遥感与中国可持续发展:机遇和挑战

中国要实现可持续发展,必须积极应对资源短缺、环境恶化、海洋开发和气候变化等一系列重大资源环境问题;随着全球经济发展一体化进程加快,中国必须以全球视角研究和解决面临的资源环境问题。遥感在地球科学、环境科学、资源科学与全球变化研究中具有宏观动态的优点,是不可替代的全球观测手段,是实施可持续发展战略的基础性技术支撑。本文回顾了遥感科学技术进步的历程,总结了国际上围绕可持续发展所开展的全球遥感科学计划,分析了中国遥感现状和服务于可持续发展的前景,并结合国际上地球综合观测系统的发展态势,提出了中国遥感科学技术发展面临的挑战和机遇,进一步阐述了遥感发展面临的建立地球综合观测系统之系统、高精度遥感模型与参数反演、遥感产品真实性检验与遥感性能判据及测试系统、遥感数据与地球系统模式同化、遥感大数据与主动服务等前沿科学与技术问题。最后指出遥感要更好地服务于社会可持续发展,服务于国家的全球战略,服务于国民经济建设;必须创新遥感应用服务模式,加快遥感产业化和商业化进程;建议推进卫星观测系统的商业化,加快无人机遥感发展,促进遥感应用市场化。     

编者按

当前地球系统科学的发展已与卫星遥感技术的进步紧密关联,面向地球系统科学的空间地球观测计划致力于对地球系统关键过程的全面、综合的精准观测.虽然中国地球系统科学卫星起步较晚但发展迅速,目前在国家民用空间基础设施、中国科学院空间科学战略性先导科技专项中已经先后立项或论证了陆地生态系统碳监测卫星、陆地水资源卫星、全球能量平衡观...     

遥感与地球系统科学

地球作为一个高度复杂的非线性系统,各圈层(大气、海洋、陆地、生物、冰雪圈、固体地球)尤其是人类活动等任何组成成份的变化,都会引起地球系统的变化。人类可持续发展面临的巨大科学挑战之一是认识人类赖以生存的、复杂变化的地球系统,认识地球系统如何变化及主要驱动因素,认识地球系统未来变化趋势及如何提高对全球变化的适应能力。卫星独特的全球覆盖和日尺度的观测改变了地球科学的研究方法,它强调所能探测到的多时空尺度上的物理动力过程,在全球范围应对气候变化、能源和环境挑战具有重要作用,揭开了地球系统多学科交叉的新纪元。以地球系统的视野,抓住驱动地球系统的关键循环过程(如能量、水、生物化学循环),是当前地球系统科学的发展趋势。地球系统科学(全球变化)研究需要长期稳定、准确性较高的卫星观测数据,以水循环为例,卫星遥感具备获取全球范围水循环关键参数能力,但是系统性综合观测能力不足,整体精确性受到综合化的可靠空间数据集的限制。目前中国正在积极研制发展新型水循环卫星WCOM(Water Cycle Observation Misssion),并寄希望以此为核心传感器发起全球分布式水循环观测星座系统,进一步提高中国在国际水循环观测与地球系统科学研究方面的话语权与领先能力。     

地球信息科学的路标

地球信息科学 (Geo informatics)是以地球为舞台 ,以研究人—地关系为主题 ,以服务全球变化与区域可持续发展为目标 ,将卫星应用、遥感技术、地理信息系统、电脑辅助设计与制图、多媒体与虚拟技术、互联信息网络为主体的高速全息数字化集成的科学体系 ,形成能对人流、物流、能流进行时空分析与客观调控的战略技术系统 ,是以地球系统信息为研究对象的新兴交叉科学。它依托遥感 (对地观测 )、全球定位系统、地面观测实验台站、网络数据通信、地理信息系统的技术集成 ,同时也仰仗于空间科学、信息科学、模糊数学、景观生态学等的支撑 ,是地球…     

卫星跟踪卫星技术确定地球重力场的加速度法研究

地球重力场是地球的基本物理场,表征着地球物质空间分布、运动和变化,一直是大地测量学科的核心科学任务之一。随着卫星重力测量技术的飞速发展,21世纪初国际卫星重力探测计划,CHAMP、GRACE和GOCE先后成功实施,提供了大量高低卫星跟踪卫星、低低卫星跟踪卫星以及卫星重力梯度观测数据,为研究地球重力场精细结构和构建高精度全球重力场模型提供精确的长波信息。其中,基于卫星跟踪卫星观测值恢复高精度中长波重力场被各国学者广泛而深入地研究。在此背景下,本文研究由卫星跟踪卫星技术利用加速度法确定地球重力场模型的理论与方法。     

岩石受力红外与微波辐射变化机理及地应力遥感关键问题

地应力遥感是遥感科学的新范式,是打开地震遥感预测大门的金钥匙;岩石受力附加电磁辐射的产生机理、感知模型及定量分离是地应力遥感的理论基础。本文简要回顾了地震红外及微波遥感异常研究的历程,系统梳理了固体力学中电磁辐射实验观测的研究成果,包括材料应力与损伤的热像分析、岩石受力破裂过程的红外成像观测、红外波谱辐射观测及微波辐射观测。系统总结了岩石受力电磁辐射变化机理研究的代表性成果,包括矿物晶体压电效应、裂纹尖端放电效应、自由电子逃逸效应、孤立系统能量平衡等岩石物理机制;分析了岩石受力附加电磁辐射变化的量子力学机理,包括晶体原子振动能级跃迁及矿物分子转动能级跃迁;讨论了岩石介电常数变化效应、地表发射率变化效应等遥感物理机制。结合地应力变化驱动下的地球系统耦合现象,分析了地壳岩体电流激发效应、地下氡气逸出效应的原理与不足,总结提出了地球系统地震响应的多尺度性。最后,面向中国地球物理卫星重大计划,提出了地应力遥感亟待突破的三大关键问题,即地应力遥感卫星的波段优选与组合配置、构造活动及地震前兆的遥感识别与复合诊断、地应力响应现象的协同观测与智能分析。     

空间地球科学视角下的全球水循环研究

空间地球科学是利用空间观测的手段,研究地球系统、各子系统之间以及各要素和过程之间的相互作用、变化机制及其发展演化的一门综合性、交叉性学科,为科学家开展地球系统科学研究提供新手段、新思路和全新视角.空间地球科学的发展推动航天技术、遥感和测绘科学、地球系统科学包括气象、海洋、水文、生态等一系列学科的发展,是全球变化背景下促...     

对地观测技术的发展历史、现状及应用

本文介绍了对地观测技术的历史和现状,并针对部分国家(美国、法国、日本、中国)的对地观测技术的发展现状和策略进行分析。美国EOS计划和ESE计划的实施极大地推动了对地观测技术的发展,同时也推动对地球科学事业的发展;法国以高分辨率SPOT卫星系列为其对地观测技术的特色;日本制定了对地观测技术的基本发展策略;中国作为发展中国家,在对地观测技术方面的发展起步较晚,但发展势头迅猛。此外,笔者以滑坡灾害系统为例说明了对地观测技术在地球系统科学研究中的应用及技术优势。     

面向星群的遥感影像智能服务关键问题EI北大核心CSCD

全天时、全天候和全球的遥感信息实时智能服务是对地观测系统建设的目标。近几年来,随着我国高分专项和商业卫星的发展,在轨卫星数量急剧增加,对地观测能力得到极大增强,使得传统的单星和星座卫星系统的运控、接收、处理和应用服务模式面临严峻挑战,亟须统筹规划卫星应用各环节资源,充分发挥多星协同优势,构建统一的遥感影像实时智能服务体系和系统。本文针对遥感星群卫星体系特点和对地观测用户需求特征,开展面向星群的遥感影像智能服务关键问题研究。提出了面向任务的全球多尺度语义描述网格,统筹全球动静态的任务语义描述,在此基础上重点分析了面向星群的自主任务管理、精准动态规划和协同智能处理等关键技术问题,形成集任务描述、任务管控、任务规划、在轨处理、终端分发一体化的星群智能服务技术体系。通过充分发挥星群协同的优势,结合在轨处理和人工智能技术来降低各环节时间延迟,提高数据处理精度,从而实现完全自动化和智能化的近实时星群智能服务,为对地观测的全天时、全天候快速高效智能服务奠定基础。     

亚洲大洋洲区域综合地球观测系统计划进展

亚洲大洋洲区域综合地球观测系统是为实现国际地球观测组织总体战略目标而设立的区域地球观测合作计划,旨在面向亚大区域国家对地球观测技术的应用需求,保障亚大区域地球观测空间信息的精准获取与主动服务,增强地球观测技术支撑区域可持续发展的综合能力。该计划由地球观测组织亚大区域成员国共同提出,并对亚大地区的所有国家和参与组织开放。通过国际地球观测组织亚大区域政府间合作机制,在国家、区域和全球层面建立有效的合作框架,积极协调区域内的地球观测资源设施的互联互通、技术合作与共享服务,促进亚大区域国家在社会经济关键领域的应用,共同应对可持续发展、全球变化和重大灾害的挑战。     

Error analysis of exterior orientation elements on geolocation for a Moon-based Earth observation optical sensor

ABSTRACT

The Moon is a potential new platform for Earth observation. The advantages of its large-scale observational scope, long temporal duration, and multi-layer detecting of the Earth will undoubtedly advance our understanding of the Earth system. To carry out the observations from a Moon-based optical sensor, the geolocation error caused by exterior orientation elements need to be investigated. This paper analyses the error effects of exterior orientation elements on geolocation for an optical sensor. To estimate the error, we present a geometric image model and utilise some parameters to measure the image offsets. Through a large number of numerical simulations, the results demonstrate that the image offsets are not obvious influenced by the distance and observation angle at mid-high latitude of the Moon and have linear correlation with the increasing errors of the exterior orientation elements. Further, the relationship between the spatial resolution and errors of exterior orientation elements are revealed. Finally, the error characteristics for Moon-based Earth observation are discussed. It is expected that the conclusion drawn in this paper could support the study of a Moon-based Earth observation optical sensor.     

The angular characteristics of Moon-based Earth observations

ABSTRACT

The Moon, Earth’s only natural satellite, is a potential new platform for Earth observation. Moreover, with the wide applicability of the angular information from remote sensing data, it has been attracting increasingly more attention. Accordingly, this study focuses on the angular characteristics of Moon-based Earth observations. Using ephemeris DE430 and Earth orientation parameters, the position and attitude of the Sun, Earth, and Moon were obtained and their coordinates normalized to a single framework using coordinate transformations between the related reference systems. Then, an angular geometric model of Moon-based Earth observations was constructed, and the corresponding angular algorithms were presented. The results revealed the angular range and distribution characteristics of Moon-based Earth observations. For every point on the surface of the Earth, the view and solar zenith angles all vary widely, which decreases with increasing latitude. The view and solar zenith angles all vary widely with the largest range of values in the equatorial and polar regions and a smaller range of values in mid-latitudes. Furthermore, the range of solar angles of Moon-based Earth observations is the same as that of all-time solar angles, indicating the potential for monitoring and understanding large-scale geoscientific phenomena using Moon-based Earth observations.     

Moon-based Earth observation: scientific concept and potential applications

Although Earth’s surface parameters obtained from satellite data have become more and more precise, it is still difficult to guarantee temporal consistency and spatial continuity for large-scale geoscience phenomena. Developing new Earth observation platforms is a feasible way to improve the consistency and continuity of such data. As the planet’s only natural satellite, the Moon has special advantages as a platform for observing Earth, including long lifetime, whole disk view, tectonic stability and unique perspective. After presenting the observation geometry constructed by using the ephemeris, this paper mainly discusses the characteristics of a lunar platform and the proper Moon-based sensors, as well as the scientific objectives of Moon-based Earth observation. Solid Earth dynamics, the energy budget of Earth, Earth’s environmental elements and the Earth-space environment are four potential applications analysed in this paper.     

Small satellites for global coverage: Potential and limits

There is an increasing need for Earth Observation (EO) missions to meet the information requirements in connection with Global Change Studies. Small and cost-effective missions are powerful tools to flexibly react to information requirements with space-borne solutions. Small satellite missions can be conducted relatively quickly and inexpensively by using commercial off-the-shelf-technologies, or they can be enhanced by using advanced technologies. A new class of advanced small satellites, including autonomously operating “intelligent” satellites may be created, opening new fields of application. The increasing number of small satellites and their applications drive developments in the fields of small launchers, small ground station networks, cost-effective data distribution methods, and cost-effective management and quality assurance procedures. There are many advantages of small satellite missions, like more frequent mission opportunities, a faster return of data, larger variety of missions, more rapid expansion of the technical and/or scientific knowledge base, greater involvement of small industry, feasibility by universities and others.This paper deals with general trends in the field of small satellite missions for Earth observation. Special attention is given to the potential of spatial, spectral, and temporal resolution of small satellite based systems. Examples show small satellites offer also the unique possibility to install affordable constellations to provide good daily coverage of the globe and/or allow us to observe dynamic phenomena.The facts and examples given in this paper lead to the conclusion: Small satellites are already powerful tools for monitoring global, regional and local phenomena. In the future, their application spectrum will even broaden based on the ongoing development in many areas of technology and observation techniques.     

Precise station positions from VLBI observations to satellites: a simulation study

Very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) tracking of satellites is a topic of increasing interest for the establishment of space ties. This shall strengthen the connection of the various space geodetic techniques that contribute to the International Terrestrial Reference Frame. The concept of observing near-Earth satellites demands research on possible observing strategies. In this paper, we introduce this concept and discuss its possible benefits for improving future realizations of the International Terrestrial Reference System. Using simulated observations, we develop possible observing strategies that allow the determination of radio telescope positions in the satellite system on Earth with accuracies of a few millimeters up to 1–2 cm for weekly station coordinates. This is shown for satellites with orbital heights between 2,000 and 6,000 km, observed by dense regional as well as by global VLBI-networks. The number of observations, as mainly determined by the satellite orbit and the observation interval, is identified as the most critical parameter that affects the expected accuracies. For observations of global positioning system satellites, we propose the combination with classical VLBI to radio sources or a multi-satellite strategy. Both approaches allow station position repeatabilities of a few millimeters for weekly solutions.     

雷达遥感六十年：四个阶段的发展

雷达遥感问世60年来已经历了4个阶段的发展,其在对地观测中的作用正日益凸显,已经广泛应用于不同领域。4个阶段分别是单波段单极化阶段,多波段多极化阶段,极化和干涉阶段,以及以双/多站或星座、高时序高分宽幅、3维成像为代表的新阶段。本文结合作者长期在雷达遥感领域的研究经历,总结和回顾了雷达遥感的阶段发展和具有里程碑式的代表性技术;从观测技术、数据处理和应用角度阐述了新阶段雷达遥感的发展趋势,以及雷达遥感与人工智能和大数据结合的思考;最后着眼未来,介绍了月基雷达对地观测平台的前瞻性研究。     

月球平均运动和地球自转速率长期变化的潮汐耗散

利用1983～1994年(共11年)期间,全球人卫激光测距(SLR)观测网对Lageos-1卫星的观测资料,估算二阶重力场系数和潮汐参数。SLR和卫星测高的潮汐解被用来计算月球轨道根数相对黄道坐标系的长期变化和地球自转速率的长期变化。SLR确定的总的潮汐耗散引起的月球平均运动的长期变化为-24.78″/世纪2,与激光测月结果（(-24.9±1.0)″/世纪2) 非常一致。日月潮汐引起的地球自转速率的长期变化为 -5.25×10-22rad /s2,顾及地球扁率变化（2）的非潮汐效应,对应的日长变化为1.49 ms/世纪,与1620年以来的天文月掩星结果（1.4 ms/世纪）十分相符。本文还联合卫星测高和人卫激光测距确定的潮汐解,在月球平均运动和地球自转速率的长期变化中,分离出固体地球和海洋的耗散效应。     

Global geospatial data from Earth observation: status and issues

ABSTRACT

Data covering the whole of the surface of the Earth in a homogeneous and reliable manner has been accumulating over many years. This type of data became available from meteorological satellites from the 1960s and from Earth-observing satellites at a small scale from the early 1970s but has gradually accumulated at larger scales up to the present day when we now have data covering many environmental themes at large scales. These data have been used to generate information which is presented in the form of global data sets. This paper will give a brief introduction to the development of Earth observation and to the organisations and sensors which collect data and produce global geospatial data sets. Means of accessing global data sets will set out the types of data available that will be covered. Digital elevation models are discussed in a separate section because of their importance in georeferencing image data as well as their application to analysis of thematic data. The paper will also examine issues of availability, accuracy, validation and reliability and will look at future challenges.     

Development,application, and prospects for Chinese land observation satellites

The launching of CBERS-01 (China Brazil Earth Resource Satellite) in 1999, China’s first land observation satellite, signifies an unprecedented milestone in Chinese satellite remote sensing history. Since then, a large number of applications have been developed that drew upon solely CBERS-01 and other Chinese land observation satellites. The application development evolves from one satellite to multiple satellites, from one series of satellites to multiple series, from scientific research to industrial applications. Six aspects of the Chinese land observation satellite program are discussed in this paper: development status, data sharing and distribution, satellite calibration, industrial data applications, future prospects, and conclusion.     

中国海洋卫星及应用进展

中国十分重视海洋遥感及其监测技术的发展,初步形成了具有优势互补的海洋遥感观测体系,并发挥了显著的经济和社会效益。其中,海洋一号(HY-1A/B)卫星已经广泛应用于中国海温预报业务系统、冬季海冰业务监测、夏季赤潮和绿潮监测、海岸带动态变化监测、近岸海水水质监测和渔业遥感监测等方面。海洋二号(HY-2A)卫星不仅填补了中国海洋动力环境卫星遥感的空白,也是目前国际上唯一在轨运行的集主被动微波遥感器于一身的综合型海洋动力环境卫星,具备同时获取风场、有效波高、海面高度和海面温度的能力。通过卫星获得的数据提高了中国海洋环境监测与灾害性海况预报的水平,为国民经济建设和国防建设、海洋科学研究、全球变化研究等提供了可靠的遥感数据,同时还在国际对地观测体系中发挥了重要作用,受到国内外用户的高度认可。海洋一号和海洋二号卫星系列为中国建立完善的海洋环境立体监测体系奠定了坚实基础。根据国家发展和"一带一路"建设的实施,在加快建设海洋强国、维护海洋权益和加快发展海洋经济的进程中对海洋遥感的发展也进一步提出了更高的要求和更紧迫的需求。为此,紧紧围绕国家海洋强国战略需求,在《国家民用空间基础设施中长期发展规划(2015年—2025年)》中专门规划了海洋观测卫星系列,服务于中国的海洋资源开发、环境保护、防灾减灾、权益维护、海域使用管理、海岛海岸带调查和极地大洋考察等方面,同时兼顾陆地和大气观测领域的需求。在充分继承已有HY-1A/B、HY-2A、高分三号(GF-3)和中法海洋卫星(CFOSAT)成功研制经验和应用成果的基础上,发展多种光学和微波遥感技术,建设新一代的海洋水色卫星和海洋动力环境卫星,具备卫星组网观测能力;发展海洋监视监测卫星,构建优势互补的海洋卫星综合观测体系。通过空间基础设施的建设,海洋遥感卫星必将在建设海洋强国的进程中发挥出重要作用。