加利福尼亚弧—佃—沟体系的地质行征

加利福尼亚中生代弧－盆－沟系的构造和演化模式一向为世人所重视，作者应邀有机会对加州内华达岛弧地块、弗兰西斯科杂岩和大谷弧前盆地进行了实地地质考察。本文仅就这３个岩性－构造单元的一些独特地质征和地质景观作一简介。     

西天山北部石炭纪火山岩特征与沟弧盆体系

本文据岩石化学资料确定了西天山北部石炭纪火山岩的化学系列和岩石组合,并论述了其地球化学特征,探讨了该地区的沟弧盆体系。北天山中石炭统上部岩石单元代表了准噶尔板块的活动陆缘,而下部岩石单元属于弧前盆地沉积物。北天山蛇绿岩套是扩张速度缓慢的古洋壳残片。中天山北缘的下石炭统火山岩和海西中期的花岗岩类岩石组合代表了厚度甚大的大陆型岛弧部分,而阿吾拉勒带中、下石炭统则属于内弧环境的火山岩岩石组合。伊什基里克带是有限拉张的弧后盆地。     

金沙江沟—弧—盆体系岩石组合特征

金沙江海西印支期海沟－岛弧－弧后盆地－陆缘裂谷体系是从晚二叠世开始发育,有近于典型大洋蛇绿岩套。残余洋壳有两个时代（二叠纪和中下三叠纪）,主弧火山岩发育良好,极性清晰。弧后为次生洋盆蛇绿岩及二叠－中三叠世玄武岩,晚三叠世出现反极,是金沙江岛弧发展演化独具特色的演化阶段。     

内蒙古白云鄂博地区早古生代弧-盆体系及其构造意义

内蒙古中部白云鄂博地区的早古生代弧-盆构造体系是构成南蒙古洋板块与华北板块俯冲带的重要组成部分.岛弧岩系由中下奥陶统包尔汗图群钙碱性火山岩与侵入其中的岛弧深成岩组成;弧后盆地主要由中下奥陶统呼和艾力更组石英砂岩、绿泥片岩、粉砂质板岩等组成,为一套复理石建造正常碎屑岩夹基性火山岩.而且在岛弧岩系的南侧乌德一带首次发现并确定了一条构造混杂带,它们在构造上与早古生代期间南蒙古洋板块和华北板块相互碰撞有直接的成生联系,为研究本区早古生代期间古板块构造活动提供了新的重要证据.     

弧前构造带结构特征:来自加利福尼亚弗朗西斯科杂岩、海岸山脉蛇绿岩和大峡谷群的证据

造山带中原始大地构造单元具有诸多相似的地质特征,要区分它们是很困难的.因此,本研究综述了保留完好的加利福尼亚海岸带的古弧前单元特征,旨在为其他造山带研究提供对比实例.加利福尼亚海岸带古弧前单元长约1000 km、宽100 km,包含上部板块物质和俯冲—增生过程中从下部板块铲刮下来而拼贴的俯冲杂岩.上部板块的构造单元包含...     

新疆黄山地区蛇绿岩块的地质、地球化学特征及构造意义

黄山地区镁铁-超镁铁堆积杂岩,岩体小而分异好,岩体边部受构造作用强烈,属蛇绿岩中的堆积杂岩,过渡元素的配分曲线为较明显的“W”型。稀土元素配分曲线为LREE弱富集的平坦型。其中辉长岩单元为高钛型(TiO_2最大值为5.20％),这些均反映了堆积杂岩形成环境为洋中脊,分布于现在的位置是板块运动的结果。结合上述事实,通过沉积建造分析,该区在中石炭统曾存在沟弧盆体系。     

广西那坡盆地火山岩-碳酸盐岩混杂型滑塌堆积:特殊的弧前域构造指相标志及其大地构造意义

本文详细调查揭示,位于中越边境地区的那坡弧前盆地北部边缘发育17处滑塌堆积,有些表现为火山岩-碳酸盐岩块混杂型滑塌堆积,即由火山岩滑塌块体和碳酸盐岩滑塌块体无序堆积而成;有些只是具软沉积变形特征的薄层碳酸盐岩滑塌块体;还有些是砂屑灰岩滑塌块体与碳酸盐岩(或钙质)浊积岩组合以及单一的碳酸盐岩浊积岩或碳酸盐岩碎屑流。碳酸盐岩质块体流和碎屑流一般夹于大型或巨型滑塌块体间,而碳酸盐岩(或钙质)浊积岩和块状砂岩等一般发育于滑塌堆积的远端,有的覆盖于滑塌块体之上。无论是时代还是地球化学组成,滑塌堆积中的具枕状构造的火山岩块与盆地北侧富宁县架街一带的早-中三叠世弧火山岩完全一致。具软沉积变形特征的薄层碳酸盐滑塌岩块中发育有厚30cm左右的风暴沉积层,暗示这些滑塌岩块是发育于火山弧边缘的或其上的局部的碳酸盐岩台地(主要为潮坪-潟湖相)沉积。与全球不同造山带弧前盆地对比表明,这些滑塌堆积是一种发育于构造活动强烈的弧前盆地边缘的特殊的事件沉积,可作为识别弧前域大地构造相单元的普适性沉积标志,也可用以分析断定俯冲增生造山极性。本文对碳酸盐岩滑塌块体的原始层理和软沉积变形的滑塌褶皱轴面方位测量统计揭示火山弧斜坡大体向南西方向(232°~240°)倾斜,滑塌堆积远端浊积岩古水流测量与校正结果揭示沉积物搬运方向为南或南西向,这表明华南地块与北越地块之间的古特提斯分支洋盆在早三叠世期间是向北俯冲消化减的。     

祁漫塔格地区十字沟蛇绿岩地质特征

十字沟蛇绿岩产出于东昆仑西段祁漫塔格结合带东部,主要由蛇纹岩、辉长岩、辉绿岩、基性火山岩及硅质岩等组成。其中,从超基性岩—基性岩—基性火山岩,具稀土总量逐渐增加,轻稀土弱亏损型特征,基性火山岩为洋脊玄武岩,总体岩石化学成分与大洋中脊低钾拉斑玄武岩相当,三者的配分型式基本一致,说明其继承了源区地幔的特征,微量元素显示基性火山岩具弧后盆地玄武岩特点。εNd(t)比值表明玄武岩来自亏损地幔源区,总体地球化学特征显示以N-MORB型为主,兼具有E-MORB型的特征,形成于与俯冲作用有关的弧后盆地环境,形成时代为晚奥陶世。后期至少经历了3期以上构造变形变质作用的叠加改造,于早志留世运移至地表。     

台湾地区弧-陆碰撞控制的海相前陆盆地

依据现有的地震、钻井和野外地质资料,综合前人关于台湾地区板块相互作用、区域大地构造、岩浆活动、弧-陆碰撞过程、沉积盆地、层序地层等方面的研究成果,本文比较系统地论述了台湾地区弧-陆碰撞过程中的盆地特征及演化规律,认为约15 Ma以吕宋岛弧带为主的弧-陆碰撞对盆地样式和盆地演化产生了重大影响,自东向西,分别形成海沟、沟-坡盆地、弧前盆地、弧内盆地和弧后海相前陆盆地。弧后海相前陆盆地为台湾碰撞带最大的沉积体系,是前陆盆地发育的早期阶段,之前还经历了陆缘断陷盆地阶段和被动大陆边缘盆地阶段。研究区沉积物从源到汇的搬运过程中,盆地的沉积与构造之间的时间存在明显滞后。9~6 Ma期间,吕宋岛弧形成;晚上新世(3 Ma),台湾海相前陆盆地的沉积环境、沉积相、物源等才发生显著变化,沉积物源方向由被动大陆边缘盆地期的向SE倒转为向SW,盆地沉积与构造运动之间滞后时间长达3~6 Ma,远大于一般认为的0.1~1 Ma。沉积物沿年轻造山带走向搬运、基底沉降导致近物源区粗碎屑物质的沉积、整个搬运体系中沉积物的局部保存与释放等因素可能是导致时间滞后的主要原因。     

华南晚中生代陆弧迁移与海域盆地演化

陆弧和弧前盆地是俯冲体系中具有密切联系的构造单元。中生代以来,华南受多期板块俯冲的控制,发育大规模岩浆岩带及海域广泛分布的弧前盆地。但陆域弧岩浆岩较少,海域又缺乏足够钻井,各时期陆弧的位置存在较大争议,同时,南海北部至东海一带弧前盆地也缺乏系统认识,因此,亟须新的研究思路深化对华南晚中生代俯冲体系和俯冲过程的认识。本文以前人研究为基础,对海域钻遇中生界的典型钻井进行了详细分析,系统开展了海域盆地区域构造和沉积对比,将弧前盆地发育与岛弧变迁相结合综合分析。结果表明早侏罗世—早白垩世陆弧位于南海北部—东海靠近陆域一侧,经历了早侏罗世局限陆弧、中晚侏罗世沿海陆弧带、早白垩世向海沟方向的迁移。在此过程中,华南海域弧前盆地群于中侏罗世正式形成,早白垩世发育盆缘角度不整合,粗碎屑相带向海沟方向迁移,晚白垩南海北部与东海各自进入新的构造体制,结束弧前盆地的发育。华南沿海海域中生代盆地的发育可为陆弧的展布提供重要约束,弧岩浆岩带的迁移控制了弧前盆地的演化。     

Origin of Franciscan blueschist-bearing melange at San Simeon,central California coast

Block-in-matrix melanges at San Simeon have been variously interpreted as deformed olistostromes or as subduction-channel flow melanges. Detailed examination shows that seven types can be distinguished, with transitions among them. All contain exotic clasts of greenstone, chert, and more rarely blueschist, in addition to greywacke; the same materials also occur as blocks metres to tens of metres in diameter immersed in melange. The seven types are (1) bedded conglomerate, (2) structureless conglomerate, (3) mud-matrix conglomerate, (4) sandy block melange, (5) broken formation, (6) mud-matrix melange without deformational fabric, and (7) sheared melange. Types (1)–(3) are clearly sedimentary in origin. Types (4) and (5) were formed from unconsolidated sediment, most likely by down-slope sliding, and transitional types suggest that the mud-matrix melange (6) formed in the same way. Sheared melange (7) was formed by low-temperature post-consolidational deformation of all other types, which produced shear bands and a crude scaly fabric.

Kinematic indicators of shear direction are rare, but assuming the fabric and shear bands are coeval, the shear direction and sense can be determined from the angular relationship between the two planar fabrics. Most shear planes are gently dipping, with normal-sense displacements of a few centimetres to tens of centimetres. Shear directions are highly variable, with the highest concentrations between WNW and S. This suggests that the main phase of shearing took place during a phase of approximately vertical shortening and horizontal extension, rather than during accretion. Post-accretionary dextral shearing on NNW-trending vertical planes, and sinistral shear on a variety of trends, are likely related to Neogene transform tectonics. The simplest interpretation of these relationships is that the disrupted character of the melanges formed primarily by sliding down the trench inner slope of unconsolidated sediment, including clasts and blocks of previously accreted and exhumed greenstone, chert, and blueschist. The deformational fabric is largely unrelated to the disruption, and was formed during late-stage extension in the accretionary wedge.     

中国西北部造山带中几个古生代俯冲增生楔的识别与确认

中国西北部涉及古亚洲和特提斯两大构造域,造山带结构复杂,成矿地质条件优越.为推进地质找矿突破行动计划,中国地质调查局在各成矿(造山)带部署了一批1:5万、1:25万区域地质调查与基础地质综合研究项目,取得了一批新发现、新进展,有效提升了对各成矿带成矿地质条件的认知程度,尤其是在阿尔泰南缘、南天山、南昆仑等地识别并确认出规模可观的、成矿作用优越的板块俯冲增生楔,是造山带中的增生造山亚带,是寻找斑岩型铜、构造蚀变岩型金及多金属矿的最有利区带."增生造山带"的构造、岩浆活动及空间展布等的确认,为地质找矿突破提供了强有力的技术支撑.     

德格—中甸微板块在三叠纪时期各沉积构造带的性质和沉积盆地演化

德格—中甸微板块是在晚二叠世初随甘孜—理塘洋的产生而从扬子板块西缘分离出来的。在三叠纪时期受金沙江缝合带与甘孜—理塘缝合带构造作用的相互影响,其沉积构造性质也由被动边缘盆地演化为活动边缘盆地,同时分裂为白玉—义敦前陆盆地,昌台—乡城岛弧带、玉隆—稻城弧前盆地。     

洋板块地质研究进展

中国存在多个时代、多种类型的造山带,发育了多种多样的俯冲增生杂岩带,经历了复杂多变的洋陆转换过程,如何揭示包括洋内演化和洋陆转换等的造山过程一直是一个难题。为此,中国区域地质志项目组提出了洋板块地质研究,试图通过对造山系俯冲增生杂岩带、蛇绿岩带等洋岩石圈地质建造、结构构造进行系统研究,再造洋岩石圈从洋中脊形成到海沟俯冲消亡、转换成陆的地质作用全过程。本文介绍了洋板块地质提出到现今主要的研究进展,包括四个方面。一是,初步建立了洋板块地质格架,洋板块地质的研究包括俯冲增生杂岩的物质组成、蛇绿岩类型及其形成的构造环境、洋板块沉积组合和洋板块地层、岛弧火成岩组合、洋陆转换的过程和机制、洋-陆转换过程与成矿作用等重要内容。二是,识别出北山牛圈子—马鬃山、嘉荫—依兰、陈蔡、东昆仑布青山—阿尼玛卿、鹰扬关、大洪山、甘孜—理塘、新余神山—新干神政桥等中国陆域62条主要的俯冲增生杂岩带/增生杂岩带。俯冲增生杂岩带是认识、理解造山系时空结构、组成和演化的关键。三是,在祁连地区识别出较为完整的洋内弧岩石组合。洋盆演化形成大陆过程中的洋内俯冲带是大陆的诞生地,洋内俯冲作用形成的洋内弧是洋盆演化形成大陆的初始弧。洋内弧火成岩组合序列的发现为研究洋陆转换过程提供了岩石学依据。祁连造山带是洋板块地质研究的经典地区之一。研究显示,当金山出露完整的洋内弧岩石组合,这些岩石记录了洋内弧从初始俯冲到发育成熟的全过程,为探讨祁连造山带原特提斯洋构造演化提供了新的依据。四是,制定了洋板块地质构造图编图方案,编图内容主要包括俯冲增生杂岩带、岩浆弧、高压-超高压带、俯冲期和碰撞期构造形变要素和构造演化等。编图单元分为三级:一级为俯冲增生杂岩带;二级为岩片;三级包括基质和岩块。编图过程中需要明确岩浆弧的性质和归属,明确图面上某一岩浆弧与哪个蛇绿混杂岩或大洋配套。图面上对于构造要素的表达重点是区分俯冲和碰撞阶段。通过构造变形的时态、相态、位态研究,识别俯冲期和碰撞期的构造变形形迹。这是洋板块地质初步的研究成果,以俯冲增生杂岩带的研究为基础,探讨特提斯洋等大洋的演化、中国东部古太平洋/太平洋转换与中新生代成矿关系等重大基础地质问题是洋板块地质研究下一步的工作方向。目前,洋板块地质的研究还处于试点阶段,洋板块地质与成矿的成因联系等重大地质问题尚需今后更深入地研究。     

Anatomy of a subduction complex: architecture of the Franciscan Complex,California, at multiple length and time scales

The Franciscan Complex of California records over 150 million years of continuous E-dipping subduction that terminated with conversion to a dextral transform plate boundary. The Franciscan comprises mélange and coherent units forming a stack of thrust nappes, with significant along-strike variability, and downward-decreasing metamorphic grade and accretion ages. The Franciscan records progressive subduction, accretion, metamorphism, and exhumation, spanning the extended period of subduction, rather than events superimposed on pre-existing stratigraphy. High-pressure (HP) metamorphic rocks lack a thermal overprint, indicating continuity of subduction from subduction initiation at ca. 165 Ma to termination at ca. 25 Ma. Accretionary periods may have alternated with episodes of subduction erosion that removed some previously accreted material, but the complex collectively reflects a net addition of material to the upper plate. Mélanges (serpentinite and siliciclastic matrix) with exotic blocks have sedimentary origins as submarine mass transport deposits, whereas mélanges formed by tectonism comprise disrupted ocean plate stratigraphy and lack exotic blocks. The former are interbedded with and grade into coherent siliciclastic units. Palaeomegathrust horizons, separating nappes accreted at different times, appear restricted to narrow zones of <100 m thickness. Exhumation of Franciscan units, both coherent and mélange, was accommodated by significant extension of the hanging wall and cross-sectional extrusion. The amount of total exhumation, as well as exhumation since subduction termination, needs to be considered when comparing Franciscan architecture to modern and ancient subduction complexes. Equal dextral separation of folded Franciscan nappes and late Cenozoic (post-subduction) units across strands of the (post-subduction) San Andreas fault system shows that the folding of nappes took place prior to subduction termination. Dextral separation of similar clastic sedimentary suites in the Franciscan and the coeval Great Valley Group forearc basin is approximately that of the San Andreas fault system, precluding major syn-subduction strike-slip displacement within the Franciscan.     

Enlightenment of the Mariana Fore-arc Sedimentary Basin Evolution to the Subduction Process

The Mariana subduction structure is a hot topic in ocean-ocean subduction zone research,and its subduction mechanism has attracted wide attention from experts and scholars in China and abroad.Based on the multi-channel seismic data of survey line MGL1204 in the Mariana fore-arc and DSDP ocean drilling data,this paper studies the development and evolution characteristics of the structure and strata in the Cenozoic Mariana fore-arc sedimentary basin.The Cenozoic strata are divided into six seismic sequences,with the possible era of each seismic sequence discerned,and the relationship between fault development and earthquakes analyzed.The episodic activity of the volcanic chain of the Mariana island arc is thought to control the tectonic and stratigraphic development pattern of the Cenozoic sedimentary basin in the fore-arc.Between 16°N-19°N and 146°E-151°E,the maximum thickness of the sedimentary center of the Cenozoic fore-arc sedimentary basin in Mariana is about 2360 m.Normal faults are developed in the area and some broke to the seabed,indicating that the Mariana island arc is still in the post-arc expansion stage.The application of multi-channel seismic sections in structural and stratigraphic evolution study is an important means to elucidating the Mariana subduction mechanism.     

班公湖中特提斯洋向南俯冲的时限:来自SSZ型辉长岩的制约

班公湖-怒江中特提斯洋的俯冲极性和俯冲时间一直存在争议。作者通过野外地质调查、岩相学、锆石U-Pb年代学及岩石地球化学研究,从西藏班公湖蛇绿混杂岩带中识别出一套早白垩世SSZ型蛇绿岩,岩石组合上主要由辉长岩和玄武岩组成,还有少量的硅质岩和超基性岩。本文对辉长岩进行了全岩主、微量元素地球化学及LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年代学研究。地球化学组成特征显示,辉长岩富集轻稀土元素,重稀土元素平坦,相对富集大离子亲石元素,高场强元素存在一定亏损;Th/Ta比值与岛弧玄武岩相似(Th/Ta1.6),Ta/Hf比值较高(0.1),显示其既保留了俯冲环境的地球化学特征,也提供了伸展构造环境的信息。辉长岩中锆石U-Pb加权平均年龄为129.2±0.4 Ma(MSWD=0.36),该年龄是班公湖-怒江缝合带中迄今报道的最年轻蛇绿岩年龄。结合区域地质背景,认为这套蛇绿岩形成于班公湖-怒江古洋盆西段向南俯冲形成的弧前盆地,而班公湖-怒江古洋盆北向俯冲可能始于早侏罗世,晚侏罗世形成双向俯冲格局,直到早白垩世洋盆关闭,晚白垩世进入陆内构造环境。