological studies of ancient microbialites to understand their controls.     

南沙地块内破裂不整合与碰撞不整合的构造分析

廷贾断裂以东的南沙地块与南海北部陆缘共轭,因此其构造过程研究对认识整个南海的构造演化具有重要意义.地震资料和区域构造背景分析揭示,破裂不整合面(BU)和碰撞不整合面(CU)是控制南沙地块内盆地演化的骨架界面;为了揭示南沙地块内的主要构造过程,本文利用地震剖面分析和数值模拟的方法,侧重对两个重要界面开展构造分析.结果显示...     

Relationship between coral growth rate and sea surface temperature in the northern part of South China Sea during the past 100 a

To research the relationship between coral growth rate and sea surface temperatnre (T_ss), 5 cores of livingPorites lutea were collected from the Xisha Islands and the southern Hainan Island waters and measured. The results of the study show that there is an obviously positive correlation between the coral growth rates and theTss records from the northern part of South China Sea. The annual growth rates of the five samples ofPorites lutea during the past 100 a are in the range of 7—15 mm/a, and their mean value is 11 mm/a. The correlation coefficients between the coral growth rates and the T_ss records from the waters during 1961—1993 are in the range of 0.77—0.89. As a result, a thermometer of the coral growth rate is established. A hindcasting T_ss, in the waters from 1993 to 1961 has been obtained with an error of about 0.12—0.17°C. Based upon the calculated result, the rising rate of T_ss in the northern part of South China Sea during the past 100 a is 0.20°C. which is higher than that of the air temperature in China (0.09°C/100 a), but lower than that of the global temperature and that of T_ss in the tropical western Pacific Ocean. Project supported by the National Nutural Science Foundation of China and the Multidesciplinary Oceanographic Expedition Team of Chinese Academy of Sciences to the Nansha Islands.     

南海前新生代残留盆地分布综合地球物理研究

为了对南海海域的前新生代残留盆地分布有个整体而全面的认识,本文开展了南海残留盆地宏观分布的综合地球物理研究.通过岩石物性分析,综合重、磁、震等地球物理方法,利用正演与反演方法,分区计算并求取了南海的重力基底和磁性基底埋深,得到了中生界及前中生界残余厚度,给出了整个南海前新生代残留盆地的宏观格架与残余厚度分布特征并讨论了...     

台湾南部～菲律宾地区的地震分布、应力状态及板块的相互作用

利用ＩＳＣ地震资料研究了台湾南部～菲律宾群岛的地震空间分布和ｍ＿ｂ≥５．０的机制解，讨论了俯冲带的形态和地壳及俯冲带上的应力状态，并结合地质和地球物理的研究结果，认为南海次板块的东部边界是由台湾西南俯冲带、马尼拉俯冲带、内格罗斯俯冲带、哥达巴都俯冲带组成，菲律宾海板块的西部边界由东吕宋海槽俯冲带、菲律宾海俯冲带组成。菲律宾群岛是一个形变过渡带，由于该过渡带的存在，南海次板块俯冲于菲律宾群岛之下，菲律宾海板块对南部的影响很弱     

从板块构造观点论南海的成因

南海是亚洲东部的一个边缘海。从板块构造观点看来,南海及其周围整个东南亚大陆边缘恰好位于欧亚板块、太平洋板块和印度洋-澳大利亚板块交汇处,即处于一板块“三叉点”上。 根据此区域内已有的地球物理及地质资料,作者认为南海海盆是新生的边缘海板块而不是沉没的古老地台。 南海的形成是由于新生代早期在其两侧存在一背离式的板块“三叉点”所致,此“三叉点”的位置在海南岛南侧和印支半岛东侧。“三叉点”以东的地壳因局部海底扩张而被推向东,至菲律宾群岛一线,导致南海深海盆（所谓“中国盆地”）的张开和上地幔物质的上涌。 根据资料分析,作者认为南海海底扩张轴是北东向平行于大陆边缘的,扩张的时代是从渐新世晚期至中新世。     

南海重力异常的沉积层密度改正及其对区域构造特征分析的意义

南海位于太平洋板块、印澳板块和欧亚板块交汇处,自晚中生代以来历经张裂作用、海底扩张以及印藏碰撞、菲律宾海板块西向运动等构造事件的叠加改造,不仅形成了复杂多样的构造格局,而且堆积了厚薄不均的沉积层.为了考察沉积层密度改正对利用重力资料分析南海不同尺度构造特征的影响,本文利用南海各区域不同深度沉积层的地震波速度及钻孔密度等数据,建立了沉积层与沉积基底密度差随深度变化的二次函数关系式,并基于该关系式,计算了南海沉积层相对基底密度低而产生的重力异常值.结果显示,南海沉积层的重力异常值在海盆区介于-40~-60 mGal,而在堆积巨厚沉积物的莺歌海盆地可达到-135 mGal;相对于空间重力异常、布格重力异常,经沉积层重力异常改正后的地壳布格重力异常更能突出深部不同尺度的密度结构和莫霍面的起伏特征,其总水平导数模更突显了南海西北部红河断裂带的海上延伸;利用谱分析技术估算岩石圈强度时,经沉积层重力异常改正的地壳布格重力异常数据获得的岩石圈有效弹性厚度值更为符合地质实际,特别是在长条形的巨厚沉积区如莺歌海盆地和马来盆地.分析表明,重力异常的沉积层密度改正对揭示南海构造特征具有重要的意义.     

Carbon isotopic study of individual alcohol compounds in modern sediments from Nansha Islands sea area, China

Carbon isotopic compositions of individual n-alkanols and sterols in modern sediments from the Nansha Islands sea area are measured after derivatization to trimethylsilyl ethers by the new isotopic analytical technique of GC/C/IRMS. The effects of the three added silyl carbon atoms in every alcohol molecule on these compound isotopic compositions and the characteristics of their carbon isotopic compositions are studied. Then their biological sources are discussed using their carbon isotopic compositions. Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China and Project of the Multidisciplinary Oceanographic Expedition of Chinese Academy of Sciences to Nansha Islands.     

海洋岩石圈板块有效弹性厚度研究

本文在前人研究大陆岩石圈板块有效弹性厚度的基础上,建立研究海洋岩石圈板块有效弹性厚度的理论模型,推导出与大陆岩石圈不同的海洋岩石圈板块响应函数 Z(k,T_e) 理论计算公式.并分析海洋岩石圈板块响应函数 Z(k,T_e) 的特点.文中对实际的海洋测量数据的响应函数 Z(k,T_e) 进行计算和分析,估算我国南海南沙海域和南海中央海盆岩石圈板块有效弹性厚度分别约为10 km和6~7 km.     

南海大陆边缘动力学:科学实验与研究进展

国家重点基础研究发展计划(973)项目(2007CB411700)首次在南海南部大陆边缘及西南次海盆开展长排列大震源多道地震、海底地震仪(OBS)折射/反射地震等的综合地球物理探测,结合地质构造、地球化学、动力模拟等的综合研究,形成如下重要认识:南海海盆新生代发生了早、晚两期海底扩张.早期扩张发生于33.5～25 Ma...     

Organic geochemical studies of sinking particulate material in China sea area(I)

Sinking particulate material collected from Nansha Yongshu reef lagoon and the continental shelf of the East China Sea by sediment traps has been analyzed and studied for the first time using organic geochemical method. The results show that about half of the sinking particulate organic matter in the two study areas are consumed before reaching the depth of 5 m to the sea floor and the degree of this consumption in Yongshu reef lagoon is larger than that in the continental shelf of the East China Sea. The distributions of hydrocarbons and fatty acids indicate that the minor difference of biological sources of sinking particulate organic matter exists between Yongshu reef lagoon and the continental shelf of the East China Sea, but they mainly come from marine plankton. Stronger biological and biochemical transformations of sinking particulate organic matter are also observed and the intensity of this transformation in Yongshu reef lagoon is greater than that in the continental shelf of the East China Sea. It is found that the occurrence of C₂₅ highly branched isoprenoid (HBI) diene may be related to the composition of diatom species.     

Exploring variations in upper ocean structure for the last 2 Ma of the Nansha area by means of calcareous nannofossils

A great number of calcareous nannofossils have been found in the deep-sea sediments of 2.32 Ma at ODP Site 1143 located in the Nansha area, the southern South China Sea. The number of coccoliths varies from about 0.5×10⁶ up to almost 53×10⁶ coccoliths/g sediment, with an average of 16×10⁶ coccoliths/g sediment. The accumulation rate of total coccoliths varies from 1×10⁶ to 278×10⁶ coccoliths/cm² ka. The nannofossil assemblages are usually dominated by a lower-photic species-Florisphaera profunda, of which the average percentage is about 70% in all samples. The absolute abundance and the accumulation rate of nannofossils as well as the percentage ofF. profunda display significant oscillations on two different time scales. One is the fluctuation coincident with the glacial-interglacial cycle, and the other is the long-term changes on a time scale longer than 100 ka. Six evolutionary stages of calcareous nannofossils could be divided for the last 2.32 Ma, from which we can reconstruct the changes in the depth of nutricline of the Nansha area. In this paper, the possible mechanism resulting in these variations is also discussed.