浅析接收函数共转换点叠加成像方法

回顾了接收函数叠加成像方法的发展过程,发现现在仍被广泛用于接收函数成像的共转换点(CCP)叠加成像方法存在着一定的缺点.通过计算转换波射线路径,得到不同深度、不同震中距转换波射线参数,发现共转换点叠加方法适合于P波接收函数叠加成像,对S波接收函数叠加成像却可能产生错误.结果显示在震中距为60°左右时,真正的转换点位置与共转换点叠加方法追踪到的转换点位置在深度为140km处水平方向偏离约200km,在震中距70°-80°之间时,真正的转换点位置与传统共转换点叠加方法追踪到的转换点位置之间的偏差小于S波接收函数的水平分辨率.利用不同深度产生的转换波射线参数进行反投影,能将转换点归位到更接近于真实的转换点位置上,从而使得通过S波接收函数获取的地球内部结构更加可靠.在岩石圈厚度变化剧烈的地区,建议优先采用震中距在70°-80°之间的远震S波事件进行岩石圈结构的研究.     

接收函数曲波变换去噪与偏移成像

增强接收函数偏移图像的垂向分辨率意味着提高参与叠加的接收函数的频率,但是采用高频接收函数通常伴随着对接收函数质量和参考速度模型的更高要求.通过叠加处理可去除部分接收函数中的随机噪声干扰,但同一台站的接收函数之间经常存在难以通过简单叠加消除的噪声信号.压制接收函数随机噪声的干扰可加强成像效果和提高图像分辨率,对推进叠加偏移成像质量的提高有重要的实际意义.本文利用在川西地区布设的31个流动台站所记录的远震波形数据,使用曲波变换去噪后信噪比增强的接收函数进行共转换点叠加(CCP),获得沿北纬31°线下方800km深度范围内速度间断面图像.研究结果表明:(1)对接收函数进行曲波变换去噪,可压制随机噪声,增强转换震相的追踪性,提高数据信噪比;(2)通过去噪处理,大幅提高接收函数用于偏移成像的主频率;(3)偏移结果确认了接收函数反演得到的松潘和川滇块体下方具有厚度约10～20km的过渡性Moho的认识;(4)上地幔过渡带的结果预示在龙门山断裂带以西的小范围内有可能存在下地壳或上地幔物质的拆沉.     

压缩感知高分辨率接收函数叠加成像及其应用

接收函数成像方法纵向分辨能力高,而其水平分辨能力很大程度上取决于地表观测台站分布.经典共转换点(Common Conversion Point,CCP)叠加成像方法应用中,如果存在台站稀疏区,往往需要统一选取较大尺度叠加半径以获得连续的成像剖面.这不仅造成台站密集区域成像分辨率损失,且使成像界面产生明显的叠加痕迹.本文结合压缩感知理论和经典CCP成像方法实现提高空间分辨率的接收函数成像.我们假设地下界面在局部范围内变化较缓慢、形态特征稳定,那么接收函数信号相应具有一定的稀疏特性.基于此假定,首先通过压缩感知稀疏促进算法从稀疏、不规则分布的地震台阵接收函数重构出密集、规则化的“虚拟台阵”接收函数.之后,利用重构得到的“虚拟台阵”接收函数,采用小尺度叠加半径进行共转换点叠加成像获得高分辨率转换界面成像剖面.特别地,我们在叠加成像前进行了叠前成像点振幅补偿处理,以克服台站分布不均匀导致的成像能量不均衡问题.台站越稀疏的区域,其振幅补偿值越高.本文方法可以极大减少经典CCP成像方法实际应用中为了兼顾台站稀疏区域采用大尺度叠加半径所造成的空间分辨率损失和“阶梯状”界面的叠加痕迹,在保证台站密集区高分辨率成像结果的同时有效提高台站稀疏区的成像分辨率并提升成像质量.数值模拟测试和华北克拉通科学台阵观测数据应用结果表明,压缩感知接收函数叠加成像方法可以实现可靠的高分辨率深部转换界面成像,在高分辨率深部结构研究中具有广阔的应用前景.

     

多分量地震数据的成像技术

从水平叠加成像、叠前时间偏移以及叠前深度偏移三个方面总结了多分量地震成像技术的发展现状.在水平叠加成像方面,分析了转换波与纵波在道集抽取方面的差异,总结了常用的转换点计算公式,着重对比了由炮检坐标映射地下的转换点以及由地表的网格节点映射地下的反射点两种共转换点道集抽取方式各自的优缺点以及应用化程度.概述了各向同性与各向异性叠前时间偏移技术的基本原理,总结了多分量偏移技术发展以及配套软件的工业应用现状,并对最近发展的层匹配多分量偏移技术进行了介绍.最后,从射线理论以及波场延拓理论的角度总结了多分量叠前深度偏移的发展现状与存在的问题,介绍了标量偏移与矢量偏移的差异,并提出了深度域速度建模存在的问题.     

基于地震图像校准的共成像点道集增强技术

由共成像点道集抽取的共偏移距道集可以当成相同地下成像的多次观测.由于偏移误差的影响,在不同共偏移距道集上,同一采样点存在水平和垂直方向上的错位.本文提出一种基于地震图像校准的共成像点道集增强技术,实现了不同偏移距道集在时间和空间上的逐点匹配对齐.在本文中以2D局部归一化互相关来表征共偏移距道集和叠加道集在相同时空位置的相似度,假设在不同水平和垂直移动量时的互相关满足连续凸函数,利用求导方法估计共偏移距道集在该位置处的非整数校正量,最后采用双线性内插方法估计成像振幅.传统道集拉平技术在垂直方向进行校正量消除,本文方法能有效估计共偏移距道集中的水平和垂直校正量,并在亚像素域估计正确的成像振幅.模型数据和实际数据的处理结果表明,本文方法能有效增强共成像点道集中同相轴的一致性,提高叠加结果的分辨率.     

基于局部倾斜叠加的快速射线束叠前时间偏移

宽方位高密度地震勘探可以有效的提高地震资料的空间分辨率和裂缝预测的精度,但地震道数的增加也大幅度提升了地震数据的处理成本.为提高海量地震数据偏移处理的计算效率,本文发展了一种快速射线束叠前时间偏移方法.该方法首先根据给定的射线束中心间隔将炮记录划分为一系列数据子集,然后利用倾斜叠加将数据子集分解为不同方向的平面波,最后根据射线束中心到地下成像点的双程走时和射线参数拾取相应的平面波振幅累加到成像点上.同Kirchhoff叠前时间偏移相比,本文方法不但保持了一致的成像精度,且由于仅需在稀疏的射线束中心位置进行成像累加运算,计算效率得到了大幅度的提升.文中所给出的模型和实际资料的测试结果验证了本文方法的正确性和有效性.     

输出道成像方式的共反射面元叠加方法I——理论

共反射面元（Common Reflection Surface）叠加是一种独立于宏观速度模型的零偏移距成像方法，该方法属于典型的克希霍夫型成像方法. 根据成像方式的不同，克希霍夫型成像方法可以分为两大类：输出道成像方式和输入道成像方式. 考察共反射面元叠加方法，它属于输入道成像方式. 本文基于理论模型数据，实现了输出道成缘方式的CRS叠加方法. 相比传统的输入道成像方式，它具有能够保证大偏移距反射信息的成像精度和计算效率较高的优点，而且更加容易推广到三维情形.     

基于匹配追踪稀疏分解的高斯束成像方法

高斯束偏移是一种高效、稳健的深度域成像方法,其不仅保持了射线类偏移的高效、灵活性,而且具有接近波动方程偏移的成像精度.匹配追踪是一种基于匹配寻优算法的信号稀疏分解技术,常用于地震信号的时频分析和去噪处理中.本文将建立在Ricker子波原子库的匹配追踪算法应用于常规的高斯束偏移中,并结合Kirchhoff偏移的单输入道成像方式,发展了一种成像精度更高且适用于低信噪比资料的叠前高斯束成像方法.该方法通过合理地控制匹配追踪稀疏分解的迭代次数,可以有效地去除地震信号中的随机干扰,提高成像结果的信噪比;此外,在偏移过程中,本文方法采用了Kirchhoff偏移的单输入道成像方式,解决了常规高斯束方法对浅层小尺度地质体成像不准的问题,提高浅部反射层的成像精度.两个典型的数值算例验证了本文方法的有效性和适应性.     

利用共转换点叠加方法研究华北地区地壳结构

利用华北地震台阵L测线的35个台站记录的895个远震数据进行了接收函数的计算,并利用H-κ叠加方法得到华北克拉通西部陆块东侧和中部陆块内基岩台站下方的地壳结构.利用得到的基岩台站下方的地壳结构和通过波形模拟方法得到的渤海湾盆地的沉积层结构作为背景模型对测线进行共转换点(CCP)叠加成像.在渤海湾盆地,通过增大CCP叠加...     

高斯束逆时偏移方法及应用

随着油气勘探的不断深入,叠前深度偏移技术逐渐成为解决复杂构造区域成像问题的重要手段.考虑到逆时偏移精度高但效率低,而高斯束偏移具有高效、灵活等优势,本文将逆时偏移的理论思想应用于高斯束偏移中,发展了高斯束逆时偏移,即以Kirchhoff偏移为基础,利用高斯束叠加积分计算Green函数.其不仅保留了Kirchhoff偏移的高效性和灵活性,克服了其阴影区、焦散区、单次波至等缺陷,而且还具有波动方程偏移对陡倾角的成像优势,解决了其计算量大的问题.模型和实际资料试算验证了高斯束逆时偏移方法的正确性、有效性和实用性,可以作为一项实用化技术应用于偏移成像和层析速度建模中.     

Preserved‐amplitude angle domain migration by shot‐receiver wavefield continuation

We present preserved‐amplitude downward continuation migration formulas in the aperture angle domain. Our approach is based on shot‐receiver wavefield continuation. Since source and receiver points are close to the image point, a local homogeneous reference velocity can be approximated after redatuming. We analyse this approach in the framework of linearized inversion of Kirchhoff and Born approximations. From our analysis, preserved‐amplitude Kirchhoff and Born inverse formulas can be derived for the 2D case. They involve slant stacks of filtered subsurface offset domain common image gathers followed by the application of the appropriate weighting factors. For the numerical implementation of these formulas, we develop an algorithm based on the true amplitude version of the one‐way paraxial approximation. Finally, we demonstrate the relevance of our approach with a set of applications on synthetic datasets and compare our results with those obtained on the Marmousi model by multi‐arrival ray‐based preserved‐amplitude migration. While results are similar, we observe that our results are less affected by artefacts.     

基于波动方程有限差分算法的接收函数正演与偏移

针对接收函数正演与偏移, 本文采用波动方程有限差分算法. 借鉴成熟的勘探地震学方法, 引入等效速度概念, 建立接收函数转换波与地震勘探反射波的等效走时方程, 实现了基于波动方程有限差分算法的接收函数正演与偏移. 数值计算表明, 波动方程有限差分叠后偏移方法可以对点绕射和穹隆构造模型实现高精度成像. 本文利用数值计算讨论了波动方程有限差分叠后偏移与Kirchhoff叠后偏移对于接收函数偏移的适用性, 还对偏移过程中速度模型的误差进行了分析.     

适于大规模数据的三维Kirchhoff 积分法体偏移实现方案

为适应实际生产中对大规模三维工区数据处理的效果及效率的要求,提出了按三维成像体输出成像结果的3D Kirchhoff积分法偏移实现方案.将地震数据按共偏移距道集形式排放,每个共偏移距数据的偏移类似于一个3D叠后Kirchhoff积分偏移,极大地降低了对计算机内存和局部盘及I/O通讯率的要求.每个地震道的成像(输出等时面)在由炮检点连线定义的旋转坐标系中进行,更好地考虑了偏移孔径计算及反假频处理.同时兼顾了超大规模地震数据PSTM成像处理中内存需求量、I/O通讯问题、并行处理方案及效率优化的细节问题.并行计算用偏移距号和每个共偏移距数据体中的线号作为一级和二级索引进行任务分解,更适应当前计算机集群中计算节点比较多的情况.最后考虑了在基本不影响效率的前提下的断点保护处理方案.理论及实际数据测试结果说明了该方案的可行性,与商业软件的对比验证了该方案的优越性.在此较完善的实现方案基础上,可以容易地把更优越的积分类偏移方法迅速推向实用化.     

IMAGING CAPABILITY OF CROSS-HOLE SEISMIC REFLECTION SURVEYS1

In seismic migration, it is important to sample a range of dips around the local structural dip at each image point. Meaningful images are obtained only where this condition holds. For cross-hole seismic reflection surveys, the distribution of dips sampled at each image point is controlled principally by the survey geometry, including source and receiver array lengths and their element spacings. Using a real data set as an example, we show how survey geometry can limit imaging capability close to the boreholes and even in the middle of the section between the boreholes. At the processing stage, effective removal of direct waves and accurate estimation of the velocity field are essential for optimizing image quality. For migration, we propose a generalized Berryhill (GB) scheme which is based on the Kirchhoff integral and takes into account both the near-field and far-field terms. This should improve the ability to image close to source and receiver arrays, provided that the element spacing in the nearby array is small enough.     

联合速度建模及其在反射波法隧道超前预报中的应用

We propose a combined migration velocity analysis and imaging method based on Kirchhoff integral migration and reverse time migration, using the residual curvature analysis and layer stripping strategy to build the velocity model. This method improves the image resolution of Kirchhoff integral migration and reduces the computations of the reverse time migration. It combines the advantages of efficiency and accuracy of the two migration methods. Its application in tunnel seismic prediction shows good results. Numerical experiments show that the imaging results of reverse time migration are better than the imaging results of Kirchhoff integral migration in many aspects of tunnel prediction. Field data show that this method has efficient computations and can establish a reasonable velocity model and a high quality imaging section. Combination with geological information can make an accurate prediction of the front of the tunnel geological structure.     

2D共炮时间域高斯波束偏移

针对传统射线方法在奇异区成像精度不高,而2D频率域高斯波束叠前深度偏移需要计算成像点处每个频率的格林函数,影响计算效率的问题,本文通过使用复走时代替实走时,改变频率域下成像公式的积分顺序,给出了在时间域下进行高斯波束偏移的方法和计算公式.本文使用复杂数值模型验证了2D时间域高斯波束叠前偏移方法的正确性,并同传统射线偏移成像结果做了对比.对比结果表明时间域高斯波束偏移在成像精度上优于传统射线偏移.     

Least-squares wave-path migration

We present a new least-squares migration method called least-squares wave-path migration. The proposed method combines an iterative conjugate-gradient solver with a stationary-phase wave-path migration operator. Numerical tests demonstrate that (i) least-squares wave-path migration is computationally more efficient than and almost as accurate as Kirchhoff least-squares migration, and (ii) many of the artefacts seen in wave-path migration images are suppressed after several conjugate-gradient iterations. Previous results have shown that 3D wave-path migration is up to 100 times faster than a standard 3D Kirchhoff migration, but sometimes at the cost of reduced quality. With the proposed least-squares wave-path migration method, the image quality in wave-path migration can be improved at an acceptable increase in computational cost.     

Establishing an effective offset-dependent velocity model by ray tracing and its application in Kirchhoff time migration

Conventional Kirchhoff prestack time migration based on the hyperbolic moveout can cause ambiguity in laterally inhomogeneous media, because the root mean square velocity corresponds to a one-dimensional model under the horizontal layer assumption; it does not include the lateral variations. The shot/receiver configuration with different offsets and azimuths should adopt different migration velocities as they contribute to a single image point. Therefore, we propose to use an offset-vector to describe the lateral variations through an offset-dependent velocity corresponding to the difference in offset from surface points to the image point. The offset-vector is decomposed into orthogonal directions along the in-line and cross-line directions so that the single velocity can be expressed as a series of actual velocities. We use a simple Snell's law-based ray tracing to calculate the travel time recorded at the image point and convert the travel time to an equivalent velocity corresponding to a pseudo-straight ray. The double-square-root equation using such an equivalent velocity in the offset-vector domain is non-hyperbolic and asymmetrical, which improves the accuracy of the migration. Numerical examples using the Marmousi model and a wide azimuth field data show that the proposed method can achieve reasonable accuracy and significantly enhances the imaging of complex structures.     

Velocity model updating in prestack Kirchhoff time migration for PS converted waves: Part II – Application

We have developed a practical approach for updating the velocity of PS converted waves based on the inverse normal‐moveout common‐image‐point gather obtained from prestack Kirchhoff time migration. We have integrated all the steps involved in updating the migration velocity model into an interactive tool and have applied this approach to a real seismic data set from the Alba Field in the North Sea. Based on experience in handling the real data, we discuss various practical aspects of updating the velocity model, including: what kind of initial velocity model should be used; which parameters in the velocity model should be updated; and how to update them. Application of prestack Kirchhoff time migration to the data set using the updated velocity model produces an improved image of the Alba Field.     

Iterative resolution estimation in least‐squares Kirchhoff migration

We apply iterative resolution estimation to least‐squares Kirchhoff migration. Reviewing the theory of iterative optimization uncovers the common origin of different optimization methods. This allows us to reformulate the pseudo‐inverse, model resolution and data resolution operators in terms of effective iterative estimates. When applied to Kirchhoff migration, plots of the diagonal of the model resolution matrix reveal low illumination areas on seismic images and provide information about image uncertainties. Synthetic and real data examples illustrate the proposed technique and confirm the theoretical expectations.