The effects of natural capital protection on pastoralist’s livelihood and management implication in the source region of the Yellow River, China

The interaction among different livelihood capitals is a key to generate a deeper understanding of the livelihood sustainability.In this paper,we use net income per capita(economic capital),meat and milk production per capita(physical capital),and areas of fenced pasture,livestock shelter,grassland rodent control and planted grassland(physical capital) as proxy indicators of livelihood promotion,livelihood provision,and livelihood protection respectively.By developing a correlation model between pastoralists’ livelihood protection and improvement,we found that(1) there is a statistically significant correlation between the pastoralists’ livelihood protection and promotion;(2) based on the maximum effect of pastoralists’ livelihood promotion and provision,there is a benchmark in the effect of the intervention intensity of livelihood capital(grassland resource protection) on livelihood improvement;(3) on basis of two indicators,i.e.net income per capita and meat production per capita,the reasonable scales of fenced pasture,livestock shelter and planted grassland are less than 843,860 and 46 thousand hectares(hm2) per year respectively.With the marginal effect of livelihood protection,moderately decreased areas of fenced pasture and planted grassland,and increased area of livestock shelter is a critical to ensure pastoralist’s livelihood sustainability.     

A Qualitative Appraisal of China’s Efforts in Fishing Capacity Management

I Introduction Many of the world’s commercially important fishstocks are overexploited and some are even depleted(FAO 1997, 2005). Overcapacity is considered to be amain factor leading to such a tragedy (FAO, 1999). Con-sequently, the existence of excess capacity has been sin-gled out by FAO (1995, 1998, 1999) as a matter of grow-ing concern over the last decades or so. This represents amajor shift in the fishery policy at the international level,from focusing almost exclusively on the is…     

Spatial and Temporal Variability of Thermal Stress to China’s Coral Reefs in South China Sea

Coral bleaching, caused by elevated sea surface temperature(SST), is occurring more frequently and seriously worldwide. Due to the lack of field observations, we understand little about the large-scale variability of thermal stress in the South China Sea(SCS) and its effect on China’s coral reefs. This paper used 4-km high resolution gap-filled SST(Filled SST) data and thermal stress data related to coral bleaching derived from Coral Reef Temperature Anomaly Database(Co RTAD) to quantify the spatial and temporal characteristics of chronic thermal stress and acute thermal stress to China’s coral reefs in SCS from 1982 to 2009. We analyzed the trend of SST in summer and the thermal stress frequency, intensity and duration during this period. The results indicate that, as a chronic thermal stress, summer mean SST in SCS shows an average upward trend of 0.2℃/decade and the spatial pattern is heterogeneous. Waters of Xisha Islands and Dongsha Islands of the northern SCS are warming faster through time compared to Zhongsha Islands and Nansha Islands sea areas of the southern SCS. High frequency bleaching related thermal stress events for these reefs are seen in the area to the northwest of Luzon Island. Severe anomaly thermal stress events are more likely to occur during the subsequent year of the El Nino year for these coral reefs. Besides, the duration of thermal stress varies considerably by anomaly year and by region.     

Farmer’s adaptive strategies on land competition between societal outcomes and agroecosystem conservation in the purple-soiled hilly region, southwestern China

The worldwide extension and intensification of farming during the last century has led to ecosystem degradation and caused a series of environmental problems.Conservation of ecosystem services in agricultural regions has been implemented by top-down government actions or initiated by resilience scientists in the developed countries,but little attention was paid in the developing countries,especially in some remote mountainous regions.The present paper presents a case study showing how local farmers obtained both maximal societal outcomes and agroecosystem conservation interests in the absence of distinct boundaries between agricultural and protected ecological areas in the densely populated purple-soiled hilly region of southwestern China.The local community(Yanting County) has developed a mosaic agricultural-forestry-fishery-stock breeding system with spatially targeted land uses,diverse agricultural productions and multiple ecological partnerships.It indicates that the local farmers have hereditarily perceived sound strategies on maximizing sustainable societal outcomes and optimizing tradeoffs among macro-market,state policy,new technological facility and ecological reinforcement.     

Spatial interaction and network structure evolvement of cities in terms of China’s rail passenger flows

Cities separated in space are connected together by spatial interaction （SI） between them. But the studies focusing on the SI are relatively few in China mainly because of the scarcity of data. This paper deals with the SI in terms of rail passenger flows, which is an important aspect of the network structure of urban agglomeration. By using a data set consisting of rail O-D （origin-destination） passenger flows among nearly 200 cities, inter-city rail distance O-D matrixes, and some other indices, it is found that the attenuating tendency of rail passenger is obvious. And by the analysis on dominant flows and spatial structure of flows, we find that passenger flows have a trend of polarizing to hubs while the linkages between hubs upgrade. However, the gravity model reveals an overall picture of convergence process over time which is not in our expectation of integration process in the framework of globalization and eco- nomic integration. Some driven factors for the re-organization process of the structure of urban agglomeration, such as technique advance, globalization, etc. are discussed further based on the results we obtained.     

Characteristics and Cause Analysis of Variations in Light Precipitation Events in the Central and Eastern Tibetan Plateau,China, During 1961–2019

The Tibetan Plateau(TP) is one of the most sensitive areas and is more susceptible to climate change than other regions in China. The TP also experiences extremely frequent light precipitation events compared to precipitation of other intensities. However, the definition, influencing factors, and characteristics of light precipitation in the TP have not been accurately explained. This study investigated the variation characteristics of light precipitation with intensities(Pre) of 0.1–10.0 mm/d b...     

Local Responses to Macro Development Policies and Their Effects on Rural System in China’s Mountainous Regions:The Case of Shuanghe Village in Sichuan Province

China has promulgated a series of policies including the Western Development Program, the Grain for Green Project, agricultural support policies and building a new countryside strategy to eliminate east-west differences and urban-rural disparities since the late 1990s. This paper gives a holistic examination on local responses to the four typical macro socio-economic development policies and their effects on rural system based on a case study of a mountainous village in southern Sichuan Province. The results showed that the policies have not moved the case study village from its historically marginal status. To some extent, its socio-economic situation might have been worsened by accelerated out- migration of the youth, loss of agricultural land due to afforestation and industrial plants, increased fire hazard due to afforestation and reforestation, increased environmental pollution due to industrial enterprises attracted to the village and a steep decline in agricultural production due to loss of and inefficient use of cultivated land. Factors causing local villages’ dilemmas include the nonuniformity of actors’ objectives, finiteness of villagers’ abilities, and the imperfect incentive and restraint mechanism for local government’s activities under existing policy framework composed of uncoordinated one-size-fits- all policies. We suggest that China’s rural policy in the new period should gradually shift from a sectoral to a place-based one, from top-down incentives to the development of bottom-up projects, and fully recognize the diversity of rural space, so as to lift localcapacities and make good use of the knowledge shared by different actors. Moreover, it is also necessary to integrate the various sectoral policies, and improve the interministerial and interdepartmental coordination of rural policies at regional and local levels.     

Gradient effect on farmers’ income in the mountain areas and its implication for poverty alleviation strategies: Empirical analysis from the upper reach of Minjiang River, China

Using four types of settlements in the upper reach of Minjiang River as case,we establish structural models in farmers’ income of different settlement patterns based on rural household panel data to reveal the gradient effect on farmers’ income and determinants.The results indicate that:(1) except the resettlement area,the incomes for farmers living in river valley,semi-mountain,and high-mountain settlements present a decreasing trend with the elevation increasing;on the contrary,their nonfarm earnings show an increasing trend with the elevation decreasing;(2) from the effect on farmers’ income,there is a common feature that the nonfarm earnings and farming incomes have significant positive effects,and family size and productive expenditure have significant negative effects.One exception to this is the productive expenditure,which becomes insignificant in the model of resettlement area;(3) from the way of increasing farmers’ income and alleviating poverty,there are great differences for four types of settlements in mountain areas,however,the improvement of agricultural product sales,agricultural production subsidies,the expansion for nonfarm employment,and the control of the family’s size are the most effective approaches for poverty alleviation.     

广东省城镇居民消费结构变动的定量分析

利用扩展的线性支出系统(ELES),依据1997年及2003年广东省城镇居民年人均可支配收入和消费支出的截面数据,对广东城镇居民消费结构的变动情况进行定量分析。分析结果表明,广东城镇居民在“衣”和“食”得到满足之余,越来越重视对“住”与“行”的消费,同时,对精神文化、教育、交往联络、自身健康和保健也越来越关注,并提出了促进广东城镇居民消费结构优化和升级的几点建议。     

基于路网数据和复杂图论的中国城市交通布局评价

城市化的快速发展推动了我国城市道路网的不断扩张和发展.城市道路网是一个动态、开放、自组织的空间复杂网络,构成了城市的结构框架,研究城市道路网的结构特征对路网规划和城市建设有着重要的应用价值.在国内城市道路网络结构特征的相关研究中,很少有学者基于道路走向的视角对整个城市路网结构进行研究,也缺少对全国主要城市路网的整体性评...     

The Structure and Pattern of Urban Network in the Lanzhou-Xining Urban Agglomeration

In this paper, we use factor analysis to evaluate the urban comprehensive quality of each city in the Lanzhou-Xining(Lan-Xi) urban agglomeration. The time distance was obtained by using GIS spatial analysis, and the structure and pattern of the spatial network were analyzed by using the gravity model and social network analysis method. The results show that: 1) The scale effect of the Lan-Xi urban agglomeration is gradually emerging, and it is gradually forming the urban agglomeration with Lanzhou and Xining as the core, the Lan-Xi high-speed railway as the axis, and a high-dense connection. 2) Lanzhou and Xining are at the core of the Lan-Xi urban agglomeration, which has a strong attraction and spreads to neighboring cities. 3) In the network structure of the Lan-Xi urban agglomeration, Lanzhou, Baiyin, Gaolan, Yuzhong, Yongdeng, Dingxi, Lintao, Xining, Ledu, Huangzhong, Ping'an, Minhe and Datong are located in the network core position, which have the superiority position and lead to the entire regional communication enhancement and the regional integration development. 4) This urban agglomeration has significant subgroups, eight tertiary subgroups and four secondary subgroup; the tertiary subgroups which compose secondary subgroup have a close connection and mutually influence each other. 5) The Lanzhou Metropolitan Area and the Xining Metropolitan Area have an important impact on the surrounding cities, and the peripheral cities are basically controlled by the central city. The Dingxi subgroup, Lintao-Linxia subgroup, Gonghe subgroup have more structural holes than the subgroups within the Lanzhou Metropolitan Area and the Xining Metropolitan Area, so the peripheral cities of these subgroups have relatively less connection with surrounding cities.     

小世界网络特征识别的城市交通状态网络自相关分析

大量研究表明,考虑了空间多维性的小世界网络模型对于研究交通网络特性对交通流的影响很有必要。但现有相关研究普遍未能有效找出小世界网络特征产生的临界阈值进而判断网络结构特征对城市交通运行的影响。以伦敦市主干道路网络为案例,通过网络环境下的Moran's I和Getis-Ord's G两个统计量,找出道路网络结构的小世界特征及其网络动力产生的临界阈值,并利用基于交通网络距离的半变异(方差)函数分析该临界阈值是否合理,然后运用网络自相关分析小世界网络结构特征及其网络动力对道路交通流的影响。结果表明:(1)伦敦市主干道路网络的全局Moran's I和全局Getis-Ord's G的收敛值是0.34,小世界网络现象或动力出现的临界阈值是17 000 m;(2)半方差图显示估算的小世界网络特征出现的阈值距离远小于理论半变异函数模型估算的空间相关性作用范围,且在该阈值附近半变异值呈明显上升趋势,表明该阈值是合理的;(3)在此阈值影响范围下,伦敦市主干道路段间交通流网络自相关性总体上呈显著正自相关特征,其局域空间关联格局呈中心区低-低和外围高-高的分布模式。     

广佛都市区道路网络与城镇建设用地间的影响分析

采用1957与1982年的地形图和1995与2008年两时相的卫星影像提取城镇建设用地信息,运用ArcGIS建立广佛都市区路网与建设用地数据库.采用相关性分析方法,定量地分析广佛都市区道路密度与建设用地之间的影响.结果表明,道路密度和城镇建设用地比重两个变量系数之间呈高度的线性正相关关系,不同年份区镇的道路密度与城镇建...     

隧道富水程度遥感定量判释评估应用

本文列举分析了国内外由于未查明隧道水文地质条件给隧道施工和治理而产生问题的若干实例 ,指出水文地质勘测工作的重要性 ,叙述了利用遥感手段确定隧道富水程度与地面勘测方法的区别。重点介绍利用“遥感定量判释应用模式”评估隧道富水程度的思路 ,具体方法与步骤以及应用“隧道遥感富水程度估算经验公式”时应注意的问题。     

城市天然气管网火灾定量风险分析系统研究与实现

随着城市天然气管网大面积铺设和投入使用,管线的安全风险问题日益突出。相关天然气泄漏、火灾、爆炸等事故对民众财产和人身安全产生了严重威胁。针对这一问题,基于GIS技术提出了一套燃气管网定量风险分析模型,结合燃气泄漏引发建筑物火灾的特殊背景下,提出适用的城市火灾蔓延模型,借助C#编程与ArcGIS Engine平台,开发一套城市天然气管网火灾定量风险分析系统。试验结果表明,本文系统有效地预测事故可能发生区域以及事故影响区域,并对发生火灾概率较大的区域实现蔓延模拟,从而预先对存在事故隐患的区域进行重点风险评价、安全教育乃至整个城市的二次规划和重建,有效抵御事故的发生,防患于未然。     

基于自然地理分区的中国公路网时空变化分析

本文利用2011-2019年国家1∶50000基础地理信息数据库中的公路网数据,以及国家统计局发布的2019年全国县级行政区人口数据,按照我国四大自然地理分区,采用路网里程、路网面积密度、路网人口密度等指标,分析我国公路网2011-2019年自然地理布局特点和变化情况,希望能够从自然地理分区的视角,为国土空间规划、公路...     

基于夜间遥感和POI的荆门市能耗空间定量化分析

以全球变暖和极端气候为主要特征的气候变化已成为世界各国普遍关注的重大环境问题,全球性的碳排放问题亟待解决已是非常明确的科学共识.然而城市能源消耗尤其是在街道街区尺度能源消耗空间定量化研究目前较少,不利于城市采取精准控制、优化能源结构和减少碳排放措施.本文以资源型城市荆门作为案例城市,以夜间遥感数据、POI等空间数据为基...     

基于腾讯迁徙数据的中国城市群国庆长假城际出行模式与网络特征

城际出行具有时间依赖性,不同时间约束与特定时期的城际出行具有相异性,反映的出行模式与表达的地理空间联系规律具有差异性。迁徙大数据记录的人口移动实时记录为开展基于时间依赖的城际出行网络提供了可能。本文以全国 19个城市群为研究区域,利用腾讯平台提供的居民城际出行数据,对国庆长假期间（2016年10月1—7日）中国城市群城际出行时段变化特征、城际出行模式及其网络结构进行了研究。结果表明：① 黄金周城际出行具有明显的基于出行期、返程期和旅途期的时段变化规律;② 国庆长假期间的中国城市群城际出行分别形成了轴辐式、多中心与单中心3种城际出行模式; ③ 出行期、返程期的城际出行具有类似于春运人口流动的时空对称规律,城市群城际出行呈现出以主要城市群整体、城市群核心城市与邻近外围城市间的中短距离流动的长假出行特征,中西部城市群城际出行具有典型的“潮汐式”流动特征;④ 基于腾讯人口迁徙大数据,通过对黄金周期间出行期、返程期与旅途期的科学划分,较好地实现了国庆长假城际出行特征与模式的挖掘,同时也为长假城际交通管理与道路资源优化调配方案的制定提供支撑。