基于重力卫星数据监测地表质量变化的三维点质量模型法

利用卫星重力测量手段监测全球质量变化取得了巨大成功,本文基于牛顿万有引力定律在三维空间直角坐标系中导出利用重力卫星观测数据监测全球质量变化的三维点质量模型法,该方法可直接利用重力卫星的轨道和星间观测数据或时变重力场模型计算全球质量变化,由于利用卫星观测数据计算地表质量变化的向下延拓过程以及观测数据噪声的影响,需要采用合适的空间约束方程或正则化技术对解算结果进行约束或平滑处理.利用合成全球质量变化模型模拟一个月的GRACE双星轨道和星间距离变率数据计算全球质量变化,对三维点质量模型法进行分析验证,采用零阶Tikhonov正则化技术处理病态问题.结果表明,三维点质量模型法可有效用于重力卫星观测数据监测全球质量变化,为利用重力卫星观测数据监测全球质量变化提供一种可选的途径.

     

Comparison of satellite and terrestrial gravity data

Summary The integral mean values of gravity on the surface W=W ₀ , obtained from satellite observations with the use of harmonic coefficients[3, 7] and from terrestrial gravity measurements[12], are compared. The squares and products of the harmonic coefficients were neglected, with the exception of [J ₂ ⁽⁰⁾ ] ² , which was taken into account. The Potsdam correction and the geocentric constant are being discussed. The paper ties up with[13–15] and the symbols used are the same. The given problem was treated, e.g., in[2, 4, 6, 8–10]; in the present paper the values of gravity are compared directly.     

高亚洲冰川质量变化趋势的卫星重力探测

利用高亚洲地区32个Mascon,基于GRACE RL05时变重力场模型频域和空域上的两种计算方法有效分离并提取出高亚洲冰川及其毗邻地区的等效水质量变化,得到2002—2013年期间高亚洲地区更为可靠的Mascon质量变化.高亚洲冰川质量变化的空间特征是:青藏高原内陆地区以正增长为主,边缘地区以负增长为主,在藏东南的最边缘地区冰川质量损失最为严重.天山地区、帕米尔和昆仑山地区、喜马拉雅山和喀喇昆仑山地区、青藏高原内陆地区冰川质量的平均变化趋势分别为-2.8±0.9 Gt/a、-3.3±1.5 Gt/a、-9.9±2.1 Gt/a和5.0±0.8 Gt/a, 高亚洲冰川质量整体的平均变化趋势为-11.0±2.9 Gt/a.印度等北部平原地区地下水平均变化趋势为-35.0±4.2 Gt/a,该地区地下水信号泄漏是影响GRACE研究高亚洲冰川质量变化的关键因素,频域法和空域法能有效改正该地区地下水信号泄漏的影响.     

GRACE和地面重力测量监测到的中国大陆长期重力变化

自2002年以来,GRACE卫星探测计划可提供高精度的时变地球重力场,用以探测地球系统的物质分布.自1998年中国大陆重力监测网建立以来,利用FG5绝对重力仪和LCR-G型相对重力仪每2年对该网进行重复测量获取重力场时变信息.基于此,本文利用GRACE和地面重力测量获得了中国大陆重力场的长期年变率,利用位错理论根据USGS发布的断层模型计算了2008年汶川Ms8.0级地震的同震重力变化并进行了300 km高斯滤波.GRACE卫星重力和地面重力结果均表明华北地区地下水流失严重,在绝对重力基准站上,GRACE卫星重力与绝对重力变化率较为一致,汶川区域的地面重力变化结果可视为大地震前兆信息.     

A theoretical study on terrestrial gravimetric data refinement by Earth gravity models

The idea of this paper is to present estimators for combining terrestrial gravity data with Earth gravity models and produce a high‐quality source of the Earth's gravity field data through all wavelengths. To do so, integral and point‐wise estimators are mathematically developed, based on the spectral combination theory, in such a way that they combine terrestrial data with one and/or two Earth gravity models. The integral estimators are developed so that they become biased or unbiased to a priori information. For testing the quality of the estimators, their global mean square errors are generated using an Earth gravity model08 model and one of the recent products of the gravity field and steady‐state ocean circulation explorer mission. Numerical results show that the integral estimators have smaller global root mean square errors than the point‐wise ones but they are not efficient practically. The integral estimator of the biased type is the most suited due to its smallest global root mean square error comparing to the rest of the estimators. Due largely to the omission errors of Earth gravity models the point‐wise estimators are not sensitive to the Earth gravity model commission error; therefore, the use of high‐degree Earth gravity models is very influential for reduction of their root mean square errors. Also it is shown that the use of the ocean circulation explorer Earth gravity model does not significantly reduce the root mean square errors of the presented estimators in the presence of Earth gravity model08. All estimators are applied in the region of Fennoscandia and a cap size of 2° for numerical integration and a maximum degree of 2500 for generation of band‐limited kernels are found suitable for the integral estimators.     

利用重力观测约束2011日本Tohoku大地震的震源机制

2011年3月11日,日本东北部(Tohoku)太平洋海域发生M_w9.0特大地震.一些国际学术机构用不同的震相和反演方法,计算了大地震的震源机制解.但这些结果存在一定的差异.地球长周期自由振荡的振幅主要依赖于地震矩的大小及地震断层的破裂方式,可以约束地震的震源机制、地震大小及持续时间.本文利用地球自由振荡₀S₀简正模对Tohoku大地震的震源机制解进行分析和约束.₀S₀振幅大小与地震断层的倾角(dip)、滑动方向角(slip)、震源深度及地震断层的破裂时间有关.我们利用震源机制解得到大地震后自由振荡模拟值,利用超导重力仪得到自由振荡的高精度重力观测值.二者比较后的结果显示:由GCMT震源机制解得到的₀S₀振幅与观测值符合较好,而由USGS CMT震源机制解模拟的结果明显大于观测值.2011 Tohoku地震为逆冲型浅源大地震.进一步的分析表明:逆冲型浅源大地震的断层倾角对₀S₀振幅的影响很大,而滑动方向角以及震源深度对₀S₀振幅的影响较小.USGS CMT震源机制解中较大的断层倾角是导致其₀S₀振幅显著偏离观测值的主要原因.     

利用重力观测约束2011日本Tohoku大地震的震源机制

2011年3月11日,日本东北部(Tohoku)太平洋海域发生Mw9.0特大地震.一些国际学术机构用不同的震相和反演方法,计算了大地震的震源机制解.但这些结果存在一定的差异.地球长周期自由振荡的振幅主要依赖于地震矩的大小及地震断层的破裂方式,可以约束地震的震源机制、地震大小及持续时间.本文利用地球自由振荡0S0简正模对Tohoku大地震的震源机制解进行分析和约束.0S0振幅大小与地震断层的倾角(dip)、滑动方向角(slip)、震源深度及地震断层的破裂时间有关.我们利用震源机制解得到大地震后自由振荡模拟值,利用超导重力仪得到自由振荡的高精度重力观测值.二者比较后的结果显示:由GCMT震源机制解得到的0S0振幅与观测值符合较好,而由USGS CMT震源机制解模拟的结果明显大于观测值.2011 Tohoku地震为逆冲型浅源大地震.进一步的分析表明:逆冲型浅源大地震的断层倾角对0S0振幅的影响很大,而滑动方向角以及震源深度对0S0振幅的影响较小.USGS CMT震源机制解中较大的断层倾角是导致其0S0振幅显著偏离观测值的主要原因.     

Combined discrete and continuous gravity observations at Mount Etna

Systematic investigation of discrete gravity measurements has continued at Mount Etna since 1986. The network now covers an area of 400 km² with about 70 stations 0.5–3 km apart. Mass redistributions occurring at depths ranging between about 8 km below sea level and a few hundred metres below the surface (magma level changes within the shallower parts of the feeding conduits) have been identified from these data. Conventional (discrete) microgravity monitoring on a network of stations furnishes only instantaneous states of the mass distribution at continuously active systems. In order to obtain information on the rate at which the volcanic processes (and thus mass transfers) occur, three stations for continuously recording gravity where installed on Mount Etna in 1998. A 16-month long sequence from one of the continuously running stations (PDN, located 2 km from the active northeast crater at the summit of Etna volcano) is presented. After removing the effects of Earth Tide and tilt, the correlation of the residual gravity sequence with simultaneous recordings of meteorological parameters acquired at the same station was analysed. Once the meteorological effects have also been removed, continuous gravity changes are within 10 μGal of gravity changes measured using conventional microgravity observations at sites very close to the continuous station. This example shows how discrete and continuous gravity observations can be used together at active volcanoes to get a fuller and more accurate picture of the spatial and temporal characteristics of volcanic processes.     

台风“梅花”诱发平流层重力波的数值模拟与AIRS观测

为了分析台风这类强对流诱发平流层重力波的过程,本文利用中尺度数值模式WRF-ARW(V3.5)和卫星高光谱红外大气探测器AIRS数据对2011年第9号强热带气旋"梅花"的重力波特征进行了分析.首先,针对模式输出的垂直速度场资料的分析表明,台风在对流层各个方向上几乎都具有诱发重力波的能量,而在平流层内则呈现出只集中于台风中心以东的半圆弧状波动,且重力波到达平流层后其影响的水平范围可达1000 km.此外,平流层波动与对流层雨带在形态、位置以及尺度上均具有一定的相似性.其次,对风场的分析结果表明,不同高度上波动形态的差异主要是由于重力波垂直上传的过程中受到了平流层向西传的背景风场以及风切变的调制作用,揭示了重力波逆着背景流垂直上传的特征.随后,基于FFT波谱分析的结果表明,"梅花"诱发的平流层重力波水平波长中心值达到了1000 km,周期在15~25 h,垂直波长主要在8~12 km.最后,利用AIRS观测资料分析了平流层30~40 km高度上的大气波动,得到了与数值模拟结果相一致的半圆弧状波动.对比结果也验证了WRF对台风诱发平流层重力波的波动形态、传播方向、不同时刻扰动强度的变化以及影响范围的模拟效果.此外,也揭示了多资料的结合对比有助于更加全面地了解台风诱发平流层重力波的波动特征.     

Recent observations and research progresses of terrestrial gamma-ray flashes during thunderstorms

Terrestrial gamma-ray flashes(TGFs) are high-energy emissions in thunderstorms that were discovered first by satellite-based and then by ground-based gamma-ray detectors with photon energy up to tens of Me V. TGFs are a natural highenergy phenomenon associated with lightning discharges that frequently occur during thunderstorms. However, their production mechanisms and associated processes are still unclear. TGF studies have already been a research spotlight in the atmospheric electricity and hi...     

Solar forcing on antarctic terrestrial climate: A study by means of GPS observations

With a view to difficulties with explaining the physical mechanism of solar forcing on the Earth’s climate, we applied a new approach of determining and quantifying an influence of solar-related events on water vapor variability by correlating the total electron content (TEC) and precipitable water vapor (PWV), both derived from ground-based GPS observations. In this study, ionospheric TEC and atmospheric PWV values are employed as solar activity and terrestrial climate parameters, respectively. Three-year GPS data at five stations in Antarctica are analyzed on a daily mean basis. Results show significant correlation between TEC and PWV differences during storms-affected days. The high correlation between the daily mean values of TEC and PWV, both of which follow the seasonal signals and subsisting downward trend, suggests an influence of solar activity on climate variability in Antarctica. These quantities are determined by changes of the upper-atmosphere level, which varies in conformity with the zenith angle of the Sun.     

Empirical evidences of persistence and dynamical chaos in solar–terrestrial phenomena

This paper presents a brief review of selected publications concerning dynamical chaos and persistence in various solar–terrestrial phenomena ranging from solar activity to climate dynamics. It draws attention to the advanced approaches known in many research areas (meteorology, hydrology, biology, economics, etc.), but not yet sufficiently used in solar–terrestrial physics. First, we introduce the concepts of dynamical (deterministic) chaos and fractional Brownian motion. Next, we discuss appropriate methods—fluctuation analysis and nonlinear time series analysis—for treatment of erratic time series based on these concepts. We outline some pitfalls and problems in the application of the discussed methods to empirical data. Finally, we present selected empirical evidence for persistence and dynamical chaos in solar activity, solar wind, magnetosphere and ionosphere, weather and climate systems.     

利用FG5绝对重力仪观测数据确定重力垂直梯度

本文建立了利用FG5实测数据求解重力垂直梯度的数据处理模型与算法.通过对多次自由落体实验的下落距离拟合残差叠加求均值,发现下落距离观测量中存在明显的有色噪声.通过对有色噪声的建模,并以剩余残差为依据选取可靠的下落时段,解算测站点的重力垂直梯度.利用本文所提出的数据处理方法分别对FG5-214绝对重力仪在两个测站上的观测数据进行处理,以相对重力仪测量的重力垂直梯度结果为参考值,本文处理得到的重力垂直梯度结果相比于未考虑有色噪声并依据经验选取下落时段的解算方法得到了显著改善.

     

Geopotential and gravity on external surfaces as derived from satellite observations

Résumé On déduit les expressions donnant le géopotentiel et la pesanteur sur un ellipso?de triaxial extérieur, de même que la pesanteur sur la surface de niveaux extérieure et les valeurs moyennes intégrales de ces grandeurs. On discute la convergence des séries et l'usage des formules déduites à la détermination des paramètres de la forme du corps terrestre.

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Address: Politickych vězŭů 12, Praha 1-Nové Město.     

基于CORS站网监测三峡地区陆地水负荷对地壳形变和重力变化的影响

三峡地区水资源丰富,加上三峡水库蓄放水的影响,水动力环境复杂,对该区域陆地水负荷变化影响的研究还比较薄弱.本文基于CORS站网,辅以少量重力台站数据,采用负荷形变和重力场球谐分析方法,研究了三峡地区陆地水负荷对地壳形变和重力变化的影响.本文研究发现：①基于CORS站网能够监测陆地水负荷引起的地壳形变和地面重力时空变化.②陆地水负荷对垂直形变的影响达厘米级,对水平形变的影响较小,对地面重力的影响可达数百微伽.③2011年1月至2015年6月陆地水负荷对垂直形变影响的年变化趋于平衡,对地面重力变化影响主要集中在三峡水库和重庆市附近.④基于CORS站网确定的三峡地区陆地水地壳垂直形变,与GRACE卫星重力成果在分布规律和趋势上具有较高的一致性,但在部分区域存在差异.本文研究成果可用于水动力环境监测与水资源保护利用,为高程基准和重力基准的动态维护提供支持.

     

Study on tidal gravity observations obtained at stations Zhongshan and Changcheng, Antarctic

IntroductionThe purpose of the studies on the tidal gravity observations on the Earth(s surface is to investigate the properties of the deformation and the tidal gravity variations of the Earth under the action of the luni-solar tidal force. These variations relate to the internal structure, shape and the medium(s rheology properties of the Earth (Wahr, 1981; Dehant, 1987). The theoretical studies and observations indicated that the amplitudes and the tidal parameters, including the amplitud…     

孕震过程中重力位、重力、重力梯度变化的数值模拟研究

简要介绍了为探索和解释地震前后重力变化的各种孕震模式,推导了由孕震引起的密度变化和位移与地面重力位、重力、重力梯度之间的变化关系。摸拟计算了孕震位移和密度变化引起的重力位、重力、重力梯度变化的空间分布并分析了重力位、重力、重力梯度变化的空间分布特征。与此同时,采用广义司托克斯云积分和有限差分方法对云南丽江7. 0级地震前重力位、重力、重力水平梯度进行了计算。结果表明,强震前重力位、重力、重力梯度有其自身的变化特征,这对预测强震有实际意义。     

Analysis and comparison of the tidal gravity observations obtained with LCR-ET20 spring gravimeter

Introduction The tidal variation signals of the solid Earth recorded with the modern measuring techniques can be used to provide effectively the means to cognize the Earths motion, deformation and structure character, especially to monitor the material motion in the Earths interior. In the recent 20 years, the distribution character of the global gravity field has made great progress since the continuous and deep theoretical studies in geophysics and geodesy domains. The successful manufactur…     

川西地区实测自由空气重力异常与EGM2008模型结果的差异

在四川盆地西部建立了一个由302个观测站组成的区域观测网,并进行了高精度流动重力与GPS观测,其目的是获取区域自由空气重力异常(简称重力异常)的分布特征,并对EGM2008模型在该区域的结果进行验证分析.研究区域实测的重力异常总体为负值,由西到东逐步从-160×10-5ms-2平缓变化到-60×10-5ms-2左右.EGM2008地球重力场模型揭示的模型重力异常较好地勾画出研究区域的总体地形分布形态,龙泉山脉以及四川盆地与青藏高原的边界皆存在明显的模型重力梯度带.研究区东南部的模型重力异常大约为-50×10-5ms-2左右,但在龙泉山西部成都平原地区,模型重力异常则达到-120×10-5ms-2左右.在区域观测网内绝大部分观测点上,模型与实测重力异常的差值几乎为一个常数(-10×10-5ms-2左右),说明EGM2008地球重力场模型可较好地反映实际重力场的空间分布形态.如果配以一定数量的地面观测数据进行整体调节,EGM2008地球重力场模型就可以较真实地反映实际地球重力场.