安棚碱矿地层自然漂移规律研究及在钻井设计中的应用

依据测井资料对安棚碱矿地层自然漂移规律统计分析，进行井身剖面设计，并运用回归理论确定水平位移与垂直井深相关方程，提出了井口坐标设计方案。经实际应用，缩短了钻井周期，提高了钻机月速及机械钻速。     

利用Excel实现快速整理CG-5型重力仪静态试验数据和计算漂移常量DRIFT

重力仪静态试验是重力勘探工作开始之前对仪器性能检查的必要环节,由于原理简单,其数据整理常不被人们重视,没有系统的方法,但整理的计算过程却又繁琐复杂,初学者在面对大量数据和多重目标时或顾此失彼,或重复计算,往往要耗费较多的工作时间。Excel电子表格具有强大的数学计算、图形显示功能,且应用广泛,易于操作,可系统整理CG-5型重力仪静态试验的原始观测记录,快速获取静态试验数据表、零点位移曲线及其拟合直线图等直观要素,同时计算得到静态零点位移曲线与直线偏差、平均零点位移率等结果参数,Excel的散点图趋势线功能也改进了静态零点位移校正参数漂移常量DRIFT的计算方法与准确度。这种静态试验数据的整理方法具有快速、准确和直观的优点。     

光滑强度包络线模型及其工程应用

三角函数级数法是人工地震合成常用的计算方法之一,但是利用这种方法计算速度时程时,却存在一定的零线漂移现象,并且对位移时程产生很大的影响。本文详细地分析了产生误差的原因,在此基础上,建立了光滑强度包络线计算模型,较好地解决了这一问题。通过工程实例计算证明,该计算模型是正确可行的。     

长乐-南澳韧性剪切带走滑特征探讨

长乐-南澳韧性剪切带可能是在碰撞造山缝合带基础上发育的,其走滑特性严格受闽台微大陆与闽浙中生代火山弧碰撞过程中碰撞动力学的制约。岩石韧性组构和糜棱岩变形的微构造研究表明,碰撞前期走滑为左行。在早垩世晚期(100-120Ma)的主碰撞期和以伸展作用为主的碰撞后期,该带以右行为主,这种右行走滑一直持续至今。发育韧性剪切带的闽台微大陆(或称平潭-东山带)原始位置可能比现今更靠南,这是属于几百公里的漂移位移而不是剪切位移。     

基于几何稳定工作状态的陀螺仪标定方法

陀螺漂移是影响重力测量惯性稳定平台精度的主要误差源。为了保证稳定平台的性能,需要对陀螺漂移进行标定,并用标定结果对稳定平台进行补偿。笔者提出了一种利用惯性稳定平台的几何稳定状态标定陀螺漂移的方法,建立了稳定平台几何稳定状态的运动微分方程,推导出以陀螺仪漂移模型系数为状态变量的系统方程,以平台上加速度计的输出为观测量,采用扩展卡尔曼滤波器对陀螺仪漂移系数进行估计。仿真实验的结果表明,新的陀螺漂移标定方法是有效和准确的,常值漂移估计误差不超过0.7%,与加速度成比例漂移估计误差不超过1%,与加速度平方成比例的漂移估计误差不超过2%。     

电感耦合等离子体质谱仪的时间漂移效应研究

时间漂移效应是电感耦合等离子质谱仪分析过程中产生数据误差的主要因素之一。文章针对不同元素的时间漂移规律、漂移机理等问题,开展了系统的实验研究。结果显示：（1）不同元素随时间漂移的程度存在明显差异;（2）漂移程度与元素的质量数呈相关性;（3）不同元素在等离子体中的分布特征有较大差异,差异可能与元素在等离子体中的扩散行为相关,除了不同元素分布特征有差异外,元素在等离子体中的分布也不稳定,两者结合可能是导致时间漂移的重要影响因素。最后发现时间漂移不受元素浓度大小的影响。该研究对于理解电感耦合等离子质谱的时间漂移及其解决方案具有重要的参考意义。     

华北寒武系芙蓉统底界附近的碳同位素组成演化特征

为了确定我国华北寒武系苗岭统鼓山阶和芙蓉统排碧阶的底界,对豫北沙滩剖面碳酸盐岩碳同位素组成演化趋势进行了研究.结果表明寒武系δ13C演化表现出3次正漂移和2次负漂移,正漂移分布于张夏组下部、中部和炒米店组上部,δ13C分别达到最大值2.0‰、1.0‰和3.0‰;负漂移分布于张夏组底部和中下部,δ13C分别降到最低值-3.4‰和-1.0‰.炒米店组上部的δ13C正漂移起始于三叶虫Chuangia带底部,相当于美国、澳大利亚、西伯利亚及我国华南地区的芙蓉统排碧阶的SPICE正漂移.张夏组底部的δ13C负漂移对应于三叶虫Bailiella-Lioparia带,相当于鼓山阶底部的DICE负漂移.这2次δ13C漂移事件不仅可作为区域地层对比的依据,还可作为我国华北寒武系苗岭统鼓山阶和芙蓉统排碧阶底界确定的标志.寒武纪δ13C漂移事件与海平面变化、古生态环境演化密切相关,因海侵作用导致的古生态环境扩大及海洋初始生产力的繁盛可能是海相碳酸盐岩δ13C正漂移演化的主要原因.      

世界主要被动大陆边缘深水含油气盆地生储盖组合发育规律

世界被动陆缘深水含油气盆地的演化可划分为裂前期、裂谷期以及裂后期(被动陆缘期),裂后期又可划分出热沉降期和漂移期两个亚期.裂谷期发育的裂谷层序和漂移期发育的漂移层序是构成生储盖组合的主要层序.统计发现,盆地的生储盖组合主要有裂谷期生储盖、裂谷期生或混生-漂移期储盖和漂移期生储盖三种组合.三种生储盖组合类型均主要发育海陆...     

考虑方位漂移的水平井井眼轨道设计

目前,深层页岩气水平井在钻井过程中经常出现方位漂移的问题,方位漂移严重影响了水平井的井眼轨迹控制,进而影响水平井的准确中靶。在现场施工中,通常根据施工区以前的钻井经验,在进行定向造斜时,先估计出一个“方位超前角”,这种现场的做法有着很大的不确定性,并且可能出现较大误差。本文提出了考虑方位漂移的水平井井眼轨道优化设计的方法,解决了仅凭现场经验给出的“超前角”不准确的问题。考虑方位漂移的水平井井眼轨道优化设计按照井段划分,将地层因素与井身剖面结合起来求取井段的平均方位漂移率。根据该方法研制开发了考虑方位漂移的水平井井眼轨道优化设计软件,并通过举例进行了验证,证明了方法是可行的。     

全球深水区含油气盆地有效烃源岩的发育规律和控制因素

全世界现有60多个国家正在进行深水油气勘探,效果显著的地区主要位于被动陆缘盆地.将被动陆缘盆地划分为克拉通内断坳盆地、原洋裂谷盆地、板缘漂移期无陆源碎屑盆地以及板缘漂移期陆源碎屑盆地等四种类型,其构造演化类型基本可分为断陷-坳陷型或断陷-漂移型两种,它们都以断陷期发育的湖相烃源岩为主.在断陷晚期和漂移期则主要发育近海三...     

岩体变形参数渐变取值模型及工程应用

分析了当前岩体现场试验、变形参数取值和常规计算模式存在的问题。针对河谷、斜坡岩体从表部到深部 ,岩体风化、岩体波速和岩体地应力等彼此均呈现渐变性特征 ,提出了岩体变形参数渐变取值模型 ,并以黄河上游李家峡水电站初期蓄水监测资料 ,论证了岩体变形参数空间上连续性渐变取值的合理性和科学性 ,对今后其它岩体工程的力学参数取值和计算模型的概化提供了指导意义.     

速度误差对时间偏移和深度偏移的影响分析

地震数值计算表明:地震速度模型出现误差,对时间偏移和深度偏移有不同的影响,且深度偏移结果的误差往往大于时间偏移的误差,影响了深度偏移方法的广泛应用。根本原因在于时间偏移使用的是均方根速度,而深度偏移使用的是层速度,因此在速度模型相同的情况下,层速度的变化远大于均方根速度的变化。地震数值模拟分析同时说明,深度偏移结果的误差还取决于地下介质的结构和岩性。当界面二边速度差异比较大时,速度摄动值δ引起深度偏移结果的误差,远大于界面二边速度平缓变化的情况。深度成像的误差等于速度摄动值δ和界面二边速度对比度vi+1/vi的乘积。     

病态线性方程组的简单迭代解法

针对地球物理反问题中经常碰到的病态线性方程组的求解问题。本文提出了一种简单迭代（ＳＩ）算法,从理论上证明了解序列收敛且收敛到方程组的真解,然后给出了几个算例,将计算结果与对付病态问题能力很强的ＣＧ类算法的结果进行了对比,结果表明：ＳＩ算法具有极强的抗病态能力,计算精度明显高于ＣＧ类算法,但计算速度稍低于后者     

The effect of crustal anisotropy on reflector depth and velocity determination from wide-angle seismic data: a synthetic example based on South Island, New Zealand

When deriving velocity models by forward modelling or inverting travel time arrivals from seismic refraction data, a heterogeneous but isotropic earth is usually assumed. In regions where the earth is not isotropic at the scale at which it is being sampled, the assumption of isotropy can lead to significant errors in the velocities determined for the crust and the depths calculated to reflecting boundaries. Laboratory velocity measurements on rocks collected from the Haast Schist terrane of South Island, New Zealand, show significant (up to 20%) compressional (P) wave velocity anisotropy. Field data collected parallel and perpendicular to the foliation of the Haast Schist exhibit as much as 11% P-wave velocity anisotropy. We demonstrate, using finite-difference full-wavefield modelling, the types of errors and problems that might be encountered if isotropic methods are used to create velocity models from data collected in anisotropic regions. These reflector depth errors could be as much as 10–15% for a 10-km thick layer with significant (20%) P-wave velocity anisotropy. The implications for South Island, New Zealand, where the problem is compounded by extreme orientations of highly anisotropic rocks (foliation which varies from horizontal to near vertical), are considered. Finally, we discuss how the presence of a significant subsurface anisotropic body might manifest itself in wide-angle reflection/refraction and passive seismic datasets, and suggest ways in which such datasets may be used to determine the presence and extent of such anisotropic bodies.     

煤炭三维地震勘探时深转换误差分析及对策

煤炭三维地震勘探对煤层作时深转换时常用的方法是：首先利用钻孔处的目的层铅垂深度除以钻孔处目的层的反射时间值的一半，算出各个钻孔处煤层的大平均速度，然后利用内插法绘制测区速度分布平面图。之后，把速度平面上各点的速度乘以时间平面图上反射时间的一半，得出深度平面图。该时深转换易产生误差，有些情况其误差甚至超过了规范要求。针对测区的实际情况，列举了在二层速度情况下用大平均速度作时深转换时误差分析的一些例子，并提出了如何消除误差的对策。     

Quantitative Control of Migration: A Geostatistical Attempt

This paper is devoted to a geostatistical attempt at modeling migration errors when localizing a reflector in the ground. Starting with a probabilistic velocity model and choosing the simple geometrical optics background for the wave propagation in such media, we give the expression of the errors. This may be quantified provided the covariance of the velocity field is known. Variance of arrival times at constant offset is related to the covariance of the velocity field at hand. A practical application is given in the same paragraph. After that we give a typical schema for migration and uncertainty modeling: starting with seismic data, we make the weak seismic inversion. We then obtain the covariance of the velocity field that we use for simulating migration errors. The main issues of this methodology are discussed in the last paragraph.     

The impact of groundwater velocity fields on streamlines in an aquifer system with a discontinuous aquitard (Inner Mongolia,China)

Many numerical methods that simulate groundwater flow, particularly the continuous Galerkin finite element method, do not produce velocity information directly. Many algorithms have been proposed to improve the accuracy of velocity fields computed from hydraulic potentials. The differences in the streamlines generated from velocity fields obtained using different algorithms are presented in this report. The superconvergence method employed by FEFLOW, a popular commercial code, and some dual-mesh methods proposed in recent years are selected for comparison. The applications to depict hydrogeologic conditions using streamlines are used, and errors in streamlines are shown to lead to notable errors in boundary conditions, the locations of material interfaces, fluxes and conductivities. Furthermore, the effects of the procedures used in these two types of methods, including velocity integration and local conservation, are analyzed. The method of interpolating velocities across edges using fluxes is shown to be able to eliminate errors associated with refraction points that are not located along material interfaces and streamline ends at no-flow boundaries. Local conservation is shown to be a crucial property of velocity fields and can result in more accurate streamline densities. A case study involving both three-dimensional and two-dimensional cross-sectional models of a coal mine in Inner Mongolia, China, are used to support the conclusions presented.     

VSP初至逐层递推层速度反演研究及应用

利用VSP资料准确获取地层速度,对地震数据时深转换和偏移成像具有重要的作用。受激发接收条件变化、近源动态干扰和初至拾取误差等因素,VSP资料初至时间往往含有一定程度的随机干扰。笔者研究了当VSP资料初至时间存在随机噪声干扰和仅有深部接收数据的情况下,不同井源距VSP资料逐层递推反演层速度的误差特性。研究表明:①井源距越大,其对应资料初至反演速度误差越小;②当仅有深部资料时,井源距越小,其资料反演结果与实际地层速度更接近。为此,提出初至时间平滑后再反演,多井源距反演结果求平均的方法,从而提高层速度反演精度。利用该研究结论,在某海上Walkaway-VSP资料处理中,取得了较好的效果。     

Anisotropic Mean Traveltime Curves: A Method to Estimate Anisotropic Parameters from 2D Transmission Tomographic Data

We present the mathematical deduction and properties of the mean traveltime curves for homogeneous elliptical anisotropic media. These curves generalize their isotropic counterparts which have been introduced in the past as a simple data quality analysis technique at the pre-inversion stage for 2D transmission experiments, allowing the inference of prior velocity models to gain stability at the tomographic inversion. Also, the anisotropy parameters (maximum velocity, anisotropic direction and ratio) are shown to affect the shape of these curves. The degree of asymmetry of the anisotropic mean traveltime curves (displacement of the mean time and standard deviation minima from the middle of the gathering line) is related to the direction of anisotropy which can then be visually estimated. Least squares’ fitting of the anisotropic theoretical models to their experimental counterparts is an effective method to estimate at the pre-inversion stage a macroscopic elliptical anisotropic velocity model, valid at the scale of the experiment, and able to match the experimental mean traveltime distribution. Sensitivity analysis has shown that the mean curve is less prone to errors than the standard deviation curve. Parameter identification from the standard deviation curve becomes unstable for noise levels higher than 5%; data errors produce smearing of the value of the estimated anisotropy ratio and wrong directions of anisotropy biased towards zero degrees. Also, identification from the mean traveltime curve becomes stable when the maximum velocity is well constrained. Finally, this methodology is illustrated with the application to the Grimsel data set. Performing MTC analysis is always recommended since it does not need high numerical requirements, and as shown in the sensibility analysis section, errors in data can be misinterpreted as geological anisotropies. J.L. Fernández Martínez is a visiting professor at UC Berkeley, Department of Civil and Environmental Eng., CA 94720-1710.