Geology and wall rock alteration at the Hercynian Draa Sfar Zn–Pb–Cu massive sulphide deposit, Morocco

Draa Sfar is a siliciclastic–felsic, volcanogenic massive sulphide (VMS) Zn–Pb–Cu deposit located 15 km north of Marrakesh within the Jebilet massif of the western Moroccan Meseta. The Draa Sfar deposit occurs within the Sarhlef series, a volcano-sedimentary succession that hosts other massive sulphide deposits (e.g., Hajar, Kettara) within the dominantly siliciclastic sedimentary succession of the lower Central Jebilet. At Draa Sfar, the footwall lithofacies are dominated by grey to black argillite, carbonaceous argillite and intercalated siltstone with localized rhyodacitic flows and domes, associated in situ and transported autoclastic deposits, and lesser dykes of aphanitic basalt and gabbro. Thin- to thick-bedded, black carbonaceous argillite, minor intercalated siltstone, and a large gabbro sill dominate the hanging wall lithofacies. The main lithologies strike NNE–SSW, parallel to a pronounced S1 foliation, and have a low-grade, chlorite–muscovite–quartz–albite–oligoclase metamorphic assemblage. The Draa Sfar deposit consists of two stratabound sulphide orebodies, Tazakourt to the south and Sidi M'Barek to the north. Both orebodies are hosted by argillite in the upper part of the lower volcano-sedimentary unit. The Tazakourt and Sidi M'Barek orebodies are highly deformed, sheet-like bodies of massive pyrrhotite (up to 95% pyrrhotite) with lesser sphalerite, galena, chalcopyrite, and pyrite. The Draa Sfar deposit formed within a restricted, sediment-starved, fault-controlled, anoxic, volcano-sedimentary rift basin. The deposit formed at and below the seafloor within anoxic, pelagic muds.The argillaceous sedimentary rocks that surround the Draa Sfar orebodies are characterized by a pronounced zonation of alteration assemblages and geochemical patterns. In the more proximal volcanic area to the south, the abundance of medium to dark green chlorite progressively increases within the argillite toward the base of the Tazakourt orebody. Chlorite alteration is manifested by the replacement of feldspar and a decrease in muscovite abundance related to a net addition of Fe and Mg and a loss of K and Na. In the volcanically distal and northern Sidi M'Barek orebody alteration within the footwall argillite is characterized by a modal increase of sericite relative to chlorite. A calcite–quartz–muscovite assemblage and a pronounced decrease in chlorite characterize argillite within the immediate hanging wall to the entire Draa Sfar deposit. The sympathetic lateral change from predominantly sericite to chlorite alteration within the footwall argillite with increasing volcanic proximity suggests that the higher temperature part of the hydrothermal system is coincident with a volcanic vent defined by localized rhyodacitic flow/domes within the footwall succession.     

Geological features and origin of the Huize carbonate-hosted Zn–Pb–(Ag) District, Yunnan, South China

The Huize Zn–Pb–(Ag) district, in the Sichuan–Yunnan–Guizhou Zn–Pb–(Ag) metallogenic region, contains significant high-grade, Zn–Pb–(Ag) deposits. The total metal reserve of Zn and Pb exceeds 5 Mt. The district has the following geological characteristics: (1) high ore grade (Zn + Pb ≥ 25 wt.%); (2) enrichment in Ag and a range of other trace elements (Ge, In, Ga, Cd, and Tl), with galena, sphalerite, and pyrite being the major carriers of Ag, Ge, Cd and Tl; (3) ore distribution controlled by both structural and lithological features; (4) simple and limited wall-rock alteration; (5) mineral zonation within the orebodies; and (6) the presence of evaporite layers in the ore-hosting wall rocks of the Early Carboniferous Baizuo Formation and the underlying basement.Fluid-inclusion and isotope geochemical data indicate that the ore fluid has homogenisation temperatures of 165–220 °C, and salinities of 6.6–12 wt.% NaCl equiv., and that the ore-forming fluids and metals were predominantly derived from the Kunyang Group basement rocks and the evaporite-bearing rocks of the cover strata. Ores were deposited along favourable, specific ore-controlling structures. The new laboratory and field studies indicate that the Huize Zn–Pb–(Ag) district is not a carbonate-replacement deposit containing massive sulphides, but rather the deposits can be designated as deformed, carbonate-hosted, MVT-type deposits. Detailed study of the deposits has provided new clues to the localisation of concealed orebodies in the Huize Zn–Pb–(Ag) district and of the potential for similar carbonate-hosted sulphide deposits elsewhere in NE Yunnan Province, as well as the Sichuan–Yunnan–Guizhou Zn–Pb–(Ag) metallogenic region.     

Lead isotope constraints on the genesis of Pb–Zn deposits in the Neoproterozoic Vazante Group, Minas Gerais, Brazil

The Neoproterozoic Vazante Group at the western border of the São Francisco Craton, Brazil, hosts the largest Zn–Pb district in South America. Several authors have classified this mineral district as Mississippi Valley-type (MVT), based on the intimate association with carbonates and the epigenetic character of most ore bodies. In this paper, we present 47 new lead isotope data from four deposits located along the 300 km N–S Vazante–Paracatu–Unai linear trend. Pb isotope ratios indicate sources with relatively high U/Pb and Th/Pb ratios. Considering the ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb and ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb ratios as indicative parameters for the source, we suggest an upper crustal source for the metals. The small variation on the Pb isotope ratios compared to those observed in the classical MVT deposits, and other geological, fluid inclusion and sulphur isotopic data indicates a metallogenic event of long duration. It was characterized by focused circulation of hydrothermal fluids carrying metals from the basement rocks and from the sedimentary pile. The data obtained are more compatible with an evolution model similar to that of IRISH-type deposits. The existence of three Pb isotopic populations could be the result of regional differences in composition of the source rocks and in the fluid–rock interaction since the mineralization is a long-term process.     

陕西太白双王金矿床地质特征及稳定同位素地球化学研究

提要：陕西双王金矿床位于西秦岭凤太矿集区东部,为一大型含金钠长角砾岩型金矿床。矿床赋存于上泥盆统星红铺组,为一套由钙质粉砂岩、粉砂质绢云板岩和灰岩组成的类复理石沉积建造。金矿体明显受角砾岩体控制,呈断续带状分布,矿石硫化物主要为黄铁矿,主要围岩蚀变类型为钠长石化。矿床稳定同位素地球化学特征研究表明：早阶段和主阶段成矿流体以岩浆热液和建造水的混合热液为主,晚阶段由岩浆热液向大气降水热液演化;碳主要来源于深部,并混有碳酸盐岩地层溶解形成的碳;硫具有地壳硫和岩浆硫混合来源的特征;铅的来源以上地壳为主,并混有少量地幔铅。结合区域地质构造背景,认为双王金矿床成矿作用与始于印支晚期的陆内碰撞造山作用有关,成矿过程经历了隐爆前的热液交代成矿期和隐爆后的热液充填成矿期,其中隐爆后的热液充填交代阶段是金矿床的主要成矿阶段,双王金矿床成因类型为隐爆角砾岩型金矿床。     

Mineral assemblages of the Francisco I. Madero Zn–Cu–Pb–(Ag) deposit, Zacatecas, Mexico: Implications for ore deposit genesis

The Francisco I. Madero deposit, central Mexico, occurs in the Mesozoic Guerrero Terrane, which hosts many ore deposits, both Cretaceous (volcanogenic massive sulfides) and Tertiary (epithermal and skarn deposits). It is hosted by a 600 m-thick calcareous-pelitic unit, of Lower Cretaceous age, crosscut by porphyritic dikes that strike NW–SE. A thick felsic volcanic Tertiary sequence, consisting of andesites and rhyolitic ignimbrites, unconformably overlies the Cretaceous series. At the base, the mineralization consists of several mantos developed within calcareous beds. They are dominantly composed of sphalerite, pyrrhotite and pyrite with minor chalcopyrite, arsenopyrite and galena. At the top of the orebody, there are calcic skarns formed through prograde and retrograde stages. The resulting mineral assemblages are rich in manganoan hedenbergite (Hd_75–28Di_40–4Jh_40–20), andraditic garnets (Adr_100–62Grs_38–0), epidote (Ep_95–36Czo_60–5Pie_8–0), chamosite, calcite and quartz. The temperature of ore deposition, estimated by chlorite and arsenopyrite geothermometry, ranges from 243° to 277 °C and from 300° to 340 °C, respectively. The pressure estimated from sphalerite geobarometry averages 2.1 kbar. This value corresponds to a moderately deep skarn and agrees with the high Cu content of the deposit. Paragenesis, P–T conditions and geological characteristics are compatible with a distal, dike-related, Zn skarn deposit. Its style of mineralization is similar to that of many high-temperature carbonate replacement skarn deposits in the Southern Cordillera.     

Genetic significance of fluid inclusions in the CSA Cu–Pb–Zn deposit, Cobar, Australia

CSA mine exploits a ‘Cobar-type’ Cu–Pb–Zn±Au±Ag deposit within a cleaved and metamorphosed portion of the Cobar Supergroup, central New South Wales. The deposit comprises systems of ‘lenses’ that encompass veins, disseminations and semi-massive to massive Cu–Pb–Zn ores. The systems and contained lenses truncate bedding, are approximately coplanar with regional cleavage and similarly oriented shear zones and plunge parallel to the elongation lineation. Systems have extreme vertical continuity (>1000 m), short strike length (400 m) and narrow width (100 m), exhibit vertical and lateral ore-type variation and have alteration haloes. Models of ore formation include classical hydrothermalism, structurally controlled remobilisation and polymodal concepts; syntectonic emplacement now holds sway.Fluid inclusions were examined from quartz±sulphide veins adjacent to now-extracted ore, from coexisting quartz–sulphide within ore, and from vughs in barren quartz veins. Lack of early primary inclusions precluded direct determination of fluids associated with D₂–D₃ ore and vein emplacement. Similarly, decrepitation (by near-isobaric heating) of the two oldest secondary populations precluded direct determination of fluid phases immediately following D₂–D₃ ore and vein emplacement. Post-decrepitation outflow (late D₃ to early post-D₃) is recorded by monophase CH₄ inclusions. Entrained outflow of deeply circulated meteoric fluid modified the CH₄ system; modification is recorded by H₂O+CH₄ and H₂O+(trace CH₄) secondary populations and by an H₂O+(trace CH₄) primary population. The contractional tectonics (D₂–D₃) of ore emplacement was superseded by relaxational tectonics (D_4P) that facilitated meteoric water penetration and return flow.Under D₂ prograde metamorphism, entrapment temperatures (Tt) and pressures (Pt) for pre-decrepitation secondary inclusions are estimated as Tt300–330 °C and Pt1.5–2 kbar≈Plith (the lithostatic pressure). Decrepitation accompanied peak metamorphism (T350–380 °C) in mid- to late-D₃, while in late-D₃ to early post-D₃, essentially monophase CH₄ secondary inclusions were entrapped at Tt350 °C and Pt=1.5–2 kbar≈Plith. Subsequently, abundant CH₄ and entrained meteoric water were entrapped as H₂O+CH₄ secondaries under slowly decreasing temperature (Tt330–350 °C) and constant pressure (Pt1.5–2 kbar). Finally, with increasingly dominant meteoric outflow, H₂O+(trace CH₄) populations record decreasing temperatures (Tt>300 to <350 down to 275–300 °C) at pressures of Phydrostatic<Pt (1 kbar) <Plith (1.5 kbar).The populations of inclusions provide insight into fluid types, flow regimes and P–T conditions during parts of the deposit's evolution. They indirectly support the role of basin-derived CH₄ fluids in ore formation, but provide no insight into a basement-sourced ore-forming fluid. They fully support post-ore involvement of meteoric water. The poorly constrained entrapment history is believed to span 10 Ma from 395 to 385 Ma.     

Geochronological framework and Pb, Sr isotope geochemistry of the Qingchengzi Pb–Zn–Ag–Au orefield, Northeastern China

The Qingchengzi orefield in northeastern China, is a concentration of several Pb–Zn, Ag, and Au ore deposits. A combination of geochronological and Pb, Sr isotopic investigations was conducted. Zircon SHRIMP U–Pb ages of 225.3 ± 1.8 Ma and 184.5 ± 1.6 Ma were obtained for the Xinling and Yaojiagou granites, respectively. By step-dissolution Rb–Sr dating, ages of 221 ± 12 Ma and 138.7 ± 4.1 Ma were obtained for the sphalerite of the Zhenzigou Zn–Pb deposit and pyrargyrite of the Ag ore in the Gaojiabaozi Ag deposit, respectively. Pb isotopic ratios of the Ag ore at Gaojiabaozi (²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb = 18.38 to 18.53) are higher than those of the Pb–Zn ores (²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb = 17.66 to 17.96; Chen et al. [Chen, J.F., Yu, G., Xue, C.J., Qian, H., He, J.F., Xing, Z., Zhang, X., 2005. Pb isotope geochemistry of lead, zinc, gold and silver deposit clustered region, Liaodong rift zone, northeastern China. Science in China Series D 48, 467–476.]). Triassic granites show low Pb isotopic ratios (²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb = 17.12 to 17.41, ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb = 15.47 to 15.54, ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb = 37.51 to 37.89) and metamorphic rocks of the Liaohe Group have high ratios (²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb = 18.20 to 24.28 and 18.32 to 20.06, ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb = 15.69 to 16.44 and 15.66 to 15.98, ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb = 37.29 to 38.61 and 38.69 to 40.00 for the marble of the Dashiqiao Formation and schist of the Gaixian Formation, respectively).Magmatic activities at Qingchengzi and in adjacent regions took place in three stages, and each contained several magmatic pulses: ca. 220 to 225 Ma and 211 to 216 Ma in the Triassic; 179 to 185 Ma, 163 to 168 Ma, 155 Ma and 149 Ma in the Jurassic, as well as ca. 140 to 130 Ma in the Early Cretaceous. The Triassic magmatism was part of the Triassic magmatic belt along the northern margin of the North China Craton produced in a post-collisional extensional setting, and granites in it formed by crustal melting induced by mantle magma. The Jurassic and Early Cretaceous magmatism was related to the lithospheric delamination in eastern China. The Triassic is the most important metallogenic stage at Qingchengzi. The Pb–Zn deposits, the Pb–Zn–Ag ore at Gaojiabaozi, and the gold deposits were all formed in this stage. They are temporally and spatially associated with the Triassic magmatic activity. Mineralization is very weak in the Jurassic. Ag ore at Gaojiabaozi was formed in the Early Cretaceous, which is suggested by the young Rb–Sr isochron age, field relations, and significantly different Pb isotopic ratios between the Pb–Zn–Ag and Ag ores. Pb isotopic compositions of the Pb–Zn ores suggest binary mixing for the source of the deposits. The magmatic end-member is the Triassic granites and the other metamorphic rocks of the Liaohe Group. Slightly different proportions of the two end-members, or an involvement of materials from hidden Cretaceous granites with slightly different Pb isotopic ratios, is postulated to interpret the difference of Pb isotopic compositions between the Pb–Zn–(Ag) and Ag ores. Sr isotopic ratios support this conclusion. At the western part of the Qingchengzi orefield, hydrothermal fluid driven by the heat provided by the now exposed Triassic granites deposited ore-forming materials in the low and middle horizons of the marbles of the Dashiqiao Formation near the intrusions to form mesothermal Zn–Pb deposits. In the eastern part, hydrothermal fluids associated with deep, hidden Triassic intrusions moved upward along a regional fault over a long distance and then deposited the ore-forming materials to form epithermal Au and Pb–Zn–Ag ores. Young magmatic activities are all represented by dykes across the entire orefield, suggesting that the corresponding main intrusion bodies are situated in the deep part of the crust. Among these, only intrusions with age of ca. 140 Ma might have released sufficient amounts of fluid to be responsible for the formation of the Ag ore at Gaojiabaozi.Our age results support previous conclusions that sphalerite can provide a reliable Rb–Sr age as long as the fluid inclusion phase is effectively separated from the “sulfide” phase. Our work suggests that the separation can be achieved by a step-resolution technique. Moreover, we suggest that pyrargyrite is a promising mineral for Rb–Sr isochron dating.     

湘中锡矿山锑矿床的Sr同位素地球化学

对湘中锡矿山锑矿床围岩灰岩、硅化灰岩、煌斑岩和脉石矿物进行了系统的Sr同位素研究。结果表明，矿区围岩发生了隐性蚀变，灰岩中Sr亏损，而^87Sr/^86Sr高于同时代的海相碳酸盐，这种隐性蚀变很可能是水／岩反应所致。矿体附近的硅化灰岩中Sr更加亏损，而^87Sr/^86Sr明显增加。成矿期方解石的^87Sr/^86Sr较高，成矿体系中变化的W／R比造成了方解石中^87Sr/^86Sr值的明显波动。成矿流体为一富放射成因^87Sr的溶液。成矿流体来自或流经基底地层，流体中的Sr由基底碎屑岩提供，矿质Sb也可能主要来自富Sb的元古宇基底。水／岩反应的理论模拟显示，锡矿山成矿流体中的Sr约为3．0μg/g，^87Sr/^86Sr为０．７１７；蚀变－成矿体系为一开放体系，矿石的沉淀机制主要为水／岩反应，成矿体系中W／R 比较高。     

Environmental impact of the former Pb–Zn mining and smelting in East Belgium

In the mining district of Plombières-La Calamine (East Belgium), extensive Pb–Zn mining activities resulted in an important contamination of overbank sediments along the Geul river. Moreover, a huge amount of heavy metals is stored in a dredged mine pond tailing, which is located along the river. In the dredged mine pond tailing sediments, Pb–Zn minerals control the solubility of Zn, Pb and Cd. Although Pb, Zn and Cd display a lower solubility in overbank sediments compared to the mine tailing pond sediments, elevated concentrations of Pb, Zn and Cd are still found in the porewater of the overbank sediments. The considerable ‘actual’ and ‘potential’ mobility of Zn, Pb and Cd indicates that the mine pond tailing sediments and the overbank sediments downstream from the mine pond tailing represent a considerable threat for the environment. Besides the chemical remobilisation of metals from the sediments, the erosion of overbank sediments and the reworking of riverbed sediments act as a secondary source of pollution.     

The Paleoproterozoic carbonate-hosted Pering Zn–Pb deposit, South Africa. II: fluid inclusion, fluid chemistry and stable isotope constraints

The Pering deposit is the prime example of Zn–Pb mineralisation hosted by stromatolitic dolostones of the Neoarchean to Paleoproterozoic Transvaal Supergroup. The hydrothermal deposit centers on subvertical breccia pipes that crosscut stromatolitic dolostones of the Reivilo Formation, the lowermost portion of the Campbellrand Subgroup. Four distinct stages of hydrothermal mineralisation are recognised. Early pyritic rock matrix brecciation is followed by collomorphous sphalerite mineralisation with replacive character, which, in turn, is succeeded by coarse grained open-space-infill of sphalerite, galena, sparry dolomite, and quartz. Together, the latter two stages account for ore-grade Zn–Pb mineralisation. The fourth and final paragenetic stage is characterised by open-space-infill by coarse sparry calcite. The present study documents the results of a detailed geochemical study of the Pering deposit, including fluid inclusion microthermometry, fluid chemistry and stable isotope geochemistry of sulphides (δ³⁴S) and carbonate gangue (δ¹³C and δ¹⁸O). Microthermometric fluid inclusion studies carried out on a series of coarsely grained crystalline quartz and sphalerite samples of the latter, open-space-infill stage of the main mineralisation event reveal the presence of three major fluid types: (1) a halite–saturated aqueous fluid H₂O–NaCl–CaCl₂ (>33 wt% NaCl equivalent) brine, (2) low-salinity meteoric fluid (<7 wt% NaCl) and (3) a carbonic CH₄–CO₂–HS⁻ fluid that may be derived from organic material present within the host dolostone. Mixing of these fluids have given rise to variable mixtures (H₂O–CaCl₂–NaCl ±(CH₄–CO₂–HS⁻), 2 to 25 wt% NaCl+CaCl₂). Heterogeneous trapping of the aqueous and carbonic fluids occurred under conditions of immiscibility. Fluid temperature and pressure conditions during mineralisation are determined to be 200–210°C and 1.1–1.4 kbar, corresponding to a depth of mineralisation of 4.1–5.2 km. Chemical analyses of the brine inclusions show them to be dominated by Na and Cl with lesser amounts of Ca, K and SO₄. Fluid ratios of Cl/Br indicate that they originated as halite saturated seawater brines that mixed with lower salinity fluids. Analyses of individual brine inclusions document high concentrations of Zn and Pb (∼1,500 and ∼200 ppm respectively) and identify the brine as responsible for the introduction of base metals. Stable isotope data were acquired for host rock and hydrothermal carbonates (dolomite, calcite) and sulphides (pyrite, sphalerite, galena and chalcopyrite). The ore-forming sulphides show a trend to ³⁴S enrichment from pyrite nodules in the pyritic rock matrix breccia (δ³⁴S = −9.9 to +3.7‰) to paragenetically late chalcopyrite of the main mineralisation event (δ³⁴S = +30.0‰). The observed trend is attributed to Rayleigh fractionation during the complete reduction of sulphate in a restricted reservoir by thermochemical sulphate reduction, and incremental precipitation of the generated sulphide. The initial sulphate reservoir is expected to have had an isotopic signature around 0‰, and may well represent magmatic sulphur, oxidised and leached by the metal-bearing brine. The δ¹⁸O values of successive generations of dolomite, from host dolostone to paragenetically late saddle dolomite follow a consistent trend that yields convincing evidence for extensive water rock interaction at variable fluid–rock ratios. Values of δ¹³C remain virtually unchanged and similar to the host dolostone, thus suggesting insignificant influx of CO₂ during the early and main stages of mineralisation. On the other hand, δ¹³C and δ¹⁸O of post-ore calcite define two distinct clusters that may be attributed to changes in the relative abundance in CH₄ and CO₂ during waning stages of hydrothermal fluid flow.     

Geology and geochemistry of D–O–C isotope systematics of the Qolqoleh gold deposit, Northwestern Iran: Implications for ore genesis

The Qolqoleh gold deposit is located in northwestern part of the Sanandaj–Sirjan metamorphic belt, northwestern Iran. Igneous and sedimentary units exposed in the area have undergone greenschist metamorphism. The area was affected by a NE–SW trending shear zone and subsequent deformation. Two different types of mineralization are distinguished in the Qolqoleh gold deposit based on geological–structural conditions indicated by microtextural analysis: ductile and then brittle. Ore-forming processes are divided into three stages: Early (I), Middle (II) and Late (III), which include quartz–pyrite (I), sulfides and gold (II) and carbonate veinlets (III), respectively. The stage I fluids are characterized by δ¹⁸O = 15.5‰ at 440 ºC, and are thought to be deep-sourced metamorphic waters; the stage III fluids, with δ¹⁸O = 1.6‰, are shallow-sourced meteoric waters; whereas, the stage II fluids, with δ¹⁸O = 13.1‰, are a mixture of deep-sourced metamorphic and shallow-sourced meteoric fluids. Based on comparisons of the D–O–C isotopic systematics, the ore-forming fluids with characteristic high δ¹⁸O and δ¹³C and low δD originated from metamorphic devolatilization of Cretaceous volcano-sedimentary (felsic to mafic metavolcanic rocks–shale–carbonate–carbonaceous chert) sequences, locally rich in organic matter. During late Cretaceous continental collision of the Afro-Arabian continent and the Iranian microcontinent, a crustal slab consisting of felsic to mafic metavolcanic rocks, carbonate, shale and carbonaceous chert was underthrust northwards beneath the central Iranian microcontinent along the Zagros fault. During further contraction, deformation was localized in reverse oblique-slip structures with vergence toward south; shear zones generally follow contacts between more competent and less competent rock units. Metamorphic devolatilization of this underthrust slab is the source of the ore-forming fluids that generated the Au ore belt, which includes the Qolqoleh gold deposit.     

陕西省马鞍桥金矿床地质特征、同位素地球化学与矿床成因

马鞍桥金矿床产于西秦岭造山带商丹断裂带南缘的E-W向脆-韧性剪切带中,矿体定位受剪切带控制并集中于变形强烈的部位,赋矿围岩为泥盆系浅变质沉积建造。出露于矿区的香沟花岗斑岩脉发生蚀变和金矿化,但未达工业品位。矿化岩石和矿石的铅同位素比值与地层接近,而与香沟花岗岩相异,暗示矿石铅不可能来自花岗岩。碳-氧同位素组成特征显示,成矿流体来源于碳酸盐地层或相似岩石建造的变质或改造脱水作用;从成矿早阶段经主阶段到晚阶段,成矿流体的δ¹⁸O及δD值逐渐降低,指示成矿流体从早阶段的变质热液或地层改造热液向晚阶段的大气降水热液演化。马鞍桥金矿分布于大陆内部造山带中,成矿作用与始于印支晚期的陆内造山作用有关,后者以陆内俯冲、推覆叠置和陆壳变质变形等为特点。马鞍桥金矿床地质特征和同位素地球化学组成与阳山超大型金矿床相似,应为类卡林型金矿床或属介于造山型和卡林型之间的过渡类型金矿床。     

安徽铜陵小铜官山铜矿床稀土元素和稳定同位素地球化学研究

安徽铜陵铜官山铜矿田是中国长江中、下游铁、铜、硫、金成矿带中著名的夕卡岩型矿床.小铜官山铜矿床位于安徽铜陵铜官山矿田,侵入岩体为铜官山石英二长闪长岩.成矿过程包括夕卡岩阶段、石英-硫化物阶段和石英-碳酸盐阶段3个主要成矿阶段.笔者通过对小铜官山铜矿床的氢、氧、碳、硫、硅同位素组成和稀土元素地球化学特征研究,探讨成矿溶液中水、硅和硫的来源以及成矿溶液的演化问题.研究表明,成矿热液早期以岩浆热液为主,随着成矿过程的进行,加入的大气降水比重越来越大,到晚期可能主要以大气降水为主.硫的来源主要有两个方面,即地层和岩浆热液,但以后者为主.硅具深部岩浆或岩浆热液水来源的特点.稀土元素球粒陨石标准化组成模式为右倾型,夕卡岩、矿石的稀土配分曲线类似于铜官山岩体石英二长闪长岩,故认为形成本区的夕卡岩型矿床的热液流体主要来源于闪长质熔体.     

周庵铜镍-铂族矿床锆石U-Pb年代学、地球化学及Sr-Nd同位素特征:对周庵基性-超基性岩体及矿床成因的探讨

周庵铜镍铂族矿床位于南秦岭构造带北缘,商丹断裂带南侧。岩体隐伏于新生代沉积物和中元古代大雀山组地层之下,主要由二辉橄榄岩组成,见有少量纯橄榄岩、角闪岩、辉长岩,岩体大部分经受了蛇纹石化、次闪石化、绿泥石化等蚀变作用,矿体主要赋存于周庵岩体与大雀山组地层的内接触带。对辉长岩的LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年表明周庵岩体形成于621±1.5Ma,形成时代为新元古代晚期。Sr-Nd同位素测试得到的Sm-Nd等时线年龄为622±59Ma,与锆石U-Pb年龄一致。(~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr)_t=0.705726~0.706655,(~(147)Nd/~(144)Nd)_t=0.511730~0.511863,ε_(Nd)(t)=-2.05~0.55,显示弱富集的特征。超基性岩主量元素含量显示岩体m/f值为4.47~4.99,为铁质超基性岩,Cu、Ni含量与烧失量之间没有相关关系。矿石和不含矿岩体具相同的稀土元素配分模式,显示轻稀土富集,具弱的正Eu异常。微量元素特征显示Rb、Pb强烈富集,Nb、Ta相对亏损,说明岩浆受到了地壳物质的混染。综合分析认为周庵岩体形成与新元古代晚期,岩浆来源于软流圈地幔,代表Rodinia超大陆裂解事件在南秦岭的地质记录。岩浆侵位时受到了地壳物质的强烈混染,利用Nd同位素估算得混染程度为18.57%,这可能是促发岩浆体系达到硫饱和而发生金属硫化物熔离的主要因素。     

Geology,geochemistry and mineralogy of the lignite-hosted Ambassador palaeochannel uranium and multi-element deposit,Gunbarrel Basin,Western Australia

The Ambassador U and multi-element deposit occurs on the SW margin of the Gunbarrel Basin, Western Australia. Low-grade, flat-lying U mineralization averaging about 2 m thick at 0.03% U occurs in lignites at the redox front at the base of the weathering profile within a laterally extensive palaeochannel network. Uranium is principally associated with organic matter within the lignitic matrix, although rare discrete U minerals, such as coffinite and uraninite, are also present. The lignite is also enriched in a suite of other elements, principally base metals and sulphur, with concentrations of 0.3 ≥ 1% Cu, Pb, Ni, Co, Zn and total rare earth elements (REE) in some samples. Other element enrichments include: Cr, Cs, Sc, Se, Ta, Ti, Th, V and Zr as detrital heavy minerals of Zr, Ti and REE (oxides and silicates) or authigenic minerals of Cu, Bi, Pb, Zn, Ni, Se, Hg, Ti, Cr, Tl, V, U and REE (sulphides, vanadates, selenides, oxides, chlorides and native metals) and diffuse lignite impregnations. The Ambassador deposit probably formed from the convergence of redox-active weathering processes to unique source/host rocks, constrained within the palaeochannel. A proximal source of U and trace elements of lamproite/carbonatite origin is probable, as constrained by U–Pb isotope and U–Th disequilibria studies. Uranium and other metals were precipitated syngenetically with organic matter as it was deposited during a humid phase in the Late Eocene. Remobilization subsequently concentrated the metals in the upper 2 m of the lignite. This may have occurred during one or more periods of weathering and associated diagenesis, with the latest episode in the last 300,000 years.     

The geochemistry, mineralogy and maturity of gossans derived from volcanogenic Zn–Pb–Cu deposits of the eastern Lachlan Fold Belt, NSW, Australia

The Eastern Highlands of Australia have probably been in existence since the Late Cretaceous or earlier and so there has been ample time for mature gossan profiles to form over outcropping volcanogenic Zn–Pb–Cu mineralisation in the eastern Lachlan Fold Belt. The mature gossan profiles are characterised by the upward progression from supergene sulfides to secondary sulfates, carbonates and phosphates into a Fe-oxide dominated surficial capping which may contain boxwork textures after the original sulfides (as at the Woodlawn massive sulfide deposit). However, the region has locally been subjected to severe erosion and the weathering profile over many deposits is incomplete (immature) with carbonate and phosphate minerals, especially malachite, being found in surficial material. These immature gossans contain more Cu, Pb and Zn but lower As, Sn (and probably Au) than the mature gossans. Although Pb is probably the best single pathfinder for Zn–Pb–Cu VHMS deposits of the eastern Lachlan Fold Belt, Ag, As, Au, Bi, Mo, Sb and Sn are also useful, with most of these elements able to be concentrated in substantial amounts in Fe oxides and alunite–jarosite minerals.     

皖南歙县邓家坞钼矿床年代学及Hf同位素地球化学研究

歙县邓家坞片麻状花岗闪长岩体位于扬子陆块南缘,区内钼矿体主要产于岩体与变质流纹凝灰岩的外接触带上,受区内北东向的断裂控制。歙县邓家坞花岗闪长岩具有强过铝质的特征,为S-型花岗岩,属于高钾钙碱性系列岩石。岩石富集大离子亲石元素(Rb、Th、K),相对亏损高场强元素(Nb、Ta、Ti),稀土元素含量较低(ΣREE=114.3×10^-6~259.1×10^-6),轻重稀土分异明显(ΣLREE/ΣHREE=6.48~10.98),中等的Eu负异常(Eu_N/Eu_N^*=0.46~0.60),具有典型岛弧岩浆岩的特征。锆石U-Pb同位素定年结果显示²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U表面年龄为739~816Ma,加权平均年龄为772±11Ma (MSWD=5.0),表明邓家坞片麻状花岗闪长岩体形成于新元古代,与皖南新元古代花岗闪长岩的主成岩年龄(740~825Ma)基本一致。根据岩石Zr含量计算出歙县邓家坞花岗闪长岩的"锆石饱和温度"为792~827℃。锆石Hf同位素ε_Hf(t)为0.55~4.69,平均值为2.48,二阶段模式年龄(t_DM2)为1364~1565Ma,表明邓家坞片麻状花岗闪长岩源区主要为新生地壳组分。邓家坞钼矿5个辉钼矿样品Re-Os同位素定年的模式年龄为141.1~141.6Ma,等时线年龄为141.8±2.2Ma,表明该钼矿的成矿时代为早白垩世。邓家坞片麻状花岗闪长岩体不是成矿岩体,因此推测可能其深部有隐伏的早白垩世岩体。辉钼矿的Re含量为12.6×10^-6~43.8×10^-6,表明成矿物质以壳源为主。     

西秦岭李坝金矿床地质、同位素地球化学及其成因探讨

李坝金矿床位于西秦岭造山带中的礼-岷矿集区内,赋矿围岩为泥盆系浅变质细碎屑岩,矿床产于中川岩体的外侧热接触变质带内,矿体主要受断裂破碎带控制.本文在李坝金矿床地质特征研究的基础上,对赋矿围岩、花岗斑岩岩脉、矿石硫化物进行了LA-MC-ICPMS原位微区硫同位素测试及化学溶样法分析,对不同地质体的铅同位素进行了系统测定与...     

A stable isotope and fluid inclusion study of the Qaleh-ZariCu–Au–Ag deposit, Khorasan Province, Iran

The Qaleh-Zari copper deposit, located in South Khorasan in the Central Lut region of Iran, is a polymetallic vein deposit with major amounts of Cu, Au, Ag and minor amounts of Pb, Zn and Bi. Mineralization occurs in a series of NW–SE trending fault planes and breccia zones in Paleogene andesitic to basaltic volcanic rocks. Argillization, sericitization and propylitization characterize alteration halos bordering mineral veins. The main ore minerals are chalcopyrite, pyrite, galena and sphalerite, with quartz, calcite and minor chlorite as the main gangue phases. Microthermometric measurements of fluid inclusions in cogenetic quartz indicate homogenization temperatures between 160 and 300 °C and salinities from 1 to 4 wt% NaCl equiv. Boiling occurred in the mineralising fluids at 160–1000 m below the paleo-water table at pressures of approximately 15−80 bar at various stages in the formation of the ore body. The wide range of pressures and temperatures reflects the multi-stage nature of the mineralization at Qaleh-Zari. The δ¹⁸O values in quartz (relative to SMOW) and δ³⁴S values in chalcopyrite and galena (relative to CDT) range from 6.5 to 7.5‰ and 0.0–1.5‰ (mean: 7.0‰), respectively. At 300 °C, calculated fluid δ¹⁸O values are close to 0‰. These data suggest a magmatic origin for sulfur and a surficial origin for the mineralizing fluid. Mineralization at Qaleh-Zari is interpreted as epithermal and low-sulfidation in style and was probably related to a deep-seated magmatic system. Ore deposition was the result of boiling, cooling and pressure reduction.