地震属性技术在四维地震监测中的应用

四维地震(4D seimic)主要是指利用重复三维地震测量资料进行油藏动态监测。在油田开发过程中,由于储层特性变化所引起的地震振幅异常、频率变化以及反射同相轴下拖现象等均可作为注蒸汽波及范围四维地震监测的良好识别标志。由于叠后地震资料中常常存在动校正速度不准、动校正拉伸畸变、剩余静校正误差、以及CDP道集中各道波形的差异性等多方面的问题,这会对叠后地震资料所反映出的四维地震异常特性产生影响,造成解释结果的差异性和不确定性。为此,本文尝试开展叠前地震属性反演研究,利用瞬时频率、瞬时频率梯度、能量衰减85%时的频率、最大振幅频率、最大振幅、总能量等多种衰减属性的叠前剖面及其差值剖面来定性解释四维地震实验区的注入蒸汽在剖面上的反映。     

An application of 4D seismic monitoring technique to modern coal mining

To study the impact of modern coal mining on the overlying formation, a full‐life‐cycle four‐dimensional seismic monitoring study has been carried out. Four seismic data campaigns have been performed using flexi‐bin geometry with square bins, with total duration of 171 days. The four seismic datasets have been processed with the same processing workflow and parameters; major problems such as statics correction, signal‐to‐noise ratio, resolution, and consistency processing are addressed taking into account the geological features of the research area. This guarantees that remaining four‐dimensional differences between the time‐lapse datasets show mostly geological factors due to the coal mining and effects such as surface subsidence. Our four‐dimensional seismic monitoring of modern coal mining shows that mined and unmined areas have significant zoning characteristics; coal mining has a direct impact on the overlying formation. The mining leads to obvious event subsidence, which reflects that overlying formations undergo subsidence during the mining process. The overlying formation appears as two zones called caving zone and fractured zone. We determine the fault dip of the overlying formation at one end of the working face to be 56°or so by calculation and conversion. We also see that, during the coal mining process, over time, the overlying formation has a self‐recovery capability, which gradually strengthens from the roof siltstone upward to the Aeolian sandstone near the surface. The stability of 20‐m coal pillars between working faces displays a strengthening trend and remains safe during the mining process due to both coal seam supporting and formation compaction effects.     

When 4D seismic is not applicable: Alternative monitoring scenarios for the Arab-D reservoir in the Ghawar Field

Ghawar, the largest oilfield in the world, produces oil from the Upper Jurassic Arab‐D carbonate reservoir. The high rigidity of the limestone–dolomite reservoir rock matrix and the small contrast between the elastic properties of the pore fluids, i.e. oil and water, are responsible for the weak 4D seismic effect due to oil production. A feasibility study was recently completed to quantify the 4D seismic response of reservoir saturation changes as brine replaced oil. The study consisted of analysing reservoir rock physics, petro‐acoustic data and seismic modelling. A seismic model of flow simulation using fluid substitution concluded that time‐lapse surface seismic or conventional 4D seismic is unlikely to detect the floodfront within the repeatability of surface seismic measurements. Thus, an alternative approach to 4D seismic for reservoir fluid monitoring is proposed. Permanent seismic sensors could be installed in a borehole and on the surface for passive monitoring of microseismic activity from reservoir pore‐pressure perturbations. Reservoir production and injection operations create these pressure or stress perturbations. Reservoir heterogeneities affecting the fluid flow could be mapped by recording the distribution of epicentre locations of these microseisms or small earthquakes. The permanent borehole sensors could also record repeated offset vertical seismic profiling surveys using a surface source at a fixed location to ensure repeatability. The repeated vertical seismic profiling could image the change in reservoir properties with production.     

Going quantitative with 4D seismic analysis

It is demonstrated that time‐lapse seismic signatures can be directly calibrated with historical data from producing and injecting wells via a reservoir simulator, material balance calculation or simply using the hard data. When this procedure is applied to a field over which two or more repeat surveys have been shot at different calendar times, the correlation coefficients that link the seismic difference signatures to the reservoir's pressure and saturation variations are determined. By utilizing several seismic attributes that respond differently to reservoir perturbations, pressure and saturation changes are then independently estimated. The approach is tested on synthetic data and then on data from the Schiehallion Field on the UK continental shelf, with favourable results.     

Review Paper: Methods of measurement for 4D seismic post-stack time shifts

The estimation of time-lapse time shifts between two, or several, repeated seismic surveys has become increasingly popular over the past eighteen years. These time shifts are a reliable and informative seismic attribute that can relate to reservoir production. Correction for these time shifts or the underlying velocity perturbations and/or subsurface displacement in an imaging sense also permits accurate evaluation of time-lapse amplitudes by attempting to decouple the kinematic component. To date, there are approximately thirty methods for time-shift estimation described in the literature. We can group these methods into three main families of mathematical development, together with several miscellaneous techniques. Here we detail the underlying bases for these methods, and the acknowledged benefits and weaknesses of each class of method highlighted. We illustrate this review with a number of time-lapse seismic examples from producing fields. No method is necessarily superior to the others, as its selection depends on ease of implementation, noise characteristics of the field data, and whether the inherent assumptions suit the case in question. However, cross-correlation stands out as the algorithm of choice based on the Pareto principle and waveform inversion the algorithm delivering best resolution. This is a companion study to the previous review of time-shift magnitudes and a discussion of their rock physics basis.     

Exploitation of the Gauribidanur array for seismic monitoring

The medium-aperture array at Gauribidanur is in continous operation since 1966. With the recent addition of a 12-bit 16-K computer its potential for the monitoring of underground explosions has improved considerably. The salient aspects of the monitoring system, the present and projected procedures for generation and dissemination of detection data and the long-term storage of data relevant to discrimination research are discussed. An attempt is also made to assess its detection efficiency in the light of the major features of site noise.     

Technologies for noise monitoring of abnormal seismic processes

Robust noise technologies for analyzing a seismic acoustic signal that allow using its noise as a carrier of information at the beginning of abnormal seismic processes preceding an earthquake are proposed. A station which receives seismic acoustic signals from the deep strata of the earth with the help of 3–6 km-deep steel bores of dormant oil wells has been designed based on this technology. It monitors the beginning of the latent period of the earthquake development. The experiments carried out at these stations on Qum Island in the Caspian Sea since May 1, 2010 and in the town of Shirvan in the southern region of Azerbaijan since November 20, 2011 confirmed the reliability and validity of the monitoring results and identification of the earthquake in the radius of 300–500 km with a 10–15 h lead as compared to conventional seismic stations.     

Calendar time interpolation of amplitude maps from 4D seismic data

A calendar time interpolation method for 2D seismic amplitude maps, done in two steps, is presented. The contour interpolation part is formulated as a quadratic programming problem, whereas the amplitude value interpolation is based on a conditional probability formulation. The method is applied on field data from the Sleipner CO₂ storage project. The output is a continuous image (movie) of the CO₂ plume. Besides visualization, the output can be used to better couple 4D seismic to other types of data acquired. The interpolation uncertainty increases with the time gap between consecutive seismic surveys and is estimated by leaving a survey out (blind test). Errors from such tests can be used to identify problems in understanding the flow and possibly improve the interpolation scheme for a given case. Field‐life cost of various acquisition systems and repeat frequencies are linked to the time‐lapse interpolation errors. The error in interpolated amplitudes increased by 3%‐4% per year of interpolation gap for the Sleipner case. Interpolation can never fully replace measurements.     

精密主动地震监测

借助人工震源,主动探测地下介质结构、并监视其动态变化是地震学家的一个梦想,本文提出的精密主动地震监测(PASM: Precisely and Actively Seismic Monitoring)为实现这一梦想提供了一条可能的途径.本文介绍的精密主动地震监测系统以与GPS保持同步的电子系统控制的旋转质量体作为地震信号源,产生精确的、高度可重复的地震信号,这种信号经过地下介质传播到达观测点被数字地震仪器记录,由专门的计算方法提取,可以获得监视地下介质结构的有效信息,从而实现地下介质结构及物性的主动精确动态监测.其中震源是一种连续震源,工作时对地输入能量强度低,对环境不造成任何破坏性影响,可长期运行,是一种适用范围广泛的绿色震源.以此震源为基础构成的精密主动地震监测系统,配合高灵敏度的数字观测系统,再加上数据处理和信噪比增强技术,可以在150 km以上的距离外得到有效纪录,精确地监视固定路径的精度优于1 ms的走时变化,进而监视地下介质的速度变化和介质参数的变化,是一种前景光明的新型地震学研究方法.     

Direct correlation of 4D seismic with well activity for a clarified dynamic reservoir interpretation

A method to provide an improved time‐lapse seismic attribute for dynamic interpretation is presented. This is based on the causal link between the time‐lapse seismic response and well production activity taken over time. The resultant image is obtained by computing correlation coefficients between sequences of time‐lapse seismic changes extracted over different time intervals from multiply repeated seismic and identical time sequences of cumulative fluid volumes produced or injected from the wells. Maps of these cross‐correlations show localized, spatially contiguous signals surrounding individual wells or a specific well group. These may be associated with connected regions around the selected well or well group. Application firstly to a synthetic data set reveals that hydraulic compartments may be delineated using this method. A second application to a field data set provides empirical evidence that a connected well‐centric fault block and active geobody can be detected. It is concluded that uniting well data and time‐lapse seismic using our proposed method delivers a new attribute for dynamic interpretation and potential updating of the model for the producing reservoir.     

格尔木地震台阵监测能力估计

为满足地震监测需要,在中国西部格尔木地区拟建立小孔径地震台阵,并建立临时地震台阵。新建临时台阵记录到青海地震月报目录中大部分地震,及目录中未有地震序列60多个。可见,格尔木地震台阵的建立将改善该地区地震监测能力,从而改善中国西部地区的地震监测能力。     

Review Paper: Post-stack 4D seismic time-shifts: Interpretation and evaluation

A review and analysis of post-stack time-lapse time-shifts has been carried out that covers published literature supplemented by in-house datasets available to the authors. Time-shift data are classified into those originating from geomechanical effects and those due to fluid saturation changes. From these data, conclusions are drawn regarding the effectiveness of post-stack time-shifts for overburden and reservoir monitoring purposes. A variety of field examples are shown that display the range and magnitude of variation for each class of application. The underlying physical mechanisms creating these time-shifts are then described, and linked to a series of generic and field-specific rock physics calculations that predict their magnitudes. These calculations serve as a guide for practitioners wishing to utilize this information on their own datasets. Conclusions are drawn regarding the reliability of this attribute for monitoring purposes, and the extent to which further development is required and how it should be reported by authors.     

地震噪声异常实时监测

本文以福建省85个测震台站2012年全年噪声资料中的垂直向记录作为研究对象,将噪声记录以每5min为单位进行分段,求出每小段的功率谱,应用概率分布函数方法绘出台站的PDF图,之后利用网格概率法确定出台站的高低噪声参照线。另外,以85个台站的PDF图为基础,将噪声异常分成缺数异常、低噪处异常、高噪处异常、中噪处异常等4类。依据4类异常的特征分别找出每一类异常的遴选方法,再将这4种挑选方法相结合形成地震噪声实时监测系统。选取福建省85个测震台站2013年7月份的噪声记录进行验证,结果表明:85个台站应用地震噪声实时监测系统识别出来的异常正确率都达到90%以上,遴选效果很好,可用于对台站噪声实时监测。     

油藏水驱开采时移地震监测岩石物理基础测量

岩石物理测量是油藏水驱开采时移地震监测的基础.在实验室对来自胜利油田的5块岩石样品模拟储层条件进行了水驱和气驱动态岩石物理弹性测量,重点分析了流体替换、温度、孔隙压力对岩石纵、横波速度的影响.实验表明,在水驱情形下,由于流体替换和温度、孔隙压力变化所引起的岩石纵横波速度的变化均很小,实施时移地震监测具有较大的风险性.相比之下,气驱可能引起较为明显的纵波速度变化,有利于时移地震监测的实施.进一步完善实验方法、丰富实验内容、是今后时移地震岩石物理实验研究的主要任务.     

STA/LTA算法拾取微地震事件P波到时对比研究

本文将HZ-MS48微地震采集仪监测的实际数据,利用STA/LTA算法来识别微地震事件P波到时.比较了在不同STA(短时窗平均值)情况下对拾取精度和结果的影响.结果表明:此算法确定信噪比比较高的微地震事件是非常有效的,能精确拾取P波到时.利用5ms、10ms、20ms三种不同的短时窗处理数据,发现对P波拾取的敏感程度不同,短时窗的值越大,拾取P波的敏感性越低,拾取精度降低,触发的阈值应随着短时窗的增加而减小.     

台站地震速报监测系统软件

简要说明了台站地震速报监测系统软件的系统特点,着重介绍了该软件主要功能模块.该软件在合肥数字遥测台网地震速报工作中的应用,实现了台站地震速报数据快速通报和汇集,进而对数据信息进行分析处理,提高了工作效率,在地震监测中发挥了重要作用.     

地震台站自动监控与管理软件

研发地震台站自动监控与管理软件,其主要功能是对台站不同种类的数字化地震仪器,按照不同的通讯规程和特征进行自动连接登录,数据采集,判断仪器工作状态和数据异常情况并进行告警;工作日志自动填写;对日常工作中的突发或惯例性事件提醒,充分发挥程序的人工智能优势。告警可采用音乐、网络平台、短信猫方式。软件在几个台站的应用情况显示,其方便高效,能确保仪器工作正常,减少人为失误,对提高观测质量、及时发现数据异常具有积极作用。     

高台地震台的监测能力估计

引言 台站是构成台网的基本元素，台站单台监控能力直接影响着整个台网的监控能力，同时，单台监控能力又是考虑台网建设、布局的基本依据。高台地震台是国家I类基准地震台，“九五”期间又建成国家数字地震台，与原模拟地震仪进行工作，高台地震台在国家地震台网中属监测能力和质量最好的台站之一。那么，高台地震台模拟地震仪器的监测能力达到什么水平？数字地震仪的监测水平又如何？数字地震仪能否代替模拟仪器？为此，本文利用高台地震台模拟仪器和数字化仪器观测的资料，进行对比研究，试图给出一个定量结果。 1 台站基本情况 高台地…     

数字地震台电源远程监控系统

以STC89C52单片机为核心,开发基于"十五"网络的地震台站电源远程监控系统,实时的监控台站仪器设备的状态并收取状态参数,实现设备复位操作及故障报警,可以提高地震台网中心仪器运行效率。     

Study on attribute characterization for reservoir dynamic monitoring by seismic

Study on characterizing reservoir parameters dynamic variations by time-lapse seismic attributes is the theoretical basis for effectively distinguishing reservoir parameters variations and conducting time-lapse seismic interpretation,and it is also a key step for time-lapse seismic application in real oil fields. Based on the rock physical model of unconsolidated sandstone,the different effects of oil saturation and effective pressure variations on seismic P-wave and S-wave velocities are calculated and analyzed. Using numerical simulation on decoupled wave equations,the responses of seismic amplitude with different offsets to reservoir oil saturation variations are analyzed,pre-stack time-lapse seismic attributes differences for oil saturation and effective pressure variations of P-P wave and P-S converted wave are calculated,and time-lapse seismic AVO (Amplitude Versus Offset) response rules of P-P wave and P-S converted wave to effective pressure and oil saturation variations are compared. The theoretical modeling study shows that it is feasible to distinguish different reservoir parameters dynamic variations by pre-stack time-lapse seismic information,including pre-stack time-lapse seismic attributes and AVO information,which has great potential in improving time-lapse seismic interpreta-tion precision. It also shows that the time-lapse seismic response mechanism study on objective oil fields is especially important in establishing effective time-lapse seismic data process and interpreta-tion scheme.