1996年第8号台风中尺度结构的数值研究

用非静力平衡的中尺度模式ＭＭ５模拟研究了从１９９６年７月３１日０８时至８月１日２０时３６小时内９６０８号台风的移动路径、中尺度热力动力学结构及云和降水物理结构及其变化。这段时间覆盖了９６０８号台风在台湾和福建省福清市登陆全过程。结果表明：该模式比较成功地模拟预报了这次台风登陆过程,模拟了登陆前后台风中心附近的一些重要中尺度结构和发展演变特征。模拟预报的台风路径与实况接近,预报的８月１日０８时（积分２４小时）台风环流中心位于２小时后台风登陆点福建省福清市附近的海面上。台风中心附近低层呈气旋式辐合、高层呈气旋式辐散。台风眼壁具有由低层辐合形成的强上升气流,台风眼中心为下沉气流。台风中心周围动力结构表现出明显的不对称特征。台风眼壁的雨水分布呈现由中尺度雨团构成的环形雨带结构。台风在台湾滞留期间,台风中心由于低层云的发展使得卫星云图上原先清晰可见的台风眼变得模糊不清。高分辨的模式预报表明,在对流层中层具有强上升气流和云雨水集中的眼壁比台风眼中心更为暖湿。     

对流层臭氧研究进展

文章综合评述对流层臭氧研究的主要历史进程、研究方法以及所取得的进展。     

我国对流层大气臭氧的数值模拟

本文建立了一个用于对流层大气臭氧模拟的三维欧拉模式,针对影响臭氧光化学转化的各种因素及我国城市光化学污染的特点,模式中简化了光化学项的计算。根据实际观测资料,提出了模拟云雾对臭氧影响的参数化方法,并确定了云雾作用系数,通过模式的数值模拟,得出了我国对流层大气臭氧,特别是近地面层大气臭氧的分布状况、我国城市光化学污染的分布特征以及它们的季节变化规律.     

长江三角洲地区对流层臭氧的变化趋势

根据TOR卫星数据分析,我国长江三角洲地区对流层O3柱含量的长期变化就全年和大多数月份而言均为增长趋势,1978-2000年间其年均值的增长趋势为0.82 DU/10 a。这种长期变化趋势所引起的气候效应及其对大气氧化性的影响值得进一步研究。结果表明,长江三角洲地区对流层O3柱含量的季节变化与该地区的临安区域大气本底站的地面O3季节变化有着显著的相关关系,临安站的观测数据具有区域代表性。     

卫星观测的中国地区1979—2005年对流层臭氧变化趋势

利用卫星数据分析了我国全境及不同区域对流层臭氧(O3)柱含量1979—2005年全年和不同季节的长期变化趋势,及不同季节对流层O3柱含量与南方涛动指数的关系。结果表明,对流层O3柱含量在夏季有微弱的上升趋势,其他季节呈下降趋势,但总体变化趋势并不显著;在珠三角和四川盆地地区四季总体呈下降趋势;在华北地区除了冬季之外,其他季节以及全年平均均为增长趋势,最高的增长率出现在夏季,达到1.10DU/10a。南方涛动强度的变化与我国一些地区的对流层O3变化呈显著相关,但华北地区对流层O3的增长趋势与大气环流变化的关系不明显。     

北京地区对流层顶变化及其对上对流层/下平流层区域臭氧变化的影响

根据2001～2003年期间获得的大气臭氧探空资料,揭示了北京地区上空对流层顶高度的某些变化特征及其对上对流层(UT)和下平流层(LS)区域内大气臭氧含量变化的影响.结果显示:北京地区上空对流层顶高度的平均值约11.1 km,其变化范围为7.7～14.4 km,臭氧层顶始终处在对流层顶下方约0.9 km高度处.对流层顶高度变化与臭氧总量变化之间的关系相对较弱.通常情况下,LS中的臭氧积分量明显高于UT中的相应值,并且二者呈相反的季节变化特征.北京地区上空仲夏和初秋季节第一对流层顶出现的频数明显减少,在第一对流层顶消失的情况下,LS中的臭氧积分量明显减少,而UT中的臭氧积分量明显增加,臭氧量减少最多发生在200～100 hPa层次中,而臭氧量增幅最大的层次是400～250 hPa.     

东亚地区平流层、对流层交换对臭氧分布影响的模拟研究

首先将区域酸沉降模式(RADM)进行改造,加入平流层化学模块以替代对流层模块.然后用MM5单向耦合改造后的化学模式M-RADM,对东亚地区一次切断低压(2000年4月8～12日)引起的对流层顶折叠对上对流层、下平流层臭氧分布形式的影响进行模拟.结果显示:(1)随着高空槽的发展与切断,高空槽的底部及切断低压四周臭氧有显著增加.对流层顶折叠使高空臭氧向下输送,这种向下的输送可以到达对流层中部,对上对流层的臭氧影响最大.(2)模式可以成功地模拟出在北京地区探测到的臭氧垂直廓线的双峰结构.250 hPa处的臭氧分压比背景值增加近5倍.模拟表明改造后的区域化学模式M-RADM可以用于研究天气过程引起的对流层顶附近臭氧的演变情况.(3)上对流层臭氧分布形势的变化主要是由动力过程中的水平平流作用引起的,但是对流层顶附近臭氧的化学过程是不可忽略的.     

我国对流层臭氧增加对气温的影响

利用耦台的区域气候模式和大气化学模式模拟对流层臭氧的产生、分布和对辐射传输、地表温度、气温等的影响。通过对比模拟发现：对流层中臭氧的增加基本使大气顶晴空辐射强迫为正；对流层中的臭氧含量变化能影响云量且进一步影响温度。由于对流层臭氧增加导致的晴空辐射强迫在4月份最大、1月份最小。     

利用卫星资料分析对流层臭氧柱总量分布特征及其可能的原因

利用卫星资料计算得到的对流层臭氧柱总量数据分析了近20年来全球对流层臭氧柱总量的全球分布特征,并对我国对流层臭氧的季节变化做了研究。利用对流层污染测量仪（MOPITT）的CO和全球臭氧监测仪（GOME）和大气制图扫描成像吸收光谱仪（SCIAMACHY）的NO2数据分析了关于对流层臭氧的分布特征及其原因。得出中高纬度地区对流层臭氧浓度存在规律的年内变化,对流层臭氧高浓度值的分布及变化与人类活动有密切关切。     

夏季青藏高原北部对流层臭氧垂直分布的观测研究

对流层臭氧垂直分布变化对气候环境有重要的影响,然而观测数据一直较为稀缺。利用2016年7月下旬—8月青海省格尔木市对流层臭氧探空观测资料开展夏季青藏高原北部对流层臭氧垂直分布变化特征及其形成机制的大气背景研究。结果表明,在大气背景的转换下对流层臭氧垂直分布整体上呈现高（低）臭氧与低（高）水汽和高（低）位势涡度的对应。除7月25—27日高空低压槽过境导致的平流层向下输送使对流层臭氧浓度升高明显外,阻塞暖高压反气旋和源自青藏高原主体地区的强对流天气过境也对对流层臭氧分布有影响:阻塞暖高压在观测点东北部形成后导致7月31日至8月8日格尔木对流层连续出现罕见东风,但对流层臭氧浓度仅在8月2日因东北—西南方向反气旋切变而出现较高值,其中6 km高度以下则因为东风输送而出现高臭氧、高比湿的污染性气团;强对流天气过境影响使得8月12—14日10 km高度以上出现臭氧最低值和比湿最高值。与西宁历史夏季（1996年7—8月初）臭氧探空测值比较,格尔木对流层臭氧浓度8月偏低,该特征与季风影响青藏高原纬度最高地区所在月份一致。与林芝（2014年7月）、那曲（2011年7月末—8月中旬）和拉萨（1998年8月）历史夏季臭氧探空测值比较发现,纬度效应对青藏高原地区对流层臭氧浓度有影响。      

A NUMERICAL STUDY OF THE VARIATIONS AND DISTRIBUTIONS OF TROPOSPHERIC OZONE AND ITS PRECURSORS OVER CHINA

By means of a three-dimensional meteorological model(MM5)and a chemical model,thedistributions of tropospheric ozone and its precursors over China have been simulated in summerand winter time,16—18 August 1994 and 7—9 January 1995.The distribution of ozone over theTibetan Plateau in summer time is deeply discussed.The simulated results indicate that thedistributions of surface ozone and NO_x are in good agreement with observed results,and humanactivities and photochemical reactions are the main factors controlling the surface ozone and NO_xconcentrations.In addition,higher ozone concentrations are coincided with the air convergence,and the lower concentrations are related to the air divergence.In summer,over the TibetanPlateau the strong flow convergence results in higher ozone concentrations in the lowertroposphere:and the strong flow divergence results in lower ozone concentrations in the uppertroposphere.In winter time ozone concentrations show Iarge-scale characteristics controlled bywesterly flow,and in the jet area they are lower than those outside the jet.     

A NUMERICAL STUDY OF THE VARIATIONS AND DISTRIBUTIONS OF TROPOSPHERIC OZONE AND ITS PRECURSORS OVER CHINA*

By means of a three-dimensional meteorological model (MM5) and a chemical model,the distributions of tropospheric ozone and its precursors over China have been simulated in summer and winter time,16-18 August 1994 and 7-9 January 1995.The distribution of ozone over the Tibetan Plateau in summer time is deeply discussed.The simulated results indicate that thedistributions of surface ozone and NO_x are in good agreement with observed results,and human activities and photochemical reactions are the main factors controlling the surface ozone and NO_x concentrations.In addition,higher ozone concentrations are coincided with the air convergence,and the lower concentrations are related to the air divergence.In summer,over the Tibetan Plateau the strong flow convergence results in higher ozone concentrations in the lower troposphere:and the strong flow divergence results in lower ozone concentrations in the upper troposphere.In winter time ozone concentrations show large-scale characteristics controlled by westerly flow,and in the jet area they are lower than those outside the jet.     

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF THE SEASONAL VARIATION OF TROPOSPHERIC OZONE OVER CHINA

An updated version of the Regional Acid Deposition Model(RADM)driven by meteorologicalfields derived from Chinese Regional Climate Model(CRegCM)is used to simulate seasonal variationof tropospheric ozone over the eastern China.The results show that:(1)Peak O_3 concentration moves from south China to north China responding to the changing ofsolar perpendicular incidence point from south to north.When solar perpendicular incidence pointmoves from north to south,so does the peak O_3 concentration.(2)In the eastern China.the highest O_3 month-average concentration appears in July.thelowest in January and the medium in April and October.The pattern mainly depends on the solarradiation,the concentration of O_3 precursors NO_x and NMHC and the ratio of NMHC/NO_x.(3)Daily variations of O_3 over the eastern China are clear.Namely,O_3 concentrations rise withthe sun rising and the maximums appear at noon.then O_3 concentrations decrease.The highest dailyvariation range of O_3 appears in summer(40×10~(-9) in volume fraction)and the lowest in winter(20×10~(-9) in volume fraction).(4)Daily variations of O_3 over the western China are not clear.The daily variation range of O_3 isless than 10×10~(-9) in volume fraction.     

A REGIONAL MODEL STUDY OF THE VARIATIONS AND DISTRIBUTIONS OF OZONE AND ITS PRECURSORS ON EASTERN ASIA AND WEST PACIFIC OCEAN REGIONS

A simulated study of mechanism for variations and distributions of ozone and its precursors was made by using thethree-dimensional regional Eulerian model.The results showed that the ozone production was controlled by NO,butthere is a complicated nonlinear relation between them.The photochemical reactions controlled by solar radiation arethe determinative factors affecting the variations of the surface ozone and its precursors.The relations of ozone and CO,PAN were studied.We compared the simulated and observed results during the PEM-WEST A in order to better under-stand the photochemical processes of ozone and its precursors.     

A REGIONAL MODEL STUDY OF THE VARIATIONS AND DISTRIBUTIONS OF OZONE AND ITS PRECURSORS ON EASTERN ASIA AND WEST PACIFIC OCEAN REGIONS*

A simulated study of mechanism for variations and distributions of ozone and its precursors was made by using the three-dimensional regional Eulerian model.The results showed that the ozone production was controlled by NO_x,but there is a complicated nonlinear relation between them.The photochemical reactions controlled by solar radiation are the determinative factors affecting the variations of the surface ozone and its precursors.The relations of ozone and CO,PAN were studied.We compared the simulated and observed results during the PEM-WEST A in order to better understand the photochemical processes of ozone and its precursors.     

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF OZONE DISTRIBUTIONS AND ITS VARIATION MECHANISM

A 2-D global chemistry-transport model is set up in this paper.The model simulates theatmospheric ozone distributions well with specified dynamical conditions.The analysis of ozonevariation mechanism shows that ozone is chemically in quasi-equilibrium except for the polar nightregion where the variation of ozone concentration is under the control of dynamical processes,thatthe oxygen atoms which produce ozone are mainly provided by the photolysis of O_2 in the upperstratosphere and by the photolysis of NO_2 in the lower stratosphere and the troposphere.and thatthe ozone is destroyed mainly by NO_x:the reactions between NO_x and O_3 and the odd oxygen cyclecontribute 80% to more than 90% of the ozone destruction.     

MEASUREMENTS AND MODEL SIMULATIONS OF SURFACE OZONE VARIATIONS AT DIFFERENT BACKGROUND CONCENTRATIONS OF THE PRECURSORS

Ozone photochemical production and loss in very different environments at Waliguan baselinestation and Lin'an background station were simulated by using the measurement data and photo-chemical box model.The results show that net ozone photochemical production rate is negative,about 0.5 ppb/d,at Waliguan baseline sation,because of very low precursor concentrations.Butat Lin'an background station,the net photochemical ozone production is positive,about 2—3 ppb/h.which is very closed with the measurement at Lin'an.That means ozone production was con-trolled by photochemical reactions at Lin'an background station,because of the higher precursorconcentrations.The net destruction rate,at Waliguan Mt.,is not large,so that future increase inanthropogenic emission of reactive nitrogen will lead to larger production rates of steady-state O_3concentration.     

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF OZONE DISTRIBUTIONS AND ITS VARIATION MECHANISM*

A 2-D global chemistry-transport model is set up in this paper.The model simulates the atmospheric ozone distributions well with specified dynamical conditions.The analysis of ozone variation mechanism shows that ozone is chemically in quasi-equilibrium except for the polar night region where the variation of ozone concentration is under the control of dynamical processes,that the oxygen atoms which produce ozone are mainly provided by the photolysis of O₂ in the upper stratosphere and by the photolysis of NO₂ in the lower stratosphere and the troposphere.and that the ozone is destroyed mainly by NO_x:the reactions between NO_x and O₃ and the odd oxygen cycle contribute 80% to more than 90% of the ozone destruction.     

一次东风波及其诱生低涡发生发展的诊断和数值试验

利用NCEP 1x1再分析资料诊断2001年8月3~4日发生在浙南闽北的东风波及其诱生中尺度低涡的暴雨过程。根据螺旋度(Helicity)分析了过程中的暴雨演变以及雁荡山脉[1]诱生中尺度低涡发生发展的原因。同时,利用中尺度有限区域模式MM5V2对该东风波诱生中尺度低涡进行模拟。结果表明:螺旋度大值中心和锋区的强度和位置的演变较好反映了暴雨落区和中尺度低涡的诱生、移动。螺旋度的时空演变对暴雨发生有很好的预示意义,高、低层螺旋度的低层正值辐合与高层负值辐散的配置是引起降水的重要机制;螺旋度计算较中尺度模式诱生低涡的初生位置、路径预报准确率高,两者集成可以提高诱生低涡的预报准确率。     

北方两次不同类型降雪过程的微物理模拟研究

利用中尺度模式MM5分别模拟了中国北方地区两次不同类型的降雪过程:2001年12月7-8日的北京小雪和1999年11月23-24日的辽宁雨转雪过程.文中还从微物理角度研究了这两次降雪过程,分析不同天气条件下降雪的水成物相态及其源汇项分布特点,并初步探讨云物理过程对降水热力、动力过程的反馈作用.重点分析了云物理变量的模拟结果,计算时采用输出水成物源、汇项小时累计量的方法,讨论了最大降水时段内各源、汇项的分布特征,并通过敏感性试验,分析了水成物相变潜热作用和降水粒子的拖曳作用对云的反馈影响.结果表明,云中水成物相态分布与温度有密切关系,北京小雪过程为气、固两相粒子作用,辽宁雨转雪过程为气、液、固三相粒子相互作用;在最大降水时段内,雪的产生主要来自于水汽凝华增长和雪收集冰晶增长,过冷水对形成霰很关键,冰相粒子融化加强雨的形成;降雪过程对热力、动力过程具有一定的反馈影响,相变潜热对上升运动和降水有正反馈作用,降水粒子下落拖曳力对上升运动和降水有负反馈作用.辽宁降雪过程降水粒子丰富,云物理过程对降水热力动力过程的反馈作用比北京小雪要强一些.