金华山软岩铁路隧道施工过程围岩屈服接近度分析

隧道施工过程中围岩处于复杂应力状态下,隧道围岩屈服区演化特征的确定对于围岩稳定性分析和开挖支护方案优化具有重要的意义。采用屈服接近度指标衡量围岩破坏接近程度可以合理地描述复杂应力状态下围岩的应力危险性,对Mohr-Coulomb类岩体材料的屈服接近度函数进行了相应的推导,并在非线性有限元用户子程序上编程予以实现。介绍了赣州-龙岩铁路DKl33+095～DKl38+237段软弱围岩单线隧道正台阶步施工方案以及湿喷纤维混凝土支护方案。为了对该隧道施工过程中隧道围岩屈服区的演化特征进行合理评价,采用非线性有限元法对软弱围岩条件下的铁路隧道施工过程进行了数值模拟,分析了施工过程中隧道围岩屈服接近度分布特征,判定了隧道台阶步施工过程中隧道围岩的稳定性。分析结果表明:该隧道施工过程中围岩破坏区主要发生在下台阶步施工过程中;屈服接近度指标比传统的塑性区分布提供的信息更加丰富,有利于工程技术人员定量地评价隧道开挖支护方案。     

地下隧洞开挖和支护的三维数值分析计算

根据地下工程锚固支护原理,采用隐含锚杆柱单元的三维有限元和混凝土喷锚支护的三维数值计算方法,对复杂的地下泄洪隧洞的开挖和支护进行了分析计算。该方法不仅能够有效地反映锚杆的长度、密度、倾角对洞室开挖的影响,而且能够较好地模拟钢拱架和锚杆的时间施加效应。由于隐含锚杆柱单元和喷层单元是隐含在岩体单元中的,所以锚杆和喷层单元不受岩体单元划分的影响,能够有效地模拟各种支护方案,加快计算速度,合理反映锚固支护所作用的位置和时间影响。通过对构皮滩泄洪洞施工开挖和锚固支护的模拟计算,论证了施工开挖的稳定性和锚杆、喷层、钢拱架的支护作用,提出了洞室结构的加固措施,为工程施工开挖提供了有效的设计依据。     

Effects of tunnelling on existing support systems of perpendicularly crossing tunnels

The interactions between perpendicularly crossing tunnels in the Sydney region are investigated using a full three-dimensional (3D) finite element analysis coupled with elasto-plastic material models. Special attention is paid to the effect of subsequent tunnelling on the support system, i.e. the shotcrete lining and rock bolts, of the existing tunnel. The results of the analysis show that in a region such as Sydney, with relatively high horizontal stresses, installation of the new tunnel causes the shotcrete lining of the existing tunnel to be in tension in the side facing towards the tunnel opening and in compression at the crown and invert. The pre-stressed rock bolts are usually tensioned more in the sections closest to the tunnel opening. For this particular study, if a new tunnel is driven perpendicularly beneath an existing tunnel, significant increases are induced in the bending moments in the shotcrete lining at the lateral sides of the existing tunnel and in the axial forces at its crown and invert. The increase in side bending moments causes further tensile cracking but the crown and invert stresses remain within the thresholds for both compressive failure and tensile cracking for shotcrete lining of typical concrete quality. Moreover, the driving of the new tunnel causes the tensile forces in the existing side rock bolts to increase and those in the existing crown rock bolts to decrease. In contrast, if the new tunnel is driven perpendicularly above the existing tunnel, compressive failure of the existing shotcrete lining is induced at the crown of the deeper tunnel for concrete of typical capacity and a significant tensile force increase of the existing rock bolts around the crown. It is concluded that in order to ensure the stability of the existing tunnel, local thickening is needed at the sides of the existing shotcrete lining if the shallow tunnel is installed first and local thickening is needed at the crown if the deep tunnel is installed first.     

云南西北部铁路隧道地应力测试及工程应用

通过地应力测量,确定出工程区隧道围岩现今地壳应力状态,即原地应力的大小和方向.根据地应力分布特征,结合隧道围岩的力学参数,利用三维有限元对工程隧道区进行了应力场模拟.根据原地应力测量及三维计算结果进行综合分析,给出了工程区地应力的赋存规律和基本特征,并进一步分析了隧道开挖中发生岩爆等地质灾害的可能性,同时为隧道的衬砌设计、断面选择及轴线方位的确定提供可靠的科学依据.      

混凝土喷层支护节理岩体等效力学模型及其应用

考虑喷层在节理面局部的限剪和限裂作用,提出喷层支护节理岩体流变模型,在此基础上推导出喷层支护节理岩体的本构关系,建立了一种喷层支护节理岩体等效力学模型。采用该模型进行结构有限元计算,喷层、节理均不需要离散网格,进行等效模拟;当实际节理裂隙的数量与方向或喷层的厚度变化时,也不需要变化计算网格,从而可降低前处理工作量,为大型复杂结构的计算分析提供较大便利。最后,通过算例和实际工程验证了该模型的有效性--不仅具有离散模型便于模拟喷层真实作用机制的优点,而且具有等效模拟简单易行的优点,具有较好的工程应用前景。     

Stability analysis of shotcrete supported crown of NATM tunnels with discontinuity layout optimization

For tunnel constructed by New Austrian Tunnelling Method, the crown is the upper part of tunnel section, constructed during excavation process and supported by shotcrete. The stability of the crown has great influence on the safety of tunnel itself and the buildings above, which correlates, among others, with geometrical setup of tunnel and material properties of shotcrete and soil/rock. In this paper, aiming at analyzing the stability of shotcrete supported crown, a recently presented numerical method discontinuity layout optimization is adopted, which introduces a great amount of potential discontinuities cross over one another and provides a wide search space for efficient upper limit analysis. In the analysis, a well‐established hydration model of cementitious material is implemented for accounting the hydration of shotcrete. Then assumptions based on convergence‐confinement method are used for accounting the 3‐dimensional effect in 2‐dimensional analysis, finally providing time‐space–dependent assessments of stability of shotcrete supported crown.     

求水山隧道下穿机荷高速段新奥法施工有限元计算

结合求水山隧道的暗挖法施工方案,对软土地区浅埋隧道下穿高速公路的施工过程进行了有限元模拟,以用于评价按该施工方案施工时对其上部高速公路的影响。由于该段隧道最小埋深仅4 m,且上部还有高速公路车辆荷载,因此,在设计时采用了新奥法结合管棚工法的方案。有限元建模使用平面应变单元,通过引入应力释放分析步和使用追踪单元等方法充分体现了新奥法的特点,并通过设置耦合和弹簧的方法实现了管棚工法的模拟,在计算中还考虑了开挖顺序和支护顺序的影响。研究结果表明：对于上部有荷载的浅埋暗挖隧道,控制衬砌的水平向变形能改善衬砌环的工作状态,因此,可显著减少开挖引起的隧道顶面沉降,新奥法结合管棚工法可较好地控制该类型隧道开挖引起的地表沉降变形。     

Simulation of sequential excavation with the Boundary Element Method

The paper deals with the application of the Boundary Element Method (BEM) to problems where the boundary geometry and conditions change with time. An example of this is the simulation of sequential excavation in underground construction. A novel approach is presented that is more efficient than the currently used methods. The method involves only one region, where the boundary conditions and the geometry are changed as time progresses. Test examples are presented and results are compared with the ones obtained from other methods. The examples show that the new method is more efficient than currently used methods.     

The Hyperstatic Reaction Method for the Analysis of the Sprayed Concrete Linings Behavior in Tunneling

Hyperstatic Reaction Method considers the interaction between the shotcrete lining and the rock mass modelling half tunnel section by beam elements connected by nodes, which can develop bending moments, axial forces and shear forces. The interaction between ground and support is represented by Winkler type springs in the nodes of the numerical model, in the normal and tangential direction. 1944 analyses were developed considering three different tunnel radius values (2.0, 4.5 and 7.0 m), three different rock types (RMR = 40, RMR = 60 and RMR = 80), three different stress ratios acting on the linings (\(K = 1, \,K = 0.5\) and \(K = 0\)), three different lining thickness values (0.1, 0.2 and 0.3 m) and three values of the average elastic modulus of the shotcrete (6000, 9000 and 12,000 MPa). Besides, also two different stiffness values of the tangential springs at nodes were considered. Results show that the lining thickness and the elastic modulus of the shotcrete have a strong influence on the bending moment values which develop inside. The maximum axial force is not practically influenced by the lining elastic modulus and thickness. Both maximum bending moments and maximum axial forces increase in a linear way with the vertical load value; tunnel radius, \(K\) and RMR values of the rock mass have also a great influence on the maximum bending moment and axial force. Besides, it is possible to note how the absence of shear interaction between the lining and the rock mass causes bending moment values in the lining higher with respect to the case where the stiffness of the tangential springs at nodes equals to half the stiffness of the normal springs. For this reason, the neglectance of the shear interaction between the lining and the tunnel wall leads to an overdesign of the SC lining.     

基于黏弹塑性的云岭隧道软弱围岩参数反演与稳定性分析

软弱隧道围岩在工程实际和试验研究中都表现出较强的流变性质, 容易造成围岩的过大变形而导致失稳.按新奥法施工原则对云岭隧道左洞进口段的软弱围岩段开挖过程进行监测, 分析初期围岩位移收敛值以及二次支护和衬砌的压力变化情况, 通过黏弹性有限元反分析理论, 建立基于黏弹塑性的反分析体系, 对围岩参数进行反演和优化.通过采用ANSYS有限元程序模拟开挖过程, 并将现场实际量测值与计算数据进行比较, 为隧道支护设计和施工的安全可靠性提供科学依据和技术指导.      

隧道钢纤维喷射混凝土单层衬砌试验研究

为了解决隧道施工中采用单层喷射混凝土作为隧道永久衬砌的问题,对不同钢纤维及外添加剂掺量的混凝土分别进行了抗压、抗拉、抗渗以及弯曲强度等室内试验。结果表明,在喷射混凝土中加入钢纤维材料,其抗拉、抗弯以及抗渗水性能分别提高了65.6 %、94.7 %、98.1 %;并通过现场试喷,选定符合设计要求、经济合理的配合比,在摩天岭隧道通风斜井施作了湿喷钢纤维混凝土,以单层衬砌代替原设计的复合式衬砌。工程实践证明,钢纤维湿喷混凝土,其支护强度达到了设计要求,喷射作业回弹损失量减少7 %～15 %。研究成果可为类似隧道纤维喷射混凝土单层衬砌技术的应用提供参考。     

软弱围岩隧道施工全过程非线性有限元分析

结合赣州-龙岩铁路某单线隧道软弱围岩地质情况,采用非线性有限元法对软弱围岩条件下的铁路隧道湿喷纤维混凝土支护结构施工过程进行了数值模拟,分析了围岩和支护结构体的非线性力学行为的应力场分布、位移场,围岩塑性区分布特征,指出台阶步开挖时拱顶下沉、底板上鼓、墙腰收缩的主要控制因素.     

A system of monitoring and dimensioning tunnel support

Summary In this paper a general numerical approach is proposed for the identification of loads acting on tunnel linings made by shotcrete, as a temporary lining, and concrete as a permanent one so as to form a system of monitoring and dimensioning these linings. This method requires a set of in situ displacement measurements of shotcrete layer for back calculation, and the constitutive relationship of the structural materials which are shotcrete, and concrete here is assumed to be linear elastic. The advantage of this method is that it avoids those complicated characteristics of rock masses and the loads from back calculation can reflect the combinative effects of rock surrounding the tunnel. An example was demonstrated for this method.     

强震区软弱破碎千枚岩隧道系统锚杆支护作用效果分析

以在建的穿越5•12强震区发震断裂带的广甘高速公路杜家山隧道为工程依托,选取20 m典型围岩区段为试验段,对有、无系统锚杆时的洞周位移、锚杆轴力、钢拱架内力、围岩与初支接触压力、及其二衬内力进行实测对比分析,探讨锚杆支护作用效果不明显的成因,提出了在强震区软弱破碎千枚岩隧道围岩中采用“钢喷”初期支护的支护方案。研究结果表明：设置锚杆的断面,其锚杆轴力值较小,最终洞周变形值及围岩与初支的接触压力值相对偏大,钢拱架和二衬的安全储备相对不足;锚杆的施工不仅在某种程度上加剧了对深部围岩的扰动,而且还延误了喷射混凝土和钢支撑支护对暴露围岩及时封闭的最佳时机;震后深部围岩的震裂损伤和震裂岩体地下水的渗透性增强,致使围岩松弛区域超过了锚杆设置范围,且锚杆与围岩间的黏结力被削弱。     

隧道大变形机制及处治关键技术模型试验研究

大变形是隧道建设中无法完全避免的灾害之一,发生后若处治不当极有可能出现多次换拱甚至塌方等二次灾害。通过相似模型试验,采用自行设计的隧道模型开挖装置和围岩内部位移监测装置,研究了隧道开挖和埋深增大过程中围岩渐进性破坏过程及位移和应力变化规律,揭露出预防隧道大变形的重点支护部位,并进一步研究了大变形出现后处治过程中衬砌的破坏规律,明确了大变形处治时的支护措施。试验结果表明：（1）隧道产生大变形过程中,拱顶与拱底的变形量大于拱腰与拱脚的变形量,且随着埋深增大,差值逐渐增大;（2）大变形产生后隧道拱顶径向和切向应力值均减小,而拱脚切向应力值大幅上升;（3）更换变形拱架时,更换位置附近衬砌拱顶处可能出现张拉破坏,拱腰处可能出现剪切破坏,因此,大变形处治时需保留两侧衬砌的临时钢支撑,必要时需增设底部横支撑或临时仰拱。该研究结果有助于得到大变形发生时和发生后处治时的防控重点,为大变形的预防及安全处治提供指导和参考。     

核废料地质处置概念库锚喷支护坑道热-水-应力耦合效应的二维离散元分析

假定一个核废料地质处置库位于具有一定水头的饱和节理岩体中,开挖完闭施作系统锚杆和喷混凝土支护。对坑道建造和一个50年期的热-水应力（T-H-M）耦合运营过程,使用UDEC程序进行数值模拟,分析无、有支护时近场围岩中的应力、变形、塑性区、温度、渗流的变化状态,以及不同场（温度、渗流、应力）耦合条件下的锚杆和喷混凝土中的承载情况。结果显示,喷混凝土和系统锚杆支护不仅具有常规的支护功能,并且可阻滞地下水从坑道表面的自由渗出,使得围岩中塑性区减小,裂隙水压力和温度升高;相比于应力单场作用的情况,在热-水-力耦合的条件下洞室围岩的稳定性下降,支护结构的受力状况变差。     

内水压力下水工隧洞衬砌与围岩承载特性研究

衬砌与围岩是水工隧洞的主要组成部分,内水压力是其承担的主要荷载之一。采用轴对称计算模型,以衬砌与围岩间接触应力状态为判断标准,研究了衬砌混凝土开裂前后围岩渗透系数、变形模量等材料参数对衬砌与围岩联合承载特性的影响,详细地介绍了透水衬砌的设计方法和计算过程,以混凝土最大裂缝宽度为控制标准,编制了透水衬砌结构计算与配筋设计程序,并给出了算例验证。计算结果表明,围岩渗透系数是隧洞结构设计的关键,与围岩变形模量具有同等重要作用;围岩透水性越差或变形模量越低,衬砌与围岩越容易脱开;与混凝土开裂前相比,混凝土开裂后,衬砌与围岩更容易脱开;与钢板衬砌方案相比,钢筋混凝土衬砌方案可以很大程度地减小钢材用量;建议高压钢筋混凝土衬砌隧洞设计、施工时,应尽可能地保持围岩的完整性,并进行细致周密的固结灌浆,以增强围岩抗渗能力。     

不等跨连拱隧道施工全过程的有限元模拟

用同济曙光岩土及地下工程设计与施工分析软件(GeoFBA2D),对某高速公路不等跨连拱隧道的施工全过程进行有限元模拟。得出隧道围岩应力、围岩位移、初衬与二衬的接触压力、中墙内力随施工过程的变化规律。研究表明,大洞的拱顶最大拉应力是小洞的4倍,不等跨效应十分明显;小洞拱顶沉降明显分为三个阶段;小洞的初衬与二衬的接触压力要比大洞大;中墙内力随施工过程变化显著,但最终值很小。结论对隧道设计和施工具有科学指导意义。     

Dealing with squeezing conditions in Alpine tunnels

Summary In fault zones, excessive deformation during and after tunnel excavation is frequently encountered. Shoterete in combination with grouted rock bolts has successfully been used in many applications to control the deformation process. The magnitude of deformation frequently exceeds the deformability of the shotcrete lining. In the past, this problem has been solved by dividing the shotcrete lining into segments and leaving gaps between the segments to accommodate deformation without damage to the lining. The need for minimizing deformation in an extremely heterogeneous fault zone at the Galgenbergtunnel (Austria) led to the development of low cost yielding elements, installed between the shotcrete segments and the use of a new type of re-groutable brock bolts. New techniques in evaluating the results of displacement monitoring have improved the short term prediction.     

爆炸平面波作用下大跨度洞室稳定性模型试验研究

通过抗爆模型试验,研究了爆炸平面波作用下大跨度毛洞和锚喷衬砌支护洞室的受力变形和稳定状态。介绍了模型试验原理及方法,根据试验实测数据分析了洞室围岩的受力特征、洞壁的运动变形特征、洞室的破坏形态及承载能力等。研究表明：设计工况和超载工况下,锚喷衬砌支护洞室侧墙部位垂直应力、拱顶加速度正峰值、拱顶位移峰值及残余值、洞壁环向应变峰值均明显小于毛洞;超载试验后,毛洞破坏严重,丧失了承载能力,而锚喷衬砌支护洞室破坏明显轻微,承载能力可提高约60%。