低应力区岩石变形记忆效应形成机制及失忆性

地应力信息储存于开挖后的岩石中,变形率变化法(DRA)是基于岩石变形记忆效应测量地应力的方法,正确的机制是认识变形记忆效应与推广、改进DRA法的基础。传统推测的机制并不能解释低应力区存在变形记忆效应及失忆性等现象。首先进行火山沉积岩试样的物理试验,证明低应力区仍然存在变形记忆效应,记忆信息可同时采用侧向应变及轴向应变测量,两者精度一致。提出在低应力区,岩石变形记忆效应机制为微裂纹接触面及颗粒接触面的摩擦滑动。基于此机制,采用弹性元件、黏性元件和圣维南体构建相应的轴对称理论基本单元模型及多接触面理论模型。进行不同放置时间下的单轴循环压缩试验。结果表明,由轴对称理论模型可以得到低应力区岩石变形记忆效应、侧向DRA曲线与轴向DRA曲线准确度一致且在记忆信息处向上弯曲等、并对失忆性现象进行了初探。理论模型与物理试验结果一致,由此证明微裂纹接触面及颗粒接触面的摩擦滑动可以得到低应力区岩石变形记忆效应。同时,理论模型及物理试验结果为提高DRA法的测量准确度提供了依据。     

A discrete approach for anisotropic plasticity and damage in semi-brittle rocks

In this paper, we propose an anisotropic plastic damage model for semi-brittle geomaterials based on a discrete thermodynamic approach. The macroscopic plastic deformation is generated by frictional sliding of weakness planes. The evolution of damage is related to growth of such weakness planes. The local frictional sliding in each family of weakness planes is described by a non-associated plastic model taking into account material softening and volumetric dilatancy. The damage evolution is coupled with plastic deformation and modelled by an isotropic damage criterion. The proposed model is applied to modelling mechanical responses of typical sandstone under different loading paths. There is good agreement between numerical predictions and experimental data. Further, the anisotropic distributions of plastic deformation and induced damage are analysed and discussed.     

一种黄土滑坡渐进破坏过程分析

在中国西北,建设了许多灌溉水渠,由于水渠的灌溉引起了许多滑坡破坏,并带来了人员伤亡和财产损失。以高楼村水渠灌溉引起的黄土滑坡破坏为例,提出了滑坡破环渐进过程为：水的入渗在滑体中产生一定深度的水压力,引起黄土黏聚力和摩擦角下降,使滑坡体在一定深度产生剪破坏,紧接着滑体后缘产生拉剪破坏,致使后缘黄土处于破坏后区状态,并产生不平衡剪应力。该不平衡剪应力驱动滑体向前移动,直至滑面只有一点处于临界状态,随即整个滑坡发生破坏,并伴随着滑体解体,产生泥流。这种破坏过程可以概括为：滑坡先产生剪破坏,紧接着后缘产生拉剪破坏,当破坏后区产生的驱动剪应力大于滑体的摩阻力,会推动滑坡向前移动,直至滑坡发生完全破坏。以理论和试验论证了这种破坏机制的正确性,并验证了一种新剪应力本构模型的合理性。     

Investigating the deformation and failure characteristics of argillite consequent slope using discrete element method and Burgers model

This paper reports on the use of discrete element method to investigate the deformation and failure characteristics of an argillite consequent slope presenting signs of creeping and deformation. The proposed numerical model (based on Burgers model) takes into account the friction coefficient, bonding stiffness, and strength of the constituent materials, as well as the stiffness and strength of interlayer bonds. Weak plane bonding was identified as the key factor determining the sliding and deformation of slopes, with a far greater effect than the friction coefficient, bonding stiffness, or strength of interlayer weak planes. Nonetheless, continued monitoring and comparative analysis of all of these parameters may still be necessary to produce reasonable simulations of slope sliding behavior.     

大别造山带岳西县斜坡变形破坏演化模式

岳西县自然斜坡在地球内、外动力共同作用下,容易变形并遭到破坏,造成人员伤亡和财产损失,严重制约了当地的经济发展。通过系统的工程地质调查和浅表生改造理论分析,查明了岳西县斜坡变形破坏特征及其成因,并探讨了其演化模式。结果表明,岳西县不同岩组的抗风化能力和力学特性存在差异,斜坡发生地质灾害的机理也不相同。根据斜坡结构特征,岳西县滑坡分为全风化层滑坡、强风化层滑坡和顺层岩质滑坡：全风化层滑坡的滑面位于全风化层中或全风化层与强风化层的分界线处;强风化层滑坡的滑面主要发育于强风化层与中风化层的分界线处;顺层岩质滑坡主要发育于片麻岩发育的顺向坡中。根据变形破坏方式,岳西县崩塌可分为滑移式崩塌、倾倒式崩塌和坠落式崩塌：滑移式崩塌主要由一组缓倾坡外结构面和另一组陡倾(坡外或者坡内)结构面控制;倾倒式崩塌主要由一组陡倾坡内结构面和另一组近水平发育的结构面控制;坠落式崩塌主要由一组结构面陡倾或近直立发育的结构面控制。岳西县滑坡多发育于风化壳厚度较大、岩体较松散、结构面强度低的地区;崩塌多发育于斜坡高陡、岩质风化程度低、结构面发育的地区。研究成果对岳西县乃至整个大别山地区地质灾害的研究及防治工作具有一定的借...     

Critical stress difference and orientation of faults in rocks with strength anisotropies: the two-dimensional case

Equations are derived for the critical stress difference on thrust, normal and strike-slip faults with finite cohesive strength, both in homogeneous, isotropic rock, and along pre-existing strength anisotropies with different cohesion and coefficient of friction, subject to the limitation that the plane of anisotropy contains the intermediate axis of stress. The range of orientations for which sliding occurs along pre-existing planes of weakness rather than along a new fault is given as a function of material parameters and critical stress difference for the intact rock. Given the principal stress directions, the equations allow the direct calculation of the stress and orientation conditions for the three faulting regimes.     

A model for rock interfacial behaviour

Summary A model is proposed to describe the frictional resistance offered by two sliding bodies, with application to rock mechanics. In the model, frictional resistance is attributed to three components. In addition to basic sliding and dilational components, which are widely accepted in geomechanics, a third component is introduced, due to plough resistance. This component is due to ploughing of the surface by asperities and wear particles. The dilation and plough components are functions of the interacting surface profiles (surface roughness), relative hardness between the sliding bodies, normal stress and sliding distance. Degradation of surface roughness, and hence reduction in dilation and plough resistance, is formulated using wear theory. The resulting model shows a peak behaviour followed by a postpeak softening response which is often observed in load transfer curves of rock socketed piles. Good agreement with published experimental data is obtained. The model demonstrates that wear theory can be applied to problems in geomechanics to describe the complex behaviour of two sliding bodies.     

Origin and tectonic interpretation of multiple fault patterns

It is shown that in two-dimensional and three-dimensional deformation accommodated by fracture, the symmetry of the fault patterns is an intrinsic attribute because it reflects the symmetry of either stress or strain tensors. The deformation accommodated by sliding along pre-existing planes, when there is kinematic interaction between that planes, forms multiple fault pattern and multiple slickenline sets during a single deformation event. These fault patterns have no restrictions with respect to symmetry, number of fault sets or fault orientation.

The kinematic analysis developed here shows that an interacting system is formed by two cross cutting faults and three slickenlines. One slickenline must be parallel to the intersection line between the planes. Also, it is demonstrated that the slickenlines generally do not correspond to the shear stress solution on the planes. Thus, the interaction between planes does not satisfy the assumption of parallelism between shear stress and slip vector. We conclude that the inversion methods to calculate paleostress tensors can lead to erroneous interpretations in structurally complex zones with many pre-existing planes of weakness.

We propose four possibilities to form multiple fault patterns: (1) two or more events of faulting obeying Coulomb's law with a change of orientation of the principal stresses in each event; (2) reactivation of non-interacting planes according to the Bott (1959) model; (3) one three-dimensional strain event that obeys the “Slip Model”; this mechanism will form an orthorhombic four-fault pattern and two slickenline sets in a single strain event; and (4) one or more events obeying the interacting block model proposed here, with or without rotation of the principal stresses. We propose the last origin as the most common in continental regions.     

二叠系炭质页岩软弱夹层剪切蠕变特性研究

以西南灰岩山区二叠系炭质页岩软弱夹层为研究对象,开展了原生软岩、层间剪切带和滑带3个演化阶段的矿物组成成分、微结构和不同正应力水平的剪切蠕变力学特性分析。结果表明：软弱夹层在演化过程中,矿物组分发生改变,黏土矿物含量在原生软岩中小于5%,层间剪切带中在5%～10%之间,滑带中大于10%。微结构由致密变得疏松,颗粒间连接力减弱;软弱夹层的蠕变位移和蠕变速率随着剪应力增加而增大,呈非线性关系。在相同剪应力条件下,蠕变位移和蠕变速率的关系为：滑带>层间剪切带>原岩。长期剪切强度逐渐降低,黏聚力的降幅大于内摩擦角,对时间的敏感程度较高。为受软弱夹层控制的层状基岩滑坡的发育发展过程、失稳机制研究提供了重要借鉴意义。     

Incremental plasticity analysis of frictional soils

Three constitutive models of soil are used in finite element analyses of lateral earth pressure and bearing capacity. The three models are an elasto-plastic formulation derived from the Mohr-Coulomb law, a similar model with the plastic dilatancy removed, and a strain hardening model with a capped yield criterion. Stiffness formulations are described; the non-dilatant model has a non-symmetric stiffness. The results for the retaining walls are in close agreement with classical soil mechanics, but the bearing capacity analyses greatly overestimate the bearing capacity. The patterns of motion are, however, reasonable. Reasons for the discripancies in the bearing capacity case include: (a) the elements are too stiff and do not permit sliding on discrete failure planes; (b) the bearing capacity problem is itself not well settled theoretically; (c) very fine element divisions are necessary in areas of strong stress gradients and (d) rotation of principal stresses is significant.     

Effects of non‐uniform traction and specimen height in the direct shear test on stress and deformation in a rock fracture

In the direct shear test (DST), an internal moment is distributed within the rock specimen by non‐coaxial shear loads applied to the specimen, which cause non‐uniform distributions of both the traction on the loading planes and the stress and deformation in the specimen. To examine the validity of the DST for a rock fracture and to clarify the effect of specimen height, both the stress and deformation in a fracture in the DST were analyzed for specimens with three different heights using a three‐dimensional finite element method with quadratic joint elements for a fracture model. The constitutive law of the fracture considers the dependence of the non‐linear behavior of closure on shear displacement and that of shear stiffness on normal stress and was implemented in simulation code to give a conceptional fracture with uniform mechanical properties to extract only the effect of non‐uniform traction on the stress and deformation in the fracture. The results showed that both normal and shear stresses are concentrated near the end edges of the fracture, and these stress concentrations decrease with a decrease in the specimen height according to the magnitude of the moment produced by the non‐coaxial shear loads. Furthermore, although closure is greater near the end edges of the fracture, where normal stress is concentrated, this concentration of closure is not so significant within the range of this study because of the non‐linear behavior of closure, that is, closure does not significantly increase with an increase in normal stress at large normal stresses. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Stability analysis of rock wedges with multiple sliding surfaces

Summary Although wedge and plane sliding stability analyses are well established in the geotechnical literature, certain geologic environments produce blocks which cannot be adequately modelled as either wedges or plane slides. An example is blocks forming in cylindrically folded sedimentary rocks, where the surface of sliding is neither a single plane nor a double plane but is curved. This type of block may be idealized as a prismatic block with multiple sliding planes, all with parallel lines of intersection. If the sliding planes number three or more, the distribution of normal forces, and hence the factor of safety, is indeterminate. A new analytical model for sliding stability analysis is described in which the distribution of normal forces on the contact planes is chosen to minimize the potential energy of the system. The classic wedge and plane solutions are shown to be special cases of this more general model, which allows determination of the safety factor for any shape of prismatic contact surface. An example from Tennessee concerning a block with a curved sliding surface is described and the factor of safety compared with the standard wedge analysis. It is shown that with three or more contact planes, the safety factor may be significantly lower than that calculated from the wedge model, which provides an upper limit on stability.     

Evaluation of stress strain non-uniformities in the laboratory direct simple shear test specimens using 3D discrete element analysis

The direct simple shear (DSS) device is one of the commonly used laboratory element testing tools to characterize the shear behaviour of soil. The interpretation of results from an element test requires understanding of the degree of stress and strain non-uniformities in a given test specimen. So far, studies on stress and strain non-uniformities in the DSS test have been conducted using direct boundary measurements of stresses in laboratory specimens supported by a continuum based analytical approach. Discrete element modelling now provides a means of modelling the soil behaviour in a realistic manner using a particulate approach. Accordingly, the performance of a DSS specimen was modelled using discrete element modelling with emphasis on assessing stress and strain non-uniformities in the specimen during shearing. The approach allowed for the numerical determination of stresses not only at the boundaries, but also within the DSS specimen. It was shown that mobilised stress ratio distribution throughout the shearing phase for the majority of specimen volume at locations near the central planes parallel and perpendicular to the direction of shearing is fairly uniform. Finally, it was noted that the potential for particle slippage at locations near the specimen centre can result in non-uniform shear strain distributions.     

土体强度与变形尺度特性的理论与试验分析

土体是一种颗粒介质,其强度与变形特性具有显著的颗粒尺度效应。采用胞元土体模型和三轴抗剪试验分析了土体强度和变形的尺度效应特性。根据土体中不同尺度颗粒间相互作用表现出的聚集和摩擦效应,提出了“基体-增强颗粒”土体胞元模型,胞元体由基体和增强颗粒组成,其中基体由微小土颗粒集成,而增强颗粒为砂粒,宏观土体则简化为由许多胞元体构成的介质。引入广义球应变和广义等效应变,基于应变能导出了考虑颗粒尺度效应的应力-应变关系以及屈服应力计算公式;同时,针对增强颗粒不同粒径和体分比的土体进行一系列三轴不排水抗剪试验,给出了应力-应变和屈服应力尺度效应的测试结果。试验和理论计算结果均表明,土体强度和变形的尺度效应随增强颗粒的体分比增加以及粒径的减小而增强,由此反映出土体强度和变形显著的尺度效应;土体强度和变形尺度效应的理论预测结果与试验具有较好的一致性。     

Generalized contact model for polyhedra in three‐dimensional discontinuous deformation analysis

We present a generalized contact computation model for arbitrarily shaped polyhedra to simplify the contact analysis in discontinuous deformation analysis. A list of generalized contact constraints can be established for contacting polyhedra during contact detection. Each contact constraint contains information for 2 contact points, unique contact plane, and related contact modes (open, locked, or sliding). Computational aspects of the generalized contact model include identification of contact positions and contact modes, uniform penalty formulation of generalized contact constraint, and uniform updating of contact modes and contact planes in the open‐close iteration. Compared with previous strategies, the generalized contact computation model has a simpler data structure and fewer memory requirements. Meanwhile, it simplifies the penalty formulation and facilitates the open‐close iteration check while producing enough accuracy. Illustrative examples show the ability of the method to handle the full range of polyhedral shapes.     

On the pore‐scale mechanisms leading to brittle and ductile deformation behavior of crystalline rocks

Deformation mechanisms at the pore scale are responsible for producing large strains in porous rocks. They include cataclastic flow, dislocation creep, dynamic recrystallization, diffusive mass transfer, and grain boundary sliding, among others. In this paper, we focus on two dominant pore‐scale mechanisms resulting from purely mechanical, isothermal loading: crystal plasticity and crofracturing. We examine the contributions of each mechanism to the overall behavior at a scale larger than the grains but smaller than the specimen, which is commonly referred to as the mesoscale. Crystal plasticity is assumed to occur as dislocations along the many crystallographic slip planes, whereas microfracturing entails slip and frictional sliding on microcracks. It is observed that under combined shear and tensile loading, microfracturing generates a softer response compared with crystal plasticity alone, which is attributed to slip weakening where the shear stress drops to a residual level determined by the frictional strength. For compressive loading, however, microfracturing produces a stiffer response than crystal plasticity because of the presence of frictional resistance on the slip surface. Behaviors under tensile, compressive, and shear loading invariably show that porosity plays a critical role in the initiation of the deformation mechanisms. Both crystal plasticity and microfracturing are observed to initiate at the peripheries of the pores, consistent with results of experimental studies. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A discrete thermodynamic approach for anisotropic plastic–damage modeling of cohesive‐frictional geomaterials

A discrete plastic–damage model is developed for cohesive‐frictional geomaterials subjected to compression‐dominated stresses. Macroscopic plastic strains of material are physically generated by frictional sliding along weakness planes. The evolution of damage is related to the evolution of weakness planes physically in connection with the propagation of microcracks. A discrete approach is used to account for anisotropic plastic flow and damage evolution, by introducing two stress invariants and one plastic hardening variable for each family of sliding weakness planes. Plastic flow in each family is coupled with damage evolution. The proposed model is applied to typical geomaterials and comparisons between numerical predictions and experimental data are presented. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

齿坎式挡土结构物极限抗滑力研究

以齿坎式挡土结构物的现场抗滑试验为依据,运用非线性弹性有限元方法,对齿坎长度分别为0、0.7 m和1.0 m的挡土结构物的现场试验进行了理论分析,研究了位于软弱地基中的挡土结构物中的齿坎抗滑机制,其有限元理论分析能很好地表征现场试验成果,并运用强度折减的有限元方法对齿坎式挡土结构物进行极限设计,该理论研究可为工程设计提供齿坎抗滑作用的设计理论。     

金丽温高速公路K81高边坡变形动态数值分析

对金丽温高速公路K81高边坡进行接触大变形有限元动态数值分析.结果表明,路堑边坡开挖,导致滑面的法向应力减小、抗滑力下降,是引起古滑坡复活的根本原因.研究结果也说明了接触大变形有限元分析方法可以较好地分析潜在滑面的力学作用,是研究滑坡的滑动机理的有效方法.