海洋局三所在河水痕量金属国际分析互校中名列前茅

为获得河水及其悬浮物样品中痕量金属浓度的可比性数据,评价参加相互校准实验室的分析水平,联合国教科文组织政府间海洋学委员会和联合国环境规划署下属的“方法、标准和相互校准专家组”于1986年组织了对泰国曼谷的河水及其悬浮物样品中痕量金属分析互校工作。参加这次互校的有美国、加拿大、日本、菲律宾、南朝鲜、泰国和中国共7个国家的8个实验室。我国国家海洋局第三海洋研究所黄自强和李锦霞两位副研究员领导的科研小组参加了这次相互校准。他们采用洁净分析技术,分析了河水样品中痕量溶解态铜、铅、锌、镉、钴、镍、铁和锰,所有分析结果均落在定值的一倍标准偏差范围内,名列前茅,获得较高评价,为我国争得了荣誉。这标志着该所河     

国际间二氧化碳参数之互校

海洋中二氧化碳系统的研究,需要分析pH、总碱度(TA)、总二氧化碳(TCO₂)及二氧化碳分压(pCO₂).但因全球各实验室的水平不等,导致数据间无法互相比较.笔者会同美国木洞海洋研究所的P.Brewer及法国巴黎第六大学的A.Poisson进行了互校工作.初步互校结果显示IAPSO标准海水可用作TA的标准,3个实验室平均值之差距仅为1.8μmol/kg(0.08%).TCO₂及pH之互校结果则较不理想,除实验误差外,标准海水内的有机质分解,也可能导致TCO₂及pH的改变. 进一步互校由全球9个国家和地区的12个实验室参加,结果很不理想.建议日后由二三位公认可靠的专家进行小规模互校,找出出现差异的原因后,再制作标准溶液供不同国家和地区使用.     

碱性高锰酸钾法测定海水中COD的影响因素研究

就碱性高锰酸钾法测定海水中的ＣＯＤ值波动大，重现性差，各实验室ＣＯＤ值互校难度大等问题，本文研究了影响此方法的常规分析过程中各项为源及防治措施，通过实验以及几个实验室互校对这几项影响因素进行了论述和探讨。     

河水溶解态痕量金属分析的国际互校

1986年4月,联合国教科文组织政府间海委会(IOC)和联合国环境规划署(UNEP)下属“方法、标准和相互校准专家组”(GEMSI)在曼谷组织河水和河流悬浮物中Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Ni、Co、Fe和Mn等8种痕量金属分析的国际互校,以评价参校实验室获得天然水平河水痕量金属含量可比性数据的能力,参校者有:中国、美国、加拿大、日本、泰国、菲律宾、南朝鲜等7国的8个实验室.     

海洋环境监测实验室沉积物中铜、铅、锌、镉能力考核结果评价

文章基于2015年11月国家海洋局海洋环境监测实验室外控样考核活动得到的328个考核结果数据,根据《能力验证结果的统计处理和能力评价指南》(CNAS-GL02)中稳健统计Z比分数法进行各参与实验室测试能力评价。评价结果表明,浓度含量较低的样品对实验室的分析能力要求更高,75%以上参与考核的实验室具备准确测定海洋环境沉积物中铜、铅、锌、镉等4种重金属的能力;对测试结果不合格的实验室进行不合格原因查找及分析,针对各种不合格情况提出应对办法和建议,主要包括改善实验室环境状况、相关单位组织基层技术人员开展分析技术培训和交流、进行标准方法修订和完善等。     

海底沉积物分析测试方法标准的研究

依据海底沉积物分析测试方法标准研究的总体设计，完成了40个分析项目的21份验证报告，进行了实验室间精密度协作性检验工作，在海底沉积物CaCo3,H2Os^-，H2O^ 的分析方法研究中取得新进展，并建立了ICP－AES法测定海底沉积物中常量、微量、稀土元素分析方法。     

大洋多金属结核化学分析方法标准的研究

依据大洋多金属结核分析测试方法标准研究的总体设计 ,完成了 36个分析项目的 2 1份验证报告 ,进行了实验室间精密度协作性检验工作。在 H2 O-,TFe,Al2 O3 ,P2 O5等分析方法研究中取得新进展 ,并建立了 ICP- AES法测定大洋多金属结核中常量、微量、稀土元素分析方法标准。     

鱼类矢耳石形态分析及其在群体识别中的应用实例研究

利用表征性耳石形态变量(大小变量和轮廓变量)分析方法研究了渤海近岸与长江口水域四个刀鲚(Coilia nasus)群体的识别问题,对比分析了协方差(ANCOVA)校正法和异速生长(allometric growth)校正法在耳石形态分析中去除体长效应的应用效果。研究结果表明,两种体长校正法对四个群体的判别分析结果未产生显著影响,总体识别成功率分别为50.3%和56.5%,群体内个体识别成功率分别为39.5%—90.0%和34.0%—65.1%;长江口水域不同体长组刀鲚个体的耳石形态差异显著,表明其耳石形态特质随鱼类个体生长而变化,协方差校正法和异速生长校正方法的体长组别间的总体识别成功率分别为94.8%和98.8%。整体上,耳石轮廓变量(如矩形趋近率、圆度、分形维数、傅立叶系数等)对刀鲚群体间或体长组别间识别的贡献值高于耳石大小变量(如周长、平均直径、重量、面积等),而二者结合能更有效地识别各地理群体或体长组别个体。     

海洋CTD仪器校准——方法与探讨

为得到高精度海洋ＣＴＤ测量,应考虑到仪器的几方面校准,温度、电导率和压力传感器应在固定周期（每年３次）内和在每个航次前后进行检测。校准期间测量和记录传感器漂移对修正数据十分重要,可证实传感器工作状况,校准标准本身应与基准相比测,并与其他校准实验室互校,海上校准测试对验证传感器漂移率稳定性也很重要（对电导率传感器尤为重要,当通过大洋表面油层下降时,其校准可明显变化）,如实验室校准及现场测量与单一传感     

长牡蛎生长性状的遗传效应及与环境互作分析

利用遗传模型分析方法,对长牡蛎生长性状的遗传效应及其与环境互作效应进行研究。结果表明,壳长、壳宽和总重3个性状主要受显性效应控制,显性方差占表型方差的比例分别为0.31、0.23、0.36;壳高性状主要受显性-环境互作效应控制,显性-环境互作方差占表型方差的比例为0.37。4个性状中,壳高的加性效应作用较大,狭义遗传力达到0.10,表明以壳高为目标性状进行选育较容易。但由于总遗传力中互作广义遗传力大于广义遗传力,因此在选育过程中需考虑环境的影响。从遗传效应预测值看,中国和韩国群体杂交子代的效应值最大,表明这2个种群杂交易获得生长性状的杂种优势。     

正交设计和方差分析应用于悬浮物和沉积物的EDAX分析条件试验

本文用正交试验和方差分析对悬浮物和沉积物粉末样品的EDAX分析进行了条件试验和数据处理,找出影响试验结果的主要因素和最佳分析条件,提高了分析结果的准确性。     

Analytical solutions for storm tide codes

A sequence of analytical solutions explore aspects of response patterns expected from numerical codes for storm tides in one- and two-dimensional basins. Complete analytical details of the solutions are provided, together with specific suggestions for an associated set of analytical benchmark tests. Illustrations of predicted response patterns provide the basis for a discussion of many significant physical aspects and their representation in discrete numerical codes.     

两层流体中多个圆柱浮体波浪力的解析方法

采用解析方法研究了线性入射波作用下两层流体中多个圆柱形淹没浮体的渡浪力特性.首先基于多极子展开方法,建立了散射势函数的解析表达式,并进一步得到浮体散射渡浪力的计算公式,然后利用边界元方法验证了本文的解析解,最后分析了不同参数的变化对双圆柱形浮体结构波浪力的特有影响.     

高压密闭消解-电感耦合等离子体光谱和质谱联合测定海洋地质样品中52种元素

An improved analytical method to determine the content of 52 major, minor and trace elements in marine geological samples, using a HF-HCl-HNO_3 acid system with a high-pressure closed digestion method(HPCD), is studied by an inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry(ICP-OES) and an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry(ICP-MS). The operating parameters of the instruments are optimized, and the optimal analytical parameters are determined. The influences of optical spectrum and mass spectrum interferences, digestion methods and acid systems on the analytical results are investigated. The optimal spectral lines and isotopes are chosen, and internal standard element of rhodium is selected to compensate for matrix effects and analytical signals drifting. Compared with the methods of an electric heating plate digestion and a microwave digestion, a high-pressure closed digestion method is optimized with less acid, complete digestion,less damage for digestion process. The marine geological samples are dissolved completely by a HF-HCl-HNO_3 system, the relative error(RE) for the analytical results are all less than 6.0%. The method detection limits are 2–40μg/g by the ICP-OES, and 6–80 ng/g by ICP-MS. The methods are used to determine the marine sediment reference materials(GBW07309, GBW07311, GBW07313), rock reference materials(GBW07103, GBW07104,GBW07105), and cobalt-rich crust reference materials(GBW07337, GBW07338, GBW07339), the obtained analytical results are in agreement with the certified values, and both of the relative standard deviation(RSD) and the relative error(RE) are less than 6.0%. The analytical method meets the requirements for determining 52 elements contents of bulk marine geological samples.     

Calculation of the initial elevation at the tsunami source using analytical solutions

We have obtained an analytical solution to the problem of determining the initial elevation at the tsunami source, which was formed by small residual deformations of a flat sloping bottom. This solution, which is newly derived, is compared with the known analytical solution of an equivalent problem over a horizontal bottom. It is shown that applying an analytical solution over a horizontal bottom for calculating the initial perturbations in the sources of realistic tsunami provides sufficient accuracy.     

Some results of calculation bays amplification coefficients

The coefficients of bay amplification are investigated within the limits of the linear theory of long waves by analytical and analytical and numerical methods for periodic and solitary waves.     

Linear wave reflection by trench with various shapes

Two types of analytical solutions for waves propagating over an asymmetric trench are derived. One is a long-wave solution and the other is a mild-slope solution, which is applicable to deeper water. The water depth inside the trench varies in proportion to a power of the distance from the center of the trench (which is the deepest water depth point and the origin of x-coordinate in this study). The mild-slope equation is transformed into a second-order ordinary differential equation with variable coefficients based on the longwave assumption [Hunt's, 1979. Direct solution of wave dispersion equation. Journal of Waterway, Port, Coast. and Ocean Engineering 105, 457–459] as approximate solution for wave dispersion. The analytical solutions are then obtained by using the power series technique. The analytical solutions are compared with the numerical solution of the hyperbolic mild-slope equations. After obtaining the analytical solutions under various conditions, the results are analyzed.     

A new heuristic approach to one-dimensional stock-cutting problems with multiple stock lengths in ship production

One-dimensional stock-cutting problem is a commonly encountered problem not only in shipbuilding and construction of coastal structures, but also in other engineering applications related to production and construction. The proposed approach achieves results using cutting patterns directly whereas analytical methods first need to establish a mathematical model. While obtaining ideal solutions of the analytical methods, the new approach limits the wastage to a minimum number of stock materials. In addition, the new approach allows the use of different sized stock materials while it creates various options for the use of single sized stock materials. Use of different sized stock materials broadens the point of view for the solution compared to the use of single sized stock material. Moreover, the new method yields integer results whereas the analytical methods using linear programming usually produce impractical non-integer results. To obtain integer results, the analytical methods need to solve the problem multiple times and screen the alternative solutions.