热液矿床稳定同位素体系理论模式及其地球化学意义

热液矿床稳定同位素体系理论模式及其地球化学意义郑永飞（中国科学技术大学地球和空间科学系，合肥２３００２６）关键词理论模式，地球化学，稳定同位素，热液矿床同位素地球化学示踪已经成为现代地球科学研究的重要手段之一，因为它能够为我们认识地壳和地幔的形成和演...     

浅成环境中岩浆流体的演化：稳定同位素透视

根据矿床地质背景、热液蚀变组合、流体包裹体和稳定同位素地球化学，特别是根据浅成岩浆热液环境中特征矿物明矾石的稳定同位素组成，研究岩浆成矿流体的来源、动态与化成矿机理，获得了许多新认识；根据δ＾１４Ｓ和δ＾１８Ｏ可将明矾石划分出两种不同的成因类型；岩浆成矿热液在时间上从早期的气相流体向主成矿期的液相流体演化，而岩浆热液矿床在空间上主要定位于脆性－延性过渡带。     

热液金矿中辉锑矿矿物学研究综述

辉锑矿是热液金矿化体系中较为重要的矿物。辉锑矿矿物学研究是热液金矿床成矿机制研究不可或缺的一部分。辉锑矿的矿物学特征主要包括物理结构和化学成分特征,笔者综述了热液金矿中辉锑矿的形态、晶胞参数、红外光谱、电子顺磁共振谱等物理特征以及稀土微量元素、硫同位素地球化学特征以及锑同位素的应用、热液金矿辉锑矿的含金性等多方面内容。     

热液金矿中辉锑矿矿物学研究综述

辉锑矿是热液金矿化体系中较为重要的矿物.辉锑矿矿物学研究是热液金矿床成矿机制研究不可或缺的一部分.辉锑矿的矿物学特征主要包括物理结构和化学成分特征,笔者综述了热液金矿中辉锑矿的形态、晶胞参数、红外光谱、电子顺磁共振谱等物理特征以及稀土微量元素、硫同位素地球化学特征以及锑同位素的应用、热液金矿辉锑矿的含金性等多方面内容.     

江西德兴银山多金属矿床稳定同位素地球化学特征

江西德兴银山多金属矿床稳定同位素地球化学特征＠吴志军￥中国科学院地球化学研究所银山多金属矿床,稳定同位素,成矿模式江西德兴银山多金属矿床稳定同位素地球化学特征吴志军（中国科学院地球化学研究所,贵阳５５０００２）关键词银山多金属矿床稳定同位素成矿模式银山多金...     

Li同位素在矿床学中的应用:现状与展望

矿床的形成受制于多种复杂的地质作用,包括全球尺度的板块构造运动、岩浆活动、变质沉积改造等过程,并普遍伴随热液活动、流体迁移、水-岩相互作用、元素分异及同位素分馏等一系列局部区域地质和地球化学过程.在过去的矿床学研究中,地球化学方法主要围绕在主、微量元素和传统的稳定同位素等手段,解决了很多矿床成因问题.但仍存在不少的多解和难解问题,比如许多矿床在矿化类型、蚀变分带与金属矿物组合方面具有诸多相似之处,常规地球化学指标难以区分.随着测试精度的提高和自然储库组成的完善,Li同位素近些年来已成为新兴的稳定同位素体系.Li同位素在自然界过程中高达80‰的同位素分馏使其具有更好的辨识能力,同时兼有直接和间接指示作用,有潜力成为研究各种复杂成矿过程的良好示踪剂.本文总结了近年来有关矿床学中Li同位素的研究和应用进展,以俯冲带成矿为主,阐述了斑岩型-热液矿床、伟晶岩型矿床和沉积矿床等类型矿床的Li同位素地球化学特征,并探究新的Li同位素方法在矿床中的应用前景.基于Li同位素体系在各类矿床的应用实例,我们认为Li同位素体系将为矿床学研究提供更多的指示信息和依据.      

碳,硫同位素储库效应的定量理论模式

根据矿物沉淀作用与瑞利蒸馏过程的一级近似,导出了碳酸盐矿物沉淀时热液的碳同位素储库效应理论模式的定量方程,并在Zheng等的研究基础上给出了硫同位素储库效应的一般化理论模式以及模式参数R与物理化学参量的定量关系。180℃、热液的初始δ~(13)C为-2‰时,沉淀方解石和残余热液δ~(13)C值总体呈下降趋势。当热液以氧化碳为主时,储库效应不明显;若热液含较多还原碳,沉淀方解石的δ~(13)C可从早期较大的正值(5‰-35‰)演化为晚期较大的负值(-15‰--30‰)。封闭体系的同位素储库效应模式至少可为预     

热液型金矿床中的黄铁矿矿物学研究综述

黄铁矿是热液金矿化体系中较为重要的矿物。黄铁矿精细矿物学研究是热液金矿床成矿机制研究的一个重要课题。黄铁矿的矿物学特征主要包括物理结构和化学成分特征。笔者综述了黄铁矿的形态、晶胞参数及热电性等物理结构特征和地球化学成分特征在热液金矿床的应用及其研究进展。黄铁矿的物理特征及其时空变化规律,可以定性约束成矿物理化学条件的演化过程。黄铁矿的微量和稀土元素组成、分布及演化特征,可以示踪成矿物质及成矿流体来源,进而获得有关矿床成因及金属沉淀机制等方面的信息。此外,近年来发展迅速的黄铁矿单矿物Re-Os同位素定年及原位微区稳定同位素（S、Pb）分析可以对确定金矿床精确成矿年代及精细成矿过程提供重要的参考信息。     

阿西金矿床流体成矿的地球化学示踪研究

依据阿西金矿床Ｈ、Ｏ同位素组成特点对成矿流体的来源进行了示踪研究,并且研究了矿床的水岩交换作用,讨论了水－岩作用与金成矿的关系。根据矿床中典型热液矿物和岩矿石的稀土元素地球化学特征对成矿流体作用过程进行了示踪研究,与同位素地球化学示踪研究取得了基本一致的结果。根据成矿流体活动踪迹建立找矿标志,是进行矿产资源预测的新思路。     

金属稳定同位素示踪关键金属的运移和超常富集

关键金属矿产对于国家经济和安全意义重大,然而其富集机制仍然存在争议,即受控于岩浆的结晶分异作用还是热液流体作用。传统的地球化学手段只能间接制约成矿物质的来源,难以区分分离结晶和岩浆热液作用对成矿的影响,而Rb、Ba、Sr、U等流体活动金属的同位素体系则对这两种机制具有不同的响应。笔者分别对喜马拉雅和华南地区的富关键金属花岗岩进行了Rb和Ba同位素研究,结果表明,当矿物结晶时,残留熔体中Ba同位素变重,Rb同位素不变;而当岩浆热液作用时,花岗岩中Ba同位素变轻,Rb同位素变重。此外,深部岩浆出溶的热液流体对亲流体易迁移的关键金属元素的富集具有重要贡献。上述研究表明,金属稳定同位素(尤其是流体活动金属的同位素)对于示踪岩浆- 热液作用和成矿流体来源具有非常好的效果。     

Iron isotope fractionation during hydrothermal ore deposition and alteration

Iron isotopes fractionate during hydrothermal processes. Therefore, the Fe isotope composition of ore-forming minerals characterizes either iron sources or fluid histories. The former potentially serves to distinguish between sedimentary, magmatic or metamorphic iron sources, and the latter allows the reconstruction of precipitation and redox processes. These processes take place during ore formation or alteration. The aim of this contribution is to investigate the suitability of this new isotope method as a probe of ore-related processes. For this purpose 51 samples of iron ores and iron mineral separates from the Schwarzwald region, southwest Germany, were analyzed for their iron isotope composition using multicollector ICP-MS. Further, the ore-forming and ore-altering processes were quantitatively modeled using reaction path calculations. The Schwarzwald mining district hosts mineralizations that formed discontinuously over almost 300 Ma of hydrothermal activity. Primary hematite, siderite and sulfides formed from mixing of meteoric fluids with deeper crustal brines. Later, these minerals were partly dissolved and oxidized, and secondary hematite, goethite and iron arsenates were precipitated. Two types of alteration products formed: (1) primary and high-temperature secondary Fe minerals formed between 120 and 300 °C, and (2) low-temperature secondary Fe minerals formed under supergene conditions (<100 °C). Measured iron isotope compositions are variable and cover a range in δ⁵⁶Fe between −2.3‰ and +1.3‰. Primary hematite (δ⁵⁶Fe: −0.5‰ to +0.5‰) precipitated by mixing oxidizing surface waters with a hydrothermal fluid that contained moderately light Fe (δ⁵⁶Fe: −0.5‰) leached from the crystalline basement. Occasional input of CO₂-rich waters resulted in precipitation of isotopically light siderite (δ⁵⁶Fe: −1.4 to −0.7‰). The difference between hematite and siderite is compatible with published Fe isotope fractionation factors. The observed range in isotopic compositions can be accounted for by variable fractions of Fe precipitating from the fluid. Therefore, both fluid processes and mass balance can be inferred from Fe isotopes. Supergene weathering of siderite by oxidizing surface waters led to replacement of isotopically light primary siderite by similarly light secondary hematite and goethite, respectively. Because this replacement entails quantitative transfer of iron from precursor mineral to product, no significant isotope fractionation is produced. Hence, Fe isotopes potentially serve to identify precursors in ore alteration products. Goethites from oolitic sedimentary iron ores were also analyzed. Their compositional range appears to indicate oxidative precipitation from relatively uniform Fe dissolved in coastal water. This comprehensive iron isotope study illustrates the potential of the new technique in deciphering ore formation and alteration processes. Isotope ratios are strongly dependent on and highly characteristic of fluid and precipitation histories. Therefore, they are less suitable to provide information on Fe sources. However, it will be possible to unravel the physico-chemical processes leading to the formation, dissolution and redeposition of ores in great detail.     

流体包裹体在矿床研究中的作用

流体包裹体分析是现代矿床学研究的一个重要手段,对矿床类型的划分及成矿流体成分、温度、压力的研究有着重要的作用.在矿质沉淀的主要机制中,流体相分离及流体混合的主要证据来自流体包裹体;对金属在气相中的搬运的认识,也主要来自包裹体研究.成矿流体成分对认识金属在热液中的搬运方式起着重要作用,流体温度和压力数据是成矿流体动力学模式的重要制约.     

甘肃中秦岭成矿带成矿规律及找矿远景

文章在全面揭示甘肃中秦岭成矿带23种矿产成矿规律的基础上,圈定找矿远景区。通过成矿地质背景和成矿过程研究,建立主要矿床类型的成矿模式;以主要地质事件和成矿作用为主线,归纳矿床的时空分布规律和矿床成矿系列;通过矿床成矿系列与成矿模式相结合的方法预测找矿远景区。结果表明,浅成中-低温热液型铅锌矿由有地幔流体和岩浆流体参与的变质流体和建造水混合或沸腾形成;岩浆热液型金矿由源于下地壳的岩浆热液与大气水混合和沸腾形成,或由源于中地壳的岩浆热液与变质水混合后再与建造水或大气水混合形成;研究区存在7个矿床成矿系列。结论认为,中秦岭华力西期—印支期含矿流体矿床成矿系列分布区中,夏河-两当弧形断裂与近东西向断裂的交汇部位是该矿床成矿系列的成矿有利部位,中秦岭华力西期—印支期岩浆相关矿床成矿系列分布区中,中酸性岩体与近东西向断裂耦合部位是该成矿系列的成矿有利部位。文章圈定找矿远景区12处。     

青海省都兰县双庆铁矿床流体包裹体及稳定同位素地球化学特征

青海省祁漫塔格-都兰成矿带是以铁铜多金属为主的成矿带,其矿产丰富但研究程度较低。双庆铁矿床是该成矿带上的典型矿床,目前尚未系统开展流体包裹体及稳定同位素地球化学研究。本文通过流体包裹体显微测温和稳定同位素分析测试研究表明,该矿床自含磁铁矿石英脉到石英硫化物阶段,流体性质略有改变。均一温度变化范围为213.7℃～327.8℃,盐度变化范围为0.53％～6.14％,密度变化范围为0.703～0.888g/cm³,属于中高温、低盐度、低密度流体; 从变化可知, 随着成矿作用继续进行,成矿均一温度与流体盐度有一定程度降低。磁铁矿的δ¹⁸O_V-SMOW 变化范围为4.4‰～10.8‰,表明磁铁矿的成矿物质来源于幔源;热液硫化物的δ³⁴S_V-CDT 值分别为0.9‰和-0.1‰,平均值为0.4‰,具陨石硫特征,反映了火成硫和深源硫的来源特点;热液方解石的δ¹³C_V-PDB 变化范围为-6.3‰～-5.2‰,表明其碳质来源于深源花岗岩浆,结合δ¹⁸O_V-SMOW 的-33.8‰～-18.3‰变化范围,通过碳氧同位素研究结果推测其碳质可能主要来自花岗岩浆,后期受大气降水影响明显。石英中δD-δ¹⁸O_H2O 结果表明,双庆铁矿床早期成矿流体以岩浆热液为主, 晚期有大量大气降水的加入, 即成矿流体为岩浆水与大气降水的混合流体。     

湘中锡矿山锑矿床巨量矿石堆积机制: 来自方解石流体包裹体的约束

湘中锡矿山锑矿床目前研究程度已经很高, 但对该矿区锑矿石发生巨量堆积的原因仍不清楚。热液矿床巨量矿石的堆积过程, 实际上就是大规模流体汇聚并发生有效沉淀的过程, 因此, 对锡矿山矿区流体演化过程和沉淀机制的研究有助于解决其巨量矿石的堆积机制问题。锡矿山矿区方解石非常发育, 且与成矿关系密切, 是研究该区流体作用的理想对象。对该区不同期次方解石进行流体包裹体岩相学和显微测温研究, 初步刻画了该区流体演化过程和矿石沉淀机制。研究表明, 不同期次方解石中流体包裹体类型基本相同, 主要为Ⅰ型(纯液相包裹体)和Ⅱ型(富液相两相包裹体), 但流体包裹体的岩相学特征存在明显差异: 主成矿期流体包裹体不发育且个体小, 成矿晚期流体包裹体发育程度中等且个体较大, 成矿后流体包裹体非常发育且个体很大。流体包裹体显微测温分析显示, 该区经历了2次独立的成矿事件: 主成矿期成矿流体为中高温、中低盐度的热液, 这种热液有利于锑的大规模迁移, 矿石沉淀机制为流体混合作用; 成矿晚期流体为中温、低盐度热液, 这种热液中锑的浓度明显小于主成矿期, 矿石沉淀机制为冷却作用; 成矿后还存在一期热液事件, 其流体为一种低温、低盐度热液。锡矿山矿区矿石巨量堆积主要与主成矿期成矿作用有关, 该期成矿流体中锑的浓度高, 流体规模巨大, 且流体混合作用这种矿石沉淀机制非常有利于超大型锑矿床的形成。     

广西金秀县龙华镍钴矿床成矿流体性质、来源及演化

广西金秀县龙华镍钴矿床是近年来获得较多关注的热液型镍钴矿床,对于其形成过程,尤其是成矿流体来源与演化方面的详细报道较少。龙华镍钴矿床的矿化过程从早到晚可分为石英-红砷镍矿-辉砷镍矿、石英-辉砷镍矿、石英-镍黄铁矿-黄铁矿等三个成矿阶段,对代表成矿各阶段的伴生透明矿物石英中的流体包裹体进行了岩相学观察及显微测温,结果显示龙华镍钴矿床早成矿阶段流体均一温度为121～235℃,盐度主要为7.86～35.87 wt% NaCl,主成矿阶段均一温度为135～223 ℃,盐度主要为13.77～35.87 wt% NaCl.,晚成矿阶段均一温度为96～180 ℃,盐度为3.21～26.64 wt% NaCl。成矿流体具有中低温、中高盐度特征,结合成矿流体的氢氧同位素组成特征,初步判断矿床成矿流体主要来源于循环萃取了富镍地层中成矿物质的大气降水演变而成的含矿热卤水,同时混合有少量岩浆水和大气水,流体混合和流体冷却作用是导致该矿床镍钴矿物沉淀的重要因素。金秀镍钴矿床属新型中低温、中高盐度的热液充填型镍钴矿床。     

酒泉盆地青西凹陷下沟组湖相热水沉积岩锶同位素地球化学特征

以地质背景、物质组分和岩石组构分析为基础,对酒泉盆地青西凹陷下沟组湖相热水沉积钠长石—铁白云石岩进行了Sr同位素地球化学研究。结果表明,热水沉积岩87Sr／86Sr比值变化范围为0.712 25～0.717 81,平均值0.715 61,远高于同期海水和下沟组玄武岩,略高于代表早白垩世湖水锶同位素组成的藻灰岩,但低于基底壳源硅铝质岩,反映热流体不可能为单纯的湖水或幔源岩浆水;其中直接化学结晶沉淀的纹层状泥微晶热水沉积岩锶同位素比值变化范围较小,可代表均一化的热卤水池流体锶同位素组成特征;指示不同喷流口位置的“水爆角砾岩”锶同位素组成变化较大,但同一位置的热水角砾与胶结物锶同位素组成基本一致,说明两者应属于具相同成因意义的同期热水喷流沉积产物;综合青西凹陷下沟组湖相热水沉积岩锶同位素地球化学特征,初步推测早白垩世湖底热流体可能为富集硅铝质基底岩石高放射成因Sr的深循环下渗湖水与少量上升幔源岩浆水构成的混合热流体,可为青西凹陷早白垩世湖底热流体性质的确定以及热流体循环动力学模型和热水沉积模式的建立奠定基础。     

广东河台金矿成矿流体特征

通过对矿石中石英包裹体的气、液相成分和氢、氧同位素分析,结果表明,河台金矿床成矿流体具多来源的特性,即为变质热液、大气降水和岩浆热液的混合流体.高村和云西矿床不同中段石英包裹体测温等温线图表明,成矿流体是自下而上,自北东向南西方向运移的,矿液运移方向与矿体侧伏方向一致.成矿的物理化学条件分析表明,成矿的环境属于中高温弱碱性还原环境.     

Metal sources of the Navan carbonate-hosted base metal deposit, Ireland: Nd and Sr isotope evidence for deep hydrothermal convection

Nd and Sr isotope analyses are presented for gangue mineral samples from the giant carbonate-hosted Navan Zn–Pb deposit, Ireland, and for rocks from which Navan metals may have been derived. Analysis of gangue minerals spanning the Navan paragenetic sequence reveals systematic evolution in the composition of the mineralising fluid. Early fluid represented by replacive dolomite exhibits the lowest initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratio (0.7083–0.7086), closest to that of the host limestone and to Lower Carboniferous seawater, and the highest ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd ratio (0.51161–0.51176). Later generations of dolomite, barite and calcite, which encompass sulphide precipitation, have higher initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios (maximum 0.7105) and lower initial ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd ratios (minimum 0.51157). All samples have initial Nd isotope ratios that are too low to have been acquired only from the host limestone. Drill core samples of presumed Ordovician volcanic and sedimentary rocks from beneath the Navan orebody have ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd and ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios at the time of mineralisation of 0.51184–0.51217 and 0.7086–0.7138, respectively. The data are interpreted to indicate mixing of sulphide-rich, limestone-buffered brine, with a metal-bearing hydrothermal fluid, which had passed through sub-Carboniferous rocks, consistent with published fluid inclusion and S isotope data. The ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd ratio of this basement-derived fluid is too low to have been imparted by flow through the Devonian Old Red Sandstone, as required in models of regional fluid flow in response to Hercynian uplift. Irrespective of whether such regional fluid flow occurred, the hydrothermal Nd must have been derived from sub-Devonian rocks. These conclusions broadly support the hydrothermal convection cell model in which brines, ultimately of surface origin, penetrated to a depth of several kilometres, leaching metals from the rocks through which they passed. The data also support increasing depth of penetration of convection cells with time. Metals were subsequently precipitated in carbonate rocks at sites of mixing with cooler, sulphide-rich fluids. However, comparison of the Navan hydrothermal gangue Nd–Sr isotope data with data from Lower Palaeozoic rocks strongly suggests that the latter cannot alone account for the “basement” signature. As the Navan deposit lies immediately north of the Iapetus Suture, this suggests that the Laurentian margin includes Precambrian basement.     

Sr and Nd isotope data from the fluorspar district of Asturias, northern Spain

The origin and age of the hydrothermal fluids related to the precipitation of fluorite, barite and calcite in the Villabona, La Collada and Berbes localities (Asturias fluorspar district, N Spain) have been evaluated from Sr and Nd radiogenic isotopes. Sr isotope data (⁸⁷Sr / ⁸⁶Sr = 0.7081 to 0.7096) are compatible with mixing between seawater and a more evolved groundwater that interacted with the basement. From Nd isotopes in fluorite, an isochron age of 185 ± 29 Ma (Lower Jurassic) was obtained, consistent with other hydrothermal events in the Iberian Peninsula and Europe. These constraints are essential to proceed with a quantitative model for the genesis of the mineralization that includes fluid and heat flow together with reactive transport of solutes.