氢化物冷阱捕集法原子吸收测定海水中无机锡

采用硼氢化纳还原法将海水中无机锡还原为挥发性锡化氢,氮为载气将锡化氢从反应器吹出,并于液氮冷阱中捕集,捕集后将锡化氢载入氢焰原子化器进行原子吸收测定。对该还原反应、氢化物转移、捕集及原子化实验条件进行了详细研究。实验结果表明:该法中可氢化元素As、Sb、Se等超过被测物浓度200倍时亦无明显干扰,检出限为0.0060μg/dm~3,对0.050μg/dm~3 Sn浓度的样品变异系数为±8％。标准曲线表明,在0—0.050μg/dm~3 Sn浓度范围内有理想的线性关系。对海水介质测定,该法所作校准曲线与蒸馏水介质具有相同的斜率,采用NaOH共沉淀预富集可提高灵敏度5—10倍,便于海水样品保存,总回收率95％以上。     

液相色谱—原子荧光联用测定海水中无机砷和有机砷

本文研究并建立了海水中测定砷形态的液相色谱—原子荧光法,进行了实验参数流动相浓度、pH、流速的优化。在优化的实验条件下,采用Hamilton PRP-X100分析柱在6 min内可以完成三价砷、甲基砷和五价砷3种形态的分离、检测。在载流5%HCl,还原剂2%KBH4和0.5%KOH,进样量100μL条件下,三价砷、甲基砷和五价砷检出限分别为0.31μg/L、0.52μg/L和0.36μg/L。在浓度2～80μg/L范围内,3种砷形态均有良好的线性关系,相关系数均优于0.999。用本文所建立的方法进行了海水样品中无机砷和有机砷形态的测试,海水中三价砷、甲基砷的含量较低,五价砷稍高,说明海水中砷形态主要以五价砷存在,当加标量为5～10μg/L时,加标回收率在73%～104%之间。该方法操作前处理简单,灵敏度高、运行费用低廉,适用于海水中砷形态的测试。     

汞对三角褐指藻的毒性

汞对三角褐指藻一次培养毒性实验表明,当无机汞(HgCl_2)浓度为5μg/dm~3时能抑制细胞分裂,汞浓度达到80μg/dm~3,则细胞完全停止分裂。甲基汞浓度为1μg/dm~3时能抑制细胞分裂,浓度为25μg/dm~3时,则完全抑制细胞分裂。有机络合剂对无机汞有解毒作用,这表明汞的毒性与汞在溶液中形态有关。根据实验结果,分析讨论了汞对三角褐指藻的毒性机理。无机汞和甲基汞对细胞毒性的差别,可能与它们同细胞膜的结合及传输方式不同所致。     

赤潮的主要特征参数和化学环境

海域富营养化是发生赤潮的必要条件,其主要特征参数的临界值为:COD3 mg/dm~3,无机氮2～10 mol/dm~3,无机磷0.45 mol/dm~3。1987年7月20日～8月13日在日本濑户内海伊江群岛一带爆发了鞭毛藻Chattonella antiqua 大赤潮。中村泰男等人跟踪调查了赤潮发生时的化学环境.细胞浓度变化:从<10个/cm~3→250个/cm~3→30个/cm~3。水温:层化显著至消失,表层与底层温差降到0.7℃.盐度:30.0～33.9.营养盐浓度变化:较高→较低→速减→耗尽。     

有机锡对海洋微藻的毒性效应

三丁基锡(包括三丁基锡氧化物TBTO和三丁基锡氟化物TBTF)、三苯基锡化合物在低浓度下可限制海洋单细胞藻的生长和存活。一次培养实验结果表明:TBTO、TBTF、三苯基锡对三角褐指藻具有强毒性,其72小时半致死浓度EC 50分别为TBTO,0.83μg/dm~3TBTF,1.09μg/dm~3;三苯基锡,0.93μg/dm~3。     

阳离子交换树脂吸附石墨炉原子吸收法测定海水中痕量铜、铅、镉

用阳离子交换树脂吸附石墨炉原子吸收法测定海水中痕量Cu,Pb,Cd。实验选定了最佳的测定条件。结果表明,在弱碱性条件下,Cu,Pb,Cd能同时被阳离子交换树脂定量吸附。方法的相对标准偏差<3﹪,样品加标回收率93﹪～102﹪,检出限分别为Cu 0.06μg/L,Pb 0.06μg/L,Cd 0.005μg/L。本法操作简便、快速、无干扰、无污染,已用于海水中铜、铅、镉的分析,取得了令人满意的结果。     

东山湾海水中化合态无机氮的分布特征

1988年5月东山湾海水中硝酸盐、铵氮、亚硝酸盐和总化合态无机氮的平均浓度分别为3.44、1.60、0.49和5.53μmol/dm~3;8月航次这些要素的平均含量分别为1.83、0.88、0.39和3.10μmol/dm~3;11月航次这些要素的平均浓度分别为6.48、0.61、0.31和7.40μmol/dm~3;1989年2月航次这些要素的平均浓度分别为12.5、0.39、0.48和13.2μmol/dm~3。不同季节无机氮的主要外部来源不尽相同。除冬季外,其他季节无机氮的分布均在不同程度上受到浮游植物摄取的影响,其中秋季的影响最大。此外,夏季无机氮的分布还受到上升流的影响。     

2004年春季长江河口水体与沉积物表层的叶绿素a浓度分布

2004年5月7日至12日在31°~31.8°N、122.5°E以西到海水上溯至0盐度的长江河口进行14个站位叶绿素a浓度的现场观测,其中N1~N3、M1~M3、S1~S3和R6这10个观测站用3条渔船在4天内进行潮周期的涨憩、落急、落憩、涨急、涨憩5个潮时的准同步周日采样观测;对S2、S3、R2、R3、M3、N2和N3这7个位于长江入海口门站位进行表层泥样的叶绿素a浓度观测。结果表明,观测海区表层海水叶绿素a浓度为0.230~11.500μg/dm3,平均值为(1.514±1.712)μg/dm3,高值出现在观测海区东北部的长江冲淡水稀释区,表层海水叶绿素a浓度平面分布从该区的东北部向西南方向逐渐降低,离岸越近叶绿素a浓度越低,低值出现在长江口门内和测区西南部的广阔浑水区域;底层叶绿素a浓度为0.291~2.620μg/dm3,平均值为(1.186±0.531)μg/dm3,其变化幅度与平均浓度均明显低于表层。在涨憩、落急、落憩、涨急和涨憩5个潮周期中水柱平均叶绿素a浓度为1.198~1.910μg/dm3,涨憩和落急潮时,叶绿素a浓度自表层向底层逐渐下降;落憩和涨急潮时,表层的平均叶绿素a浓度略低于中层和底层。2004年春季观测海区叶绿素a浓度与往年夏季和秋季的观测结果相近,但明显高于冬季。表层沉积物叶绿素a浓度为(0.089±0.052)μg/g(湿重),仅占其上方水体平均叶绿素a浓度的极少部分,两者具有良好的相关性。     

流沙湾海水中总有机碳的时空分布及其影响因素研究

于2008年2月(冬季)、5月(春季)、8月(夏季)和11月(秋季)对流沙湾进行了4次采样调查,研究分析了流沙湾海水中总有机碳的空间分布和季节变化特征,并探讨了TOC与温度、盐度、pH、叶绿素a和底泥TOC之间的相关关系.结果发现,在2008年度流沙湾海水TOC的浓度为0.992 ～ 5.437 mg/L,平均值为2.414 mg/L,呈现春季＞夏季＞秋季＞冬季的变化趋势,整个流沙湾海域海水TOC的平面分布相对比较均匀,表层稍大于底层.在内外湾分布上,冬、夏季节内湾TOC大于外湾,而春、秋季节外湾大于内湾;在垂直分布上,冬、夏和秋季表层大于底层,而春季底层大于表层;在地域分布上,冬、夏季节从流沙镇一侧海域到西联镇一侧海域逐渐减小,秋季变化趋势相反,春季时,两侧无明显变化.相关关系的分析结果表明,流沙湾海水TOC与温度、pH呈现出正相关关系,与温度的相关关系较为显著,与盐度则呈现不显著的负相关关系;与叶绿素a存在一定的相关关系,在叶绿素a浓度小于2.6μg/L,两者呈现正相关关系,而在叶绿素a浓度大于2.6 μg/L,两者呈现负相关关系;与底泥TOC呈现出了一定的正相关关系.     

高分子微球GDX-502富集海水中微量苯胺及其气相色谱测定的研究

本文介绍了一种测定海水中微量苯胺的气相色谱法。取5L天然海水，用KOH调节水样的pH＝9，将溶液转移至贮液器中，在减压下，以10－20ml/min流速全部通过已净化的GDX－502吸附柱，尽可能除去柱中残留水分，将8－10ml二氯甲烷洗脱剂注入柱同浸泡数分钟，打开活塞以3－5ml/min的流速接收洗脱液，将洗脱液转移至K.D．浓缩器中，浓缩至1ml，定容。用少许无水硫酸钠干燥脱水后，即可取样进行色谱测定，其最低检出浓度可达2μg/l。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,     

Estimation of Sediment Properties during Benthic Impact Experiments

Sediment properties, such as water content and density, have been used to estimate the dry and wet weights, as well as the volume of sediment recovered and discharged, during benthic impact experiments conducted in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The estimates show that the weights of dry (355-1332 t) and wet sediment (1651-4888 t) recovered during the experiments, are not only a function of the total duration and distance covered during the experiment, but also depend on water content and density of the sediment. Estimation of dry sediment and its volumetric ratio in the discharge, are key parameters for calculating the discharged volume. The estimated volume of wet sediment recovered (1427-4049 m 3 ) as well as discharged (2693-6951 m 3 ) during the experiments, provide important inputs to evaluate the sediment resettlement and migration. Using these estimates, the average depth of excavation on the seafloor, can also been calculated. However, the stages of sediment recovery and discharge are expressed differently in some of the experiments. In order to standardize these, different stages have been identified, and definitions of certain terms have been suggested, for use in the future. The methods of calculating different properties, as well as weight and volume of discharged sediment are described in the paper for use in other applications concerning deep-sea discharges.