中国建设用地空间格局分析

全面准确地分析中国建设用地空间格局,是衡量城市景观的生态环境效应和制定区域发展战略的重要依据。为此,本文基于空间分辨率为12 m的2012年的全球城市足迹数据,分别在国家、经济区和城市群量化了中国建设用地空间格局。结果表明,12 m分辨率的数据能更细致和准确地刻画中国建设用地的特征。2012年中国建设用地面积为1.73×10⁵ km²,占中国陆地总面积的1.81%。从建设用地的空间格局来看,城市群尺度的建设用地破碎度最高,其建设用地平均斑块密度分别是国家和经济区平均水平的3.66倍和1.62倍。进一步分析表明,社会经济和地形因素共同影响建设用地空间格局。今后,应针对建设用地空间格局破碎问题,因地制宜地制定合理的措施,推动中国建设用地的合理发展。     

禹城市农村居民点空间分布模式和景观格局

以禹城市农村居民点为研究对象,基于禹城市2000和2017年遥感影像解译数据,综合运用GIS、景观生态学及统计学理论与方法,分析了2000年与2017年禹城市乡村聚落的景观格局指数和空间演变特征。结果表明:禹城市两个时期农村居民点在空间分布特征上存在显著差异,与2000年相比,2017年禹城市农村居民点分布更加聚集;从聚集程度来看,禹城市农村居民点聚集的态势不够显著,这与禹城市当地的自然环境有密切的关系;禹城市农村居民点总体用地规模和数量虽然在减少,但部分居民点用地规模增加明显,居民点有集聚发展的态势,同时禹城市农村居民点斑块形态由复杂化向规则化转变。     

Classification and Spatial Pattern of Township Development in Liaoning Province,China

The classification of township development types is an urgent problem that requires solution to enable the township to choose an appropriate development path. Using a township development classification method, we determine the township development types and their spatial patterns in Liaoning Province, China. The results showed that the patterns of township development types based on their general advantages had significant spatial differentiations. The planting, and livestock and poultry breedi...     

Spatial and Temporal Pattern of Urban Smart Development in China and Its Driving Mechanism

Smart urban development is an inevitable choice, and is essential to overall strength improvement. It is important to explore an urban smart development path which unites smart growth with driving shrinkage perfectly in forming scientific and sustainable development concept and responding to new normal strategic opportunities. Based on statistic data of 294 prefecture-level cities and above in China from 2000 to 2015, we analyzed spatial and temporal evolution of urban smart development in China by constructing a dynamic fitting model of urban land expansion, population growth, and economic development as well as the coefficient of variation of urban smart development(CVSD). Further efforts were then made to consider differential distribution regularity of urban smart development so as to understand the driving mechanisms of heterogeneous classification of urban smart development in China from different scales and scale variation. Our results indicate that: 1) the disordered growth tendency of urban cities in China is overall well controlled in the middle, and late research and it mainly presented a doublet coexistence of shrinkage disordered cities and smart developing cities. It is particularly obvious that Northeast China and East China have regarded shrinkage disordered cities and smart developing cities as main development tendency separately. 2) Areas with basic stability and relative variation were relatively dispersed across the time period, but the proportion was far beyond areas with significant variation. It demonstrates a relative equilibrium spatial and temporal differential evolution pattern of prefecture-level cities and above in China, except for Tongling, Lanzhou and Chaoyang. 3) prefecture-level cities and above in China are mostly characterized by shrinkage disordered and smart development classification under the background of different scale and scale variation from 2000–2015; however, the spatial resonance relation is not obvious. 4) There are many interaction factors forming an important driving mechanism in developing the spatial and temporal pattern of urban smart development in China, including natural geographical factors, industrial structure adjustment, human capital radiation, regional traffic accessibility, and government decision-making intervention.     

中国城市土地市场发育程度评价及其时空特征分析

从城市土地市场化程度、供需均衡度、土地利用集约节约度、配套机制完善度、投入产出分析五个方面构建城市土地市场发育评价模型,利用2003~2014年间30个省（直辖市、自治区）的数据,对我国城市土地市场发育程度进行测算和评价,并分析其时空分异特征。主要结论如下：1）东南沿海地区城市土地市场发育比较成熟,土地市场发育程度较其他地区高。2）中部地区城市土地市场的发育正处于逐渐加快阶段。3）西部内陆地区城市土地市场的发育还处于起步阶段。4）随着我国经济发展和城镇化建设步伐的不断加快,从时间序列上来看,我国城市土地市场发育的总体态势越来越好。     

中国荒野地空间识别及时空演变

在生态危机日益严峻和生态文明建设日益加快的背景下,中国特殊的区域差异与自然环境限制了人口的均匀分布与社会经济全空间布局,形成了面积大、分布广的荒野地(Wilderness Areas,WAs)。客观、准确界定荒野地的空间范围并分析其时空演变格局,对于开展资源环境承载力评价、生物多样性保护、国家公园与生态安全屏障建设等具有重要意义。当前,对荒野地面积、分布特征与时空演变格局等研究少有定论。本文以2000、2010、2020年多源空间数据为基础,从决定和影响的角度出发,构建荒野地多要素识别模型,对中国荒野地空间范围进行界定,分析其地理分布特征及时空演变格局。研究结果表明:(1)基于多源空间数据,通过建立荒野地决定-影响的耦合关系模型,可准确、有效地识别中国荒野地空间范围;(2)中国荒野地在空间上呈现大范围集中分布,小区域零散分布的状态,3个时期荒野地总面积分别为344.18、297.67、279.86万km²,主要分布在西藏、新疆、青海、内蒙古、黑龙江等省区;(3)中国荒野地面积大部分来源于草地和未利用地,2000—2020年,荒野地面积呈现出逐渐减少的趋势,且200...     

内蒙古贫困地区生态安全评价及空间格局分析

在压力-状态-响应(Pressure-State-Response, PSR)模型确立指标体系的基础上,采用灰色关联度分析和熵值赋权相结合的方法,测算出2012年内蒙古贫困地区生态安全综合,压力,状态和响应指数,对研究区生态安全状况进行综合评价;并利用地理空间分析方法和空间分析软件GeoDA对生态安全综合状况进行空间相关性分析,同时结合研究区自然地理特征和社会经济状况,对其生态安全空间格局特征及成因进行诊断性分析.研究发现:(1) 内蒙古贫困地区生态安全水平整体处于一般状态,等级布局具有大聚集,小分散的特点;(2) 生态安全状况分布并非完全随机性,而是表现出空间相似值之间的空间聚集,具有正相关性;(3) 生态安全等级分布状况呈现出区域分异的特点,总体表现为内蒙古西部和东部贫困地区处于一般状态,而中部贫困地区生态安全水平整体处于良好状态,区域内部生态安全水平具有明显的县域差异;(4) 生态安全水平较好的县域和生态安全处于一般水平的县域,压力,状态,响应指标方面差距明显,且影响因素各异.     

Spatial Pattern Evolution and Influencing Factors of Cold Storage in China

Cold storage is the vital infrastructure of cold chain logistics. In this study, we analyzed the spatial pattern evolution characteristics, spatial autocorrelation and influencing factors of cold storage in China by using kernel density estimation(KDE), spatial autocorrelation analysis(SAA), and spatial error model(SEM). Results showed that: 1) the spatial distribution of cold storage in China is unbalanced, and has evolved from ‘one core' to ‘one core and many spots', that is, ‘one core' refers to the Bohai Rim region mainly including Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, Shandong and Liaoning regions, and ‘many spots' mainly include the high-density areas such as Shanghai, Fuzhou, Guangzhou, Zhengzhou, Hefei, Wuhan, ürümqi. 2) The distribution of cold storage has significant global spatial autocorrelation and local spatial autocorrelation, and the ‘High-High' cluster area is the most stable, mainly concentrated in the Bohai Rim; the ‘Low-Low' cluster area is grouped in the southern China. 3) Economic development level, population density, traffic accessibility, temperature and land price, all affect the location choice of cold storage in varying degrees, while the impact of market demand on it is not explicit.     

Spatial Pattern and Influencing Factors of Regional Ecological Civilisation Construction in China

Ecological civilisation construction is a strategy for regional sustainable development based on a regional system of human-land relations. The comprehensive measurement and regional differentiation in construction levels are the key issues of ecological civilisation construction. This study aims to build 35 index systems that coalesce on four aspects: ecological economic adjustment and operation, ecological and social development and progress, ecological resources and environmental security, and ecological institutional and cultural awareness. We measured and evaluated the level of ecological civilisation construction of 329 cities(prefecture-level cities, autonomous prefectures and leagues) in 2018 using a comprehensive evaluation system and a spatial autocorrelation method to assess spatial differences in the level of ecological civilisation construction across China. This approach takes ‘the humanities-economic geography' comprehensive perspective and uses a GWR(geographically weighted regression) model to analyse 10 influencing factors. Results show that: 1) the level of ecological construction can be divided into five types: higher, high, medium, low, and lower levels, according to the evaluation score. The five types are spindle-shaped in quantity and there is a significant imbalance in their spatial distribution, mainly trending from the southeast coast to the northwest. The land is decreasing, and the southern region is higher in level than the northern region. 2) The results of the spatial autocorrelation method show obvious spatial differences in ecological civilisation construction across China and that the level of ecological civilisation construction is positively autocorrelated. From east to west, the hot zone gradually transitions to a cold zone. A high-high type is mainly distributed in eastern coastal cities of China, and the number of high-low and low-high types are small. The low-low type is mainly distributed in the northwestern and northeastern regions. 3) The effect of influencing factors is heterogeneous in their spatial distribution, and the abundance of ecological resources is the most influential factor. According to the main influencing factors, each region should adhere to the principle of differentiation according to local conditions when choosing its ecological civilisation construction path and establishing an assessment mechanism. This study provides a scientific basis for enriching the regional level measurement of ecological civilisation construction, clarifying the current level of ecological civilisation construction in China, and implementing the regional differentiation path of ecological civilisation construction.     

浅谈如何在国土空间规划编制中找准县级市的空间发展格局——以龙口市为例

国土空间规划体系是国土空间治理体系现代化建设的重要基础与关键环节，在国土空间开发保护制度中具有重要的战略引导和刚性管控作用，而县级国土空间总体规划是城市落实新发展理念、实施高效能空间治理、促进高质量发展和高品质生活的工作基点。随着当前“三区三线”的划定，国土空间规划编制已进入关键期，经过两轮试划，问题和矛盾也已充分暴露出来。鉴于此，本文以龙口市为例，分析如何在国土空间总体规划编制中解决土地利用规划与城市规划衔接不到位、建设总规模超标等问题，总结出县级城市应该结合资源禀赋和区位优势，发挥比较优势，因地制宜开展规划编制工作，突出地域特点、文化特色，编制更加科学合理的规划，确保规划能用、管用、好用。     

Spatiotemporal Pattern of Cultivated Land Pressure and Its Influencing Factors in the Huaihai Economic Zone,China

Cultivated land pressure represents a direct reflection of grain security. Existing relevant studies rarely approached the spatiotemporal pattern of cultivated land pressure or the spatial heterogeneity of its influencing factors from the level of economic zones.Taking the Huaihai Economic Zone(HEZ), China for case analysis, this study investigated the spatiotemporal pattern of cultivated land pressure in diverse periods from 2000 to 2018 based on a modified cultivated land pressure index and sp...     

Spatial Pattern of Long-term Residence in the Urban Floating Population of China and its Influencing Factors

Exploring long-term residence among the urban floating population is crucial to understanding urban growth in China, particularly since the 2008 financial crisis. By using China Migrants Dynamic Survey data for 2012–2014, China Labor-force Dynamics Survey data for 2014–2016, and macroscale urban matched data, we analyzed the spatial pattern of long-term residential behavior in China's urban floating population in 2012–2016 and developed an urban spatial utility equilibrium model containing ‘macro' urban factors and‘micro' individual and household factors to explain the pattern. The results first revealed that long-term residence is defined as ≥ 6 yr for the urban floating population in China. Second, members of this population are more likely to be long-term residents of the megacities in the three urban agglomerations in eastern China as well as of small and medium-sized cities in western and northeastern China, whereas short-term residence is more likely in cities in central China and near the three urban agglomerations. Third, urban population density and housing prices, both have a significant U-shaped effect, are main factors affecting the spatial pattern of long-term residence.     

Spatial Pattern and Benefit Allocation in Regional Collaborative Innovation of the Yangtze River Delta,China

As an important step enhancing regional innovation, researches on collaborative innovation have attracted much more attention recently. One significant reason is that cities can get excessive benefits while they take collaborative innovation activities. Based on the theories of innovation geography, this paper takes the collaborative innovation of the Yangtze River Delta(YRD) Urban Agglomeration as a case study and measures the collaborative innovation capacity from innovation actors and innovat...     

北京市房山区农村经济发展空间格局分析

我国农村经济在城乡统筹规划的进一步实施中迅速发展起来。大城市周边远郊区县农村在大城市的影响下,其经济发展具有其不同于一般农村的规律特性。本文采用北京市房山区2004-2009年农村人均纯收入(人均劳动所得)为变量提取出相对经济发达指数指标,以经济分级和空间相关性分析为方法,对房山区453个村的经济发展空间分布状况进行了...     

土地利用空间格局的置换变化与代换变化分析

为揭示土地利用空间格局的动态变化,本文基于土地利用转移矩阵,从类型间的空间转移过程出发,构建了置换变化与代换变化的计算模型,并对其2种变化进行了分析。置换变化是2种类型之间以相同面积发生空间位置的置换过程,且各种类型的数量结构保持不变;代换变化则是所研究类型的数量结构保持不变,而与之转换的其他类型数量上的增加或减少;从而将单一类型的总变化进一步细分为置换变化、代换变化与净变化。以晋江流域1985年与2006年2期土地利用格局的变化为例进行分析,结果显示：在1985-2006年间,晋江流域的土地利用空间格局发生了显著变化;园地、建设用地、未利用地呈现扩张态势,草地与旱地呈现萎缩变化,水域变化不大;这6种地类的交换变化面积相对较少,以置换变化为主。水田与林地则主要表现为空间位置的交换变化,其中,水田呈现出与林地、旱地2种类型之间的置换变化,而林地则主要是园地-林地与林地-草地这2对类型间的代换变化。结果表明,通过置换变化与代换变化的分析,更细化了各种类型之间的动态变化过程。     

中国道路网引起的景观破碎格局及其对保护区的影响

道路的修建往往带来景观破碎、生态系统功能受损等后果。有关道路网络的生态影响格局及其影响因素,是当前道路生态学、地理空间分析等领域共同关注的问题。本文利用2015年全国道路网络数据,采用定量空间分析方法,刻画了当前中国铺装道路所引起的陆表景观破碎的格局特征,并分析了道路网络对自然保护区的干扰及与多变量的影响关系。结果表明：① 全国铺装道路的生态影响面积占陆地面积的10%,将陆表切割成3万多个斑块,并呈现小斑块数目众多,大斑块数目较少的分布特点;同时,陆表破碎化程度呈现明显的东西分异规律,空间格局与人口分布、经济发展水平等影响因素的地理分布规律趋同;② 全国约58%的自然保护区受到道路干扰,保护区的受干扰情况存在高等级保护区受干扰弱、低等级保护区次之、国家公园受干扰程度最强等差异特征,且国家公园处于受干扰高于未设保护区域的状态;③ 主要人类活动因素与保护区受干扰程度呈正相关,保护区面积、地形因素与受干扰程度呈负相关,具有面积小、受保护等级低、位于平原地区、气候适宜等特征的保护区更易受到道路干扰,处于已经受到人类活动破坏,生态脆弱的状态。因此,中国道路建设应追求社会发展与生态保护双平衡,同时道路干扰受到自然以及人文要素的共同作用,在相关影响机制研究和生态保护政策制定中应进行综合考虑。     

基于政府大数据的北京城市空间发展模式分析

城市的发展都有各自的特征。这些特征通常是受城市发展过程中政府决策及规划政策的影响而形成。作为我国首都,同时也是人口最稠密的城市,北京市的城市建设用地在过去20年快速城镇化进程中持续扩张。笔者认为,北京市城市扩张期间,城市建设用地开发模式有特定的规律和空间特征。本文中,笔者采用非负矩阵分解(NMF)的方法,对北京市建设用地规划许可发放数据进行挖掘,以此识别城市空间发展模式。笔者发现这个阶段包含了两种主要发展模式,同时也结合诸多辅助信息对这两种模式进行了深入的分析和解释。本文中使用的城市空间发展模式识别方法可以推广到其他区域的城市研究中,对城市设计及政府决策工作起到较大作用。     

珠江口西岸土地利用景观格局变化及驱动力分析

通过目视解译获取了珠海市沿海区域1995、2000和2003年的土地利用数据。利用ArcGIS软件获取了各种土地利用类型的面积变化数据,以及由模型运算得到不同时期研究区的土地利用分维度、分离度、破碎度、多样性等景观指数,对不同时期的土地利用面积变化,以及各景观指数的变化机理进行了分析。结果表明,珠江口西岸的土地利用变化主要表现为耕地面积不断减少,尤其2000年以后减少的更为剧烈;而林地、建设用地、水域的面积相应的有不同程度的增长。土地利用格局的变化,致使景观指数的变化,诸如,2003年的分离度、分维度等都高于前两个时期,而土地利用多样性指数也逐年增长。造成这些变化的主要驱动力有人口的增长,对土地经济效益的追求,政府政策的影响以及海岸带的区位优势等。     

中国地级城市建成区蓝绿空间时空格局及其气候影响因素分析

蓝绿空间是城市生态安全的重要保障。本文通过谷歌地球引擎（GEE）提取2005、2010、2015与2020年的植被与水体指数数据,构建了包含272个地级城市建成区的蓝绿空间数据库。运用蓝绿空间覆盖率、300 m服务半径覆盖率、分维数与分离度4个指标分析其时空格局与演化模式,并进一步探讨其气候影响因素。结果表明：(1)地级城市建成区蓝绿空间整体呈现为“南高北低”的格局,且南方“西高东低”、北方“东高西低”,但环渤海地区为蓝绿空间覆盖率“洼地”;时间格局为“总体增长、局部降低”,华中地区呈下降趋势的城市最多;(2)就分区而言,西南地区城市建成区蓝绿空间覆盖率最高（平均高于65%）、分离度最低（平均低于0.60）,西北地区覆盖率分异较大,华北地区覆盖率最低（平均10%～30%）且分离度最高（平均约0.98）;(3)采用多尺度地理加权回归模型所得R2为0.85（校正R2为0.83）,其中,降水量对城市建成区蓝绿空间的影响最显著,降水量变化成正相关,气温则成负相关;整体上气候影响与比人为影响相当,但在某些时段间更大。     

Spatial Coupling Relationship and Driving Mechanism of Population and Economy in Rural Areas in Qinling-Daba Mountains,China

Addressing the issue of the healthy and coordinated development of the population and economic factors in rural areas will not only help consolidate and expand the achievements of poverty alleviation, but will also lay a foundation for comprehensive rural revitalization. In this paper, the spatial coupling relationship between the population and economic factors in rural areas in the QinlingDaba Mountains, China, is explored to provide a reference for rural revitalization and regional sustainabl...